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Qo HW 1 2023

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Quantum Optics, IPT5340: Homework #1

Ray-Kuang Lee1
1
Room 911, Delta Hall, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
Tel: +886-3-5742439; E-mail: rklee@ee.nthu.edu.tw∗
(Dated: Spring, 2023)

Syllabus:

Date Topic To Know To Think

Feb. 17th Simple Harmonic Oscillator (SHO)  classical trajectory  Gaussian wave-package
(Fri.)  phase space  inverted SHO
 quantum chaos
week 2 Quantum SHO  Fock states, |ni  single-photon detection
(2/23, 3/2, 3/3)  creation operator, ↠ wave-particle duality
 annihilation operator, â  phase operator
 number operator, N̂ 
 vacuum state  shot noise limit
 quantum fluctuations  Casimir force
 


Deadline: 11:59PM, Saturday, March 11th, 2023.

1. (20%) Lagrangian mechanics:


(a) The Lagrangian of a system is defined as the kinetic energy minus the potential energy:

L(q, q̇, t) = K.E. − P.E. = T (q̇) − U (q). (1)

Based on the action functional,


Z t1
A[q] ≡ L(q, q̇, t) dt, (2)
t0

derive the Euler-Lagrange equation by asking δA]q] = 0, i.e.,

∂L d ∂L
− =0 (3)
∂q dt ∂ q̇

(b) Based on 1.(a), show that the Lagrangian of a SHO gives the same equation of motions, i.e.,

d2
q(t) + ω 2 q = 0. (4)
dt2
2

2. (20%) Damped SHO:


(a) Construct the Hamiltonian H for a damped SHO, which has the following equation of motions:

d2 d
q(t) + γ q + ω 2 q = 0. (5)
dt2 dt
Note that the following Hamilton equations of motion should also give the same form as Eq. (5),
∂H
q̇ = , (6)
∂p
∂H
ṗ = − , (7)
∂q

(b) Plot the trajectories in the phase space when this damped SHO is critically damped, and Explain in your words
what is critical in the phase space ?

3. (30%) p-representation:
(a) Find the eigen-state of SHO Hamiltonian in p-representation, i.e., Ψ(p)

1 p̂2 1
Ĥ = + k x̂2 . (8)
2m 2

(b) Show that the p-representation Ψ(p) and the x-representation ψ(x) are Fourier transform pairs.
(c) Explicitly, find the Fourier transform Hermite-Gaussian solutions, i.e.,

F.T .{ψ(ξ) = Hn (ξ)exp[−ξ 2 /2]}. (9)

4. (30%) Quantum Simple Harmonic Oscillation: Ĥ = ~ω(↠â + 21 ),


(a) For the ground state eigenfunction, i.e., â|n = 0i = 0, find the corresponding wave function in the x- and p- spaces,
respectively. That is to find Φ(x) and Ψ̃(p), respectively,

Φ(x) ≡ hx|0i, (10)


Ψ̃(p) ≡ hp|0i. (11)

(b) Show by direct integration that

hn|p̂|ni = 0, (12)
hn|∆p̂2 |ni = ~mω − m2 ω 2 hn|x̂2 |ni, (13)

here, the variance is defined as h: |∆p̂2 | :i ≡ h∆p̂2 i = h(p̂ − hp̂i)2 i = hp̂2 i − hp̂i2
(c) Use the operator method to calculate the expectation values hp̂2 i and hx̂2 i in the energy eigenstate |ni. Hence prove
the quantum analog of the virital theorem:

hV i = hT i = hHi/2, (14)

the equal partition of the total energy H, divided into the kinetic and potential energies, T and V , respectively.

∗ Electronic address: rklee@ee.nthu.edu.tw

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