2

(Speed and Velocity)

1. Speed: Speed of a body is the rate of change of its position.
2. Average speedTotal Otal distance travelled
Total time
3. Velocity : Velocity of a body is the rate of change of its position
in a definite direction.
4. Average Velocity = Total displacement
Total time
5. Displacement : It is the change of position in a given direction.
It is a vector.
6. Since displacement distance travelled, hence average speed may not
be necessarily equal to the magnitude of average velocity.
7. Speed is scalar, where as velocity is a vector. But both have same
dimension [LT-'] and have same units [cm/sec; m/sec; km/h).
8. Instantaneous Velocity: It represents the velocity of a particle at any
instant or at any point of its path. It is given by,

Vd
EXAMPLES
1. What is the ratio of velocity to speed?
Ans. Never more than one.
2. What is the ratio of distance to displacement ?
Ans. Equal or greater than one.
A man travels half length. of a straight road with a constant speed of 20
m/sec, and he travels the second half length of the road with a constant
ced of 60 m/sec, then calculate its ayerage speed.
Ans. 30 m/sec.
L the total distancetravelled = L
L/2
ic *al time taken = 20 60
travelled
Aveare s oed =Otal distance
Total tine taken
L 40 120- 30 m/sec.
I2 60
 Spced and Velocity 11

4. A man travels one third length of a straight road with a constant speed
of 40 m/sec. and the remaining portion of the road with a constant
speed of 60 m/sec., then calculate its average speed.
Ans. 51-4 m/sec.
the constant
5. A car moves on a straight road for first half time with
speed of 20 m/sec. and the next half time with a constant speed of 60
m/sec, then calculate average specd.
Ans. 40 m/sec.
Total distance = L and
Total time taken = t

A C(L B
2t/2 and t2, then
Let x and (L-x) be the distance travelled in time t
x = 20t1 20t/2 = 10r
And (L x) = 60t2 = 60t/2 30
Total distance 10r+30E _
Average speeaTotal time 40 m/sec.

6. A scooter moves at a constant speed of 90 m/sec. for 4 seconds and

then it again moves with a constant speed of 60 m/sec. for 2 second,
then calculate its average speed.
Ans. 80 m/sec.
Average speed =
x
Total distance 90 4 + 60 X =80 m/sec.
Total time 6

7. A train moves a distance of 10 metre with a constant speed of 40

m/sec. and moves the next 5m with a constant speed of 30 m/sec.
Calculate its average speed.
Ans. 36 m/sec.
8. A man moves from a place P to another place Qwith
a constant speed
of 10 m/sec. and then he returns back to P again with the same
constant speed along the same route .Calculate the average speed of
the man.
Ans. 10 m/sec.
speed=Otal distance 2
Average
Average speed Total tine = 10 m/sec.
L10+ L/10
9. A man moves îrom a place P 1o Q with a constant speed of 40 m/sec.,
and then he returns back to P along the same route with i speed of
20 m/sec. then calculate the average speed of the man.
Ans. 26-6 m/sec.
 12 Numericals in Physics
10. In the above problem, calculate the average velocity ofthe man,
Ans. Zero.
Since total displacement = 0.
11. A man travels 10 metre due cast with a constant speed of 20 m/sec
he stops there for 5 sec and then returns back along the same ro te
with a constant speed of 10 m/sec. Calculate the average speed and
average velociy of the man.
Ans. 10 m/sec., zero.
Average 100+ 100
speca100 100
= 10 m/sec.
5
20 10
Average velocity = 0, since total displacement is zero.
12. A car moves on a circular path of radius 10 metre. It completes 5
revolutions in 5 minute. What is its average speed ?
Ans. 207= 62-8 metre/minute
Total distance travelled in 5 revolution
=
27Trx 5 = 2710 x 5 100t
Total time = 5 minute.
Total distancetravelled10O0T20T
Average speed =
total time 5
13. in the above question calculate the average velocity of the car
Ans. Zero; since total displacement in 5 revolution is zero.
14. A cyclist moves from A to B on a circular path ABCD of radius 10
metre in 5 sec. calculate its average speed.

B Ans. t 3.14 n/sec.

Total distance travelled

=2 metre
At- oomC Total time taken = 5 sec.

Average speed

TX5 2 10_
Tt m/sec.
x 5
15. In above question; calculate the average velocity
ofthe cyclist.
Ans. 2N2 m/sec.
Total displacement = 10V2 metre and tutal
time = 5 sec.
Average Velocity = - 2/2 m/se
 Speed and Veiocity 13

16. In question No. if the cyclist moves from A to C in 10 sec, then

14
calculate its (i) average speed and (ii) average velocity.
Ans. (i) T m/sec. (ii) 2 m/seec.
B 10m
17. In the given figure if a man

travels from A to C along

the side in 2 sec, then 1Om

10m
calculate its (i) average speed
and (ii) average velocity.

Ans. (i) 10 m/sec.

10m D
(ii) 5V2 m/sec.

18. A ship moves due east with of 40 m/h for hour and then
a speed
1

speed of 30 m/h for another hour. Calculate

I
moves due north with a
its average speed.
Ans. 35 m/h.
Distance traveiled along
east in hour = 40 m.
1

and distance travelled 30m

along North in hour
1

30 m.
Total distance travelled = 40m
4030 = 70 m.
Total time = 2 hour.
totaldistance 35 m/h
Average speed = =
total time
19. In the above question, calculate its average velocity.
Ans. 25 m/h. at angle tan (3/4) north of east.
Total displacement = V(40)2 + (30)2 = 50 m.
=Total displacement 50_ 25 m/h.
Average velocity s
Total timne

also; tan6 = 30 3 . 0= tan (3/4) north of east.

4
A ship moves with a speed of
3 m/sec due east; and then it turns
20. a speed of 4
through 90" due north and covers the same distance wiih
m/sec. Calculate its average speed.
Ans. 3.42 m/sec.
 14 Numericals in Physics
21. In the above question calculate its average velocity.
Ans. 2.46 m/sec, at an angle 0= 45 north of east.
22. Is it correct that the average velocity 1s always equal to the mean
of the initial and final velocities. val
aluc

Ans. No. [only for constant acceleration].

23. A small ball is dropped from a height 100m on a floor.
The hali
rebounds to a height of 20 metre. Calculate the average
acceleration
during the contact if the ball was in contact of the floor
for 0-02 ser
take g= 10 m/sec.
The velocitywith which the ball strikes the ground.
u = V2gh = V2 x 10 x 100 = 44-72 m/sec.
The velocity of its rebound

V=2gh, =V2 x 10 x 20 20 m/sec.

The change in velocity = v --u) = v +u
= 20 +44-72 = 64.72 m/sec.
Therefore, averageacceleration = chàngein velocity 64-72
time 0-02
=3236 m/sec (upward).
24. A ball is dropped on a floor from a height of 5 meter. It rebounds to a
height of 3-:2 metre. If the ball as in contact with the floor for 0-1 sec.
then calculate its average acceleration during the contact,
take g= 10
m/sec2
Ans. 180 m/sec?. (upward).
25. Under what condition the instantaneous velocity of a body is equal to
its average velocity.
Ans. When it is moving with uniform velocity.
 3
(Motion with Constant Acceleration)
1. If a body moves with constant acceleration, then we write,
S ut +5f?
V = u +ji
= u2+2fs.
and, 2
where, u = Initial velocity; V = final velocity, f = acceleration, s =
distance travelled and i= time taken.
2. If the acceleration is directed opposite to the direction of initial
velocity, then acceleration is taken as ve; but if it is directed along the
direction of initial velocity then it is taken as + ve.
3. If a body moves with uniform velocity (that is, if f = O); then
distance travelled.

4. The distance trevelled in nth second is equal to

5. For a free falling body undercarth's gravity, we write

=
V u + gt
S ut +8
y2= u+2gs.
Here 'g' is acceleration due to gravity. Its value at sea-level and at 45
latitude is approximately 9.8 m/sec? or 980 cm/sec2 or 32 ftUsec?.
6. For a body moving on an inclined plane (frictionless), we have
acceleration.
down the plane = g sine
and up the plane = g sin6.
-

EXAMPLES
1. The speed of a train changes from 36 km/h to 72 km/h in 10 sec.
Calculate the distance travelled during this time.
Ans. 150 metres.

-
V = u +jr, . or, v-u =ft
and

or
2= u+2fs or, -u =
2fs
 16 Numericals in Physics

= 36 x 1000
Now, 36 km/h = 10 m/sec.
60 x 60
and 72 km/h =
72 x 1000= 20 m/sec.
60 x 60
-(0:20)101 150 metre

2. In the above question calculate the acceleration of the train.

Ans. 1
m/sec?.

V = l + fi, or. f= u20- 10 10

m/sec?

3. A car accelerates from rest to a speed of 100 m/sec in 25 sec. Calculate

its acceleration.
Ans. 4m/sec.
4. In the above question (No. 3), calculate the distance travelled in this
time.
Ans. 1250 metre.
5. At a given instant, the speed of a scooter is 54 km/h and after 10 sec.
it becomes 18 km/h; calculate its acceleration, assuming it to be
constant.
Ans. m/sec2.
-
1

1000
4 km/h
54 km/h =4X x
60x 60
=60 60
I5m/sec; 18 km/h = 5m/sec.

5-1--I10
m/sec2.

. In the above question, calculate the time in which it will come to rest.
Ans.15 sec after first instant.
.In the above question calculate the total distance travelled when it
Comes t0 rest.
Ans. 112.5 metre.
8. An electron which is moving with a velocity of 5 x 10 m/sec
emerges from a sheet of paper of thickness 2.1 x 10-4 cm. with a
velocity of
2x
10 n/sec. Calculate the time taken by the electron to
pass through the sheet of the paper.
Ans.6x 10 1 scc.
. ADOay travels 200 cm. in the first 2sec, and220 cm in the next 4 Sec.
What will be the velocity at the end
of the seventh second from the
Start ?
Ans. 10 cm/sec.
 Motion with Constant Accelcration 17
20D
10. A particle starting from rest experiences a constant acceleration for
seconds. If it travels a distance y1 in the first 10 sec and a distance V2

in the next 10 sec. then obtain a relation between yj and y2.

Ans. y2 = 3y1.
11. If the distance y of a particle at a time t along a straight line is given
by
y =A + Az + Ajt.

then the acceleration of the particle will be.

Ans. 2A3.
to time, that is.
12. If the displacement y of a particle is proportional
if y oc ,
then the acceleration of the particle will be
Ans. Zero.
is proportional to r, that is, if
y c ,
13. If the displacement y of a particle
then what is the initial velocity of the particle?
Ans. Zero.
is moving with uniform
14. In the above question state whether the body
velocity or uniform acceleration.
Ans. uniform acceleration.
yc t, . y = Ar?: V =
=
2 Ar (a functionn of time)
dy
but acceleration. f= d2 2 A (constant).
the distance
15. A scooter moving with constant acceleration covers
the second point
between two points in 6 sec. Its speed when it passes
is 15 m/sec. what will be its velocity when it passes
from first point,
if the distance between the two points is 60 metre.
Ans. 5 m/sec.
16. In the above question at what prior distance
from the first point the
scooter was at rest.
Ans. 7-5 metre.
on a straight road with
17. Two cars are moving towards eaeh other
they are 160 Tetre
velocity 10 m/sec and 12 m/sec respectively. When
they stop in orier to
apart, then each car decelerates at 2 m/sec until
the distance between them when they comee
avoid collision. Calculate
to rest.
Ans. 99 metre.
 18 Numericals in Physics
18. A particle slides down from the top of a smooth inclined
plane fro
rest. If the length of the plane is 39.2m and its inclination is
30° then
calculate the timme taken by the particle to reach the foot of
the plane.
Ans. 4 sec.
=
ut + f 0+5g sine

19.
39-2 x 9.8 x t=4 sec.
In above question what will be its velocity when it
reaches the bottom
of the inclined plane.
Ans. 19-6 m/sec.
20. Is it correct to say that if the acceleration is zero,
the particle cannot
be moving.
Ans. No. (As for example motion with constant velocity).
21. Is it correct to say that the equation x = Xo + Vo + ap holds
motion in one dimension.
t for all

Ans. No, holds only for constant acceleration

22. Is it correct to say that the instantaneous velocity
vector is always in
the direction of motion.
Ans. Yes.
23. Is it correct to say that the instantaneous acceleration
vector is always
in the direction of motion.
Ans. No. as for example projectile moving up, and accln. is down.
24. In the given figure the ends P and Q of an unstrechable string
move
downwards with uniform speed V.
A -4 Pulleys A and B are fixed. Find the
speed with which the mass m
moves upward.
P Ans. vlcose.
Hint As P and Q move
downward, the length l decreasses
at the rate of V m/sec.
Since P=a? +; or 212
x v=aV
 Motion with Constant Acceleration 19

25. The position of a particle at any time t is given by s(?) =

the velocity of
(1- eb), where b> 0 and Vo are constants. What is
the particle at
(a) i = 0; (6)t= 1/b and (c) 1o
Ans. (a) Vo (b) 0:368V% (c) 0.
Vo
Hint. (a)=0- bt x (- b) = Vorbt=Vo.
b
at a constant rate a for some time after
26. A car accelerates from rest rest. If the total
which it decelerates at a constant rate to come to
B
the maximum velocity reached
time lapse is t second, then calculate (a)
and (b) the total distance travelled.
cB12
Ans. (a)( B) 6) 2(a +B)
a regular hexagon of side a
*27. Six particles are situated at the corners of
and each particle move with a constant
speed v in a direction towards
the time the particle will take
the particles at the next corner. Calculate
to meet each other.
Ans. 2 alv.
Motion under gravity
a cliff of ht. 19.6 metre. What is
28. A stone is dropped from the top of
?
its speed at the the end of one second
Ans. 9-8 m/sec.
here u = 0,

: v=gt 9.8 x 9.8 m/sec.

= 1
=
traveiled in one second.
29. In the above problem, calculate the distance
Ans. 49 metre.

30.
ss-x 9-8 x I

In the above problem, calculate its

= 49 metre.
velocity when it will just strike the
ground.
Ans. 19.6 m/sec.
y2 = u2+ 2gh = 0+ 2x 9-8 x 19-6 384.16
.. v = l19.6 m/sec.
the time in which it will strike the
31. In the above question, calcuiate
ground.
Ans. 2sec.
=
x9-8 x 2 or 12=4
1

or, 19-6

t 2 sec.
 20 Numericals in Physics
32. Out of excitement a cricketer throws the ball
up in air after catching
He then recatches it after 4 sec. How below it
the ball was fromits
highest point after 3 sec from start ? (neglect air resistance).
Ans. 4.9 metre.
33. In above question with what velocity it
was thrown.
Ans. 19.6 metre/sec.
34. A train starting from rest attains a
maximum speed of 54 km/h in 30
sec with uniform acceleration, it then travels
with this speed for 40
sec. and is then brought to rest in further 30
sec. with uniform
retardation, calculate the total distance travelled.
Ans. 1050 metre.
35. A ball is dropped from the top
of a tower of height 200 m and at the
same time another ball is projected from the base
of the tower with a
velocity of 40 m/sec. When the two balls will
meet.
Ans. 5 sec.
36. In the above question at what distance from the
top they will meet.
Ans. 122-5 metre from the top.
37. A balloon which is ascending at the rate
above the ground when a stone is dropped.
of 12 m/sec is 30-4 metre
In what time the stone will
Ieach the ground.
Ans. 4 sec.
38. In above problem, with
what speed the stone will hit the ground.
Ans. 27-2 m/sec.
39. A body is dropped from certain height
and another body is dropped
from same height after 2 secs.
What will be the separation between
two bodies 4 seconds after the dropping
of second body.
Ans. 98 metre.
40. Is it possible that a body can have zero velocity
and finite acceleration.
Ans. Yes, when a body is thrown vertically upward
highest point it has zero velocity then at its
and finite acceleration.
41. Is it possible that the direction of the
its acceleration is constant. a
velocity of body change when

Ans. Yes, when a body is thrown

upward, then it changes direction
after reaching maximum hight
while acceleration due to gravity
remains constant.
42. A ball after having fallen from rest under
the influence of gravity for 6
sec. crashes through a horizontal
glass plate,
of its velocity. If it then reaches the ground thereby losing two-thirds
in 2.sec, find the height
the plate above the ground. of
Ans. 588 metre.
 4
(Vectors)
1.Physical quantity : A physical quantity is one which can be
measured. Physical quantities are divided into two groups, namely Scalars
and Vectors.
2. A physical quantity is said to be a scalar quantity, when it
Scalar:
has magnitude only and no direction, such as volume, mass. speed, work,
charge. current, potential, magnetic pole strength, etc.
3.Vector : A physical quantity is said to be a vector quantity, when it
has magnitude and direction both, such as displacement, velocity, force,
momentum, torque. electric intensity, magnetic induction, magnetic
monent, ctc.
4. Representation of a vector :
The simplest geometrical
representation of a vector is by a "directed line segment."
A
OA
In general. a vector OA is represented by OA that is with an arrow over

OA. The point O is ealled initial point or origin, and the point A is called
terminus. The magnitude of the vector is given by length of the line OA.
5. Modulus of a vector : It represents the magnitude of the vector. The

modulus of a vector A is represented by the notationlAI or simply by A.

6. Addition of vectors : Let us suppose that P and Q are two vectors.

Let they are represented by the B

sides OA and AC of the

parallelogram OACB, then their

resultant in vector lorm is written as

R -7 + A
= +P
R
 22 Numericals in Physics
The magnitude of their resuliant is given by

IR=VIPP+1QP+2|P|IQlcose
Where 0 is the angle between the two vectors.

Ifthe resuitant makes an angle a with P, then.

Q sine
tan d=
P+Qcose
Laws of addition
7.
(a) Commutative law: Addition of two vectors is
commutative, that is
independant of the order of vectors to be added, thus

(b) Associative law If A, B and C ure thrce vectors, then from

associative law, we have

(A+B)+C =K+(B+7
8.Subtraction of vectors: The subtraction ofa vector B from a vector
A as a matter of fact is the addition of
vector B with vector A. Thus
-

R -B -R+ (-B)
9. Multiplication of vectors by scalars: When a vector A is multiplicd
by scalarm then we wrile mA. Here mA
represents a vector whose direction
is same as that of vector A but its
magnitude is m times the magnitude of
the vector A.
10. Unit Vector: A vector having unit magnitude is called a uni
vector. Let us suppose that í. j, k.
are the unit vectors along directions
OX. OY and 0Z which makes
betweea themselves right handed
system of co-ordinate axes. Let P
Pta,y,2 be any point whose co-ordinates are
(x. y, z); and
Let O be the origin then

R=i++:7
The mrgnitude ol the vector R
IS given by
=
R V2+ y2 +?
 Vectors 23

If we consider only two rectangular co-ordinate axes namely OX and

OY axes., then
R =x i+y j
R is
and in this case magnitude of the vector
R=Vx+y
11. Component of a vector: The component of a vector P in a

direction making an angle 0 with it is

= P cose
B C
and the other component at Psine
right angle to it

= P sin6. Pcose
12. Product of two vectors:
or dot product of
(a) Scalar or dot product of two vectors The scalar
:

as
two vectors A and B is a scalar and is written
=
AB=IAIIBIcosß ABcos9
Where 0 is the angle between the two vectors.
Thus, if
0", then cose = 1,
(i) if 0 = A.B =AB
(ii) If 6 = 90, then cos0 = 0, A. B =0
that either
Hence if scalar product of two vectors is zero, then it follows
is zero.
they are perpendicular to each other or one of the vectors
=
(ii) If 0 = 180", then cose = -1, hence A. B -AB.

Giv) 7.7=7=1: 7.j=F=l: 7.= F=1

iv)i.=7.7=7.7=0
(iv) Examples

(i)Work, W=F.S (i) Power, P=F.V

(b) Cross product of two vectors : The cross product of two vectors
A and B is a vector whose magnitude is equal to AB sine, where 0 is the
angle between the two vectors. Thus

xB =R=ABsine
 24 Numericals in Physics

The direction of the vector R is perpendicular to the plane

both the vectors. containinn
ing
=
(i) If 0', or 180", then sine =0, hence, A x B =0
Cii) If 0 = 90, then sin0 = 1, hence Ax B = AB
7xi=0; x=0;
cii) x =o
Giv)TxT=R: 7=-
()7x=i: 7xj=-i
cvi)i=: =
7*7
(viii) Example.
(a) Torquet =/xF (b) Linear velocity V =6X7
(c) Angular Momentum L = xP =7 x mý r = m(r x
EXAMPLES
=
1 If P+ R, and if IFI= IOl=IR l then what is the angle
between vector P & Q.
Ans. 120D

R2=P? +Q2+ 2PQ cosa or P2 =

P2 +P2 + 2P.P cosa
or, coso=-j= cos 120° 120°.
2 1fP +Q =R; and ifIP+ lQl=IRI, then what is the angle between
P &Q.?
Ans. 0,
R2= P2 +Q2 +2PQ coso; (P + Q)2 = P? + Q2 +
2PQ coso
or, cosa = = cos0 1

0 a=
3. IfP +Q = R; and if p2 + Q? = R2, then find the angle between the
vector P and
Ans. 90.
4. At what angle three forces of
equal magnitude may act so that their
resultant is equal to zero.
Ans. 120°.
5. A force F is directed along Y-axis;
calculated its component along
X-axis.
Ans. Zero.
 Vectors 25

. P+Ql=I/
Ans. 90".
-Q k then what istheanglebetween F
&?
7. Can the resultant of three unequal forces be equal to zero.
Ans. May be: [provided the sum of two smallest forces is not less than
the third force.
8. There are three forces 4 N, 5N and 1ON, can their resultant be equal to
7ero.
is less
Ans. No: [Here the numerical sum of the two smallest forces
than the third force.i
9. There are three forces 4N, 6N and 8N can their resultant be equal to
zero.
Ans. Yes. The resultant of 4N & 6N can be equal to 8N.]
10. Can the resultant of tiwo vnequal forces be equal to zero.
Ans. No.
directed
11. Can a east-ward dirvcted force be balanced by a north-ward
force.
Ans. No
12. Can the resultant of two lorces 10N and 6N be equal to
(a) 3N (b) 4N (c) 8N (d) 16N (e) 18N.
Ans. (a) No (b) Yes (c) Yes (d) Yes (e) No.
13. In the above problem what will be the minimum
and maximum value

of the resultant.
Ans. 4N and 16N respectively.
14. The maximum and minimum numerical value of the resultant
of two
value
forces are respectively 16N and 4N, then calculate the numerical
of the individual forces.
Ans. 10N, 6N
= B = 4
Here, A + B 16 and A -

=
. A 10N, and B 6N.
In the above problem what would be the numerical
value of the
15.
resultant, if the two forces acts at right angle to each other.
Ans. 11-6 N.
12N,
16. The magnitudes of the three vectors P.Q and R are respectively
SN and 13N and if P + Q =R, then what is the angle between vector

and ?

Ans. 90
 26 Numericals in Physics

17. The magnitude of three vectors P. Q and R are respectively 3N, 4N

and 5N and if P + = K, then what is the angle between and Q?
Ans. 90.
18. In the above problem what could be the angle between vertor P and R
Ans. cos- (3/5).

19. In the given figure t wo

numerically equal forces are acting

100N
as shown. What is the magnitude

of their resultant?
K60°
Ans. 100N.
10 0N
20. Is it possible M x M =M?

Ans. Yes. [If M is a null vector.]

21. A paricle is displaced by 4m in the south west direction and then by
Sm east and lastely through óm in a direction 60 north of east.
Calculate the total displacement from the starting point.
Here total displacement
N is OP

Now, OM =-4 cos 45° 7

W -4 sin 45

4m 6m -22 7-2v27
M 5m
M =5
=
and. Ne 6cos 60*+6sin 60=3+ NS
Hence,

= (-2/27-22 })» 5i + (3}+3V5})

 Vectors

= (5 +3-2v2)
í + (313 -212)
= 517 +2:36
=
OF 1=5-68 metre; tan 0-456.
22. A cricket ball reaches from M to N after successive displace-
ment, calculate the total displacement. given sin 37 = 0-60 and
cos37=0-80.
C
37
Sm
15m

N 7m

10
Ans. 9.3 m at 104
23. A golfer dips the ball into the hole in three successive strokes. His first
stroke displaces the ball 4m north, the second stroke 2m south east.
and the last stroke Im south west. Calculate what displacement was
needed to put the ball into the hole on the 1st stroke.
Ans. 2-01 metre, 69 18' north of east.
24. A man ran 2-0 kilometre towards east, then making a perpendicular
left turn he ran 500 m. and then he ran 4-0 km. after making
perpendicular right turn. Caiculate his total displacement.
Ans. 6-02 km; tan-l north of east.

25. The co-ordinates of the initial and final point of a given vector A are
respectively (2. 3) and (10, 6). Then calculate the magnitude of the
vector.
Let M and N be the initial
and final points of the
vector. then

ON 10i+ 6j
3)A N(106)

and, OM=27+3
Now, OM+ MN = ON

or MÑ ON-OM
28 Numericals in Physics

.'.
MiN=101+6-71-3}
8 +3

or. IMNI=v82+32=854
tane=2 tan-
and 0=
26. 1P=6 +8 and 1f =4i-37. then calculte we magnitude of

=
Ans. (1) Since P 6i +8/; hence
IP=V(6+(8= 10
O1e6 T and tane =

z = tan-
()
(2) Again, Q =4í-3f hence,

4i 1=V4)2+(3* =5
tane=( ta (
in the fourth quadrant below the X-

axis.

) Now,F+=(67+8)+(4 7-3})= (107+5)

Y M Therefore, magnitude of P+
5 = V(10)2 + (5)2= 5vs

tang=2_|

0-1a)
 Vectors 29

4) Now -Q=(67+8})-41-3})=2}+11

Magnitude of P - O

= V(22+ (11)?= 515

tane (55)
2 T
0= tan-(5-5) z
(5) Again Q-P =(47-3) -(6 +8j= -2i- il

Magnitude of Q- F
Y
.

= V(-2) + (-1)?= 11-18

1
tane-()=55
M
= lan (5-5) in the third quadrant.

(6)P.- 67+8).a7-7
=24-18i.j+3277-247.7
-
I 0+0-24 x !-24
I

= 24 x -

(7)Px-(67+8)xd7-
x7
247 x7-187 x7+32 x1-24j
24 x0- 18K +32(-k) -24 x0=-50 K = 50.

27. IfA =37-2and B =2i+3/ then find out

(6) xB
()A+B (2)-B (3B-R )R.B
(2) 5 1, d= tan (-5/1)
Ans. (1) 5-1: 0=tun' (1/5);
)ro. 5)10
35 1
 30 Numericals in Physics
28. There are two vectors whose magnitude are respectively 2m and 4m
the angle between them is 30". Calculate (1) scalar product of the two
vectors and (2) the magnitude of their vector products.
Ans. (1) 6-92 m2 (2) 4m2.
29. Find out the angle between vectors A =3i+2jand B =2 4+
Ans. tan' (1/8)
A.B -i+2). 4)=6+2 =8.
Also, IAI=V(3)2 +(2)?= V13
B=V2+(1)=Vs
=
Hence, A.B = AB cose V13x5 cose
or, 8 N65 cose or s =
V65
= 0.992
6 cos- (0-992)
Or.
2nd method

Let the vectors A and B make angle , and 2 with x-axis, then.

tan=and tane,=
Hence, tan6 tane2
tan(-62)=1+ tan®,tan&2+

-02 -62= =tan-(

30. Find out the angle between vectors A =7 + 3 and B =2i +4
Ans. 0 cos- (0:98).
31. Calculate the angle between the vectors
A =67-87 and B -47+3
Ans. 90.
32. Two vectorsP and are represented as 7 = 27+47 and Q= 4i.
2.Calculate the angle between tliem.
Ans. 90".
 Vectors 31

33. IfP 21+4+4Kand =47 +27-4F, then whatis the angle

between P &0.
Ans. 90.

34. If P Xx Q = PQ; then what is the angle between P and Q.

Ans. 90.

IfPxQ =0, then what is the angle between P and .

.
35.
Ans. 0.

36. IfP.=0, then what is the angle between and

37.
Ans. 90.
IFP.= PQ, then what is the angle between
Ans. 0.
and .
38. If A, B and C are mutually pependicular vectors, then find the

value ufC x(Ax B.

Ans. Zero.
39. A and B are wo vectors such that their resultant is L, to A and in
magnitude cqual to A. Find the magnitude of vector B.
Ans. Av2
40. Find the components of a vector A which makes equal angles with
the x, y ans z axis.
Ans. AN3.
A 15N
41. Calculate the resultant of
the forces shown in
8N
the figure. given sin 37
---
= 0.601, sin 53 = 0.798.
/37
cos 37 = 0-798 and

cos 53 = 0-601 20N

Ans. 5N at 127

42. A force F = 4í +5j newton displaces a particle through

S =3i +6 metre, then find the work cone

Ans. 12 joule. (Hint W =F.S)

 32 Numericals in Physics

43. A body of mass 5kg moves from position 6i +5j -3k metretoa
postion 107-2+7 metre due to a force 107-37 +6R newion.
Calculate the work done.
Ans. 121 joule.

Postion vector r is the difference of two position, therefore

4-77+ 10, hencew =F.r = 121 joule.

44. Three equal forces each

I
of value newton acts
along the side BC, CD
and DE of a regular
hexagon ABCDEF. A D
Calculate the magnitude
of their resultant.

Ans. 2 newton
45. If the co-ordinates of a moving particle are given by x = at, and
y=b?, then calculate the speed ofthe particle.
Ans. 2Va? +b
46. Calculate the displacement, when we finally lie down on our bed in the
night since the time we rose form the same bed in the morning.
Ans. zero.
47. M and N are two sites few kilometers apart on a perfectly flat plane
road. A girl takes off from M in a helicopter circles around, and then
lands at N; while on the other hand a man walks from M to N
compare their displacements.
Ans. 1:1
48. Is it correct that, "the magnitude of the sum of two vectors must be
greater than the magnitude of either vectors?"
Ans. No. (Magnitude of A + (-A) is zero).
49. Is it correct that the component of a vector is a vector ?
Ans. No.
50. Is it correct to say that if a vector is zero then each
of its rectangular
components must be zero ?
Ans. Yes.
 5
(Relative Velocity and Change in
Velocity)
Relative velocity: If the distance between two bodies is changing
1.

either in maynitude or in direction or in both: then one body is said to have a

velocity relative to the other.
2. The relative velocity
of a body P with respect to another body Q is
obtaincd by adding to the velocity of P a velocity equal and opposite to that
of Q.
Thus relative velocity of body P with respect to another body Q

=-Vo P

3. Change in velocity: The change in velocity AV is given by

AV =V-V
Where V, and V are the initial and final velocity of the body and its
inagnitude is given by
(AV)'=V2+Vi2-2V,V2 cos|
Where 0 is the angle between V2 and V.
EXAMPLES
1. A man can swim in still water at 6 km/h. He want to reach a point just
opposite his starting point. In which direction he should swim, if the
iver is flowing at 3 km/h
Ans. 8 = 30; against the current
from normal to the direction of
D3km/
flow.
The man should swim along MD 6km/h
in order to reach at N from M;

sint 3/6= 1/2 M

or, 0 30.
34 Numericals in Physics

2 In the above problem, calculate the time taken by the man to cross the
river at right angles to the flow; if the width of the river is v3 km.
Ans. 20 minute.
Velocity along MN, i.e. the resultant velocity
= V62-32 =V27
33 km/h
S 3
Time taken = hr= 20 minute.

3. Rain appears to fall vertically to a man when he is stationary but when

he starts imoving at
45 speed of 10 km/h: the
rain drops appears to
Vm=10kmA|
C O
C
1Okm/h =VIm
strike him at an angle
of 45 from the
k 45 V
vertical, then deter
mine the actual
Actualdirectton
45 B
of rain drop velocity of the rain
drops
D
Ans. 10 km/h.

4 Rain drops appears to a man falling vertically. But when he starts

moving with a velocity of 10 m/sec horizontally, then the rain drops
is the
appears to hit him at an angle of 60 from horizontal. Then what
actual velocity of the rain drops?
Ans. 10v3 m/sec.
of 4
5. A school going girl is running on a horizontal road with a velocity
protect
Fn/sec. At what angle she should hold her umbrella in order to
herself from the rains. If the rain is falling vertically with a velocity
8 mísec.
Ans. 6 = tan (2) from the horizontal

If e is the angle which

Vaz4m/5ec
er -4m/Sec the resultant makes with
O rC the horizontal direction,
8m/Sec then
B tan 2
:. tan- (2)
 Relative Velocity and Change in Velocity 35

6. A man wants to cross a river in least time. In which direction he

should swim, if the river is flowing at a speed of 10 m/sec.
Ans. at right angles to flow.
7. A man while walking observes that the rain is falling vertically
downward:; If he suddenly stops walking then in which direction the
rain drops will strike him (1) on the chest or (2) on his back.
Ans. on his back.
8. If stationary observer watches the wheel of
a a moving cycle, then
which spokes will appear him move distinct
Ans. Lower spokes.
10 km/h
9. A man while wa'king on a horizontal road with a velocity of
observes the rains to be falling vertically downward. If he increases his
speed to 20 km/h. then the rain drops appear to strike him at an angle
of 45 from vertical. What is then actual velocity of the rain drops?
Ans. 10W2 km/h at angle of 45 from vertical.

Here ON is the actual direction of rain drops.

LDOM = LODM = 45
=
DM OM = 10

45
C 4545
2145
9 Actualdirection
Ofrain drop
M N
=
VOM2 +MN = I0V2 km/h.
Hence ON
and, tane =
l
= tan 45. 8 45
a man moving with a
10. Rain appears to fall vertically downward to
then the rain appears to
velocity of 4 m/sec. when he doubles his speed
horizontal Then what is the actual
strike him at an angle of 45 from
?
velocity of rain drops
vertical.
Ans. 412 m/sec, at angle of 45 from
a man moving with a
11. Rain appears to fall vertically downward to
then the Tain appears
velocity of 10 m/sec, when he doubles his speed
 36 Numericals in Physics

to strike him at an angle of 60 from horizontal, then what is actual

velocity of the rain drops?
Ans. 20 m/sec at angle of 30 from vertical.
12. A stationary man observes that the rain strikes him at an angle of 60°
to the horizontal. When he begins to move with a velocity of 25 m/sec.
then the drops appear to strike him at an angle 30 from horizontal.
Calculate the velocity of the rain drops.
Ans. 25 m/sec.
13. A pilot wants to reach a place north of his starting point. If the wind is
blowing in the eastern side, then in which direction the pilot should
move?
Ans. West of north.
14. A helicopter which is flying 60 north of east lands itself 45 east of
north due to the wind. The speed of the helicopter is 100 mile/h
relative to air. Calculate the speed of the wind if it is blowing from
west to east.
Ans. 36-6 mile/h.
15. When a man is moving with a velocity of 8 km/h due east, then the
rain drops strikes him with a velocity of 8 km/h vertically downward.
lf he stops moving then with what velocity the rain drops will strike
him?
Ans. 8v2 km/h.
A bird is flying with a speed of 20 km/h towards north. A train
is
16.
going towards east with a velocity of 20 km/h. Calculate the velocity
of the bird with respect to a passenger sitting in the train.
Ans. 28-28 km/h at an angle of 45 north of west.
17. A pilot is taking his plane towards north with a velocity 100 km/h. Al
that place the wind is blowing with a speed of 60 km/h from east t0
west. Calculate the resultant velocity of the plane.
Ans. 116-6 km/h, at an angle tan- (3/5) west of north.
18. In the above problem how far the plane will be after 20 minute fron
the starting point ?
Ans. 38 86 km
 Relaivc Veclocity and Change in Velocity 37

19. The compass of an aeroplane indicates that it is moving towards north.

The air specd indicator of the plane indicates that it is moving through
air at 120 km/h; if there is wind and if it is blowing with a speed of 50
km/h from west to cast, then calculate the velocity of the plane relative
to the earth.
ns. 130 km/h, 22-5 East of North.
20. A particle P is moving along a straight line with velocity 3m/sec and
another particle Q has a velocity 5 m/sec at an angle of 30 to the path
of P. Calculate the velocity of Q relative io
Ans. 2-832 m/sec at an angle of 32 with t direction of Q.
in 8
21. A motorboat travels the distance betw«ci two spots on a river
hours and 12 hours down stream and upstream respectively.
Calculate
the time required by the boat to cover this distance in still water.
Ans. 9.6 hours.
v is the velocity of
If L is the distance between the two spors. and if
flow in the river.
motor boat in still water and u is velo. ity of water
-
then L= (v + u)l1, and L = (v u)
where and t2 are the time taken Juwn stream and upstreain
respectively.

If t is the tine taken in still water, then L= vt

solving we get t = 2112/ + 2).

22. A passenger sitting near the window ol a irain moving with velocity 20
in the
m/sec sees for 10 sec a train moving with velocity m/sec
9

opposite dirn. Calculate the length of the second train.

Ans. 290 metre.
The length of the second train L = (v + V2)l = 290 metre.
parallel tracks. If
23. Two trains of length 180 m and 260 m are moving on
in 15 sec,
they move in the same direction then they cros each other
in 7 sec, then
and if they move in opposite direction then they cross
calcuate their velocities.
Ans. 44 m/sec. 14.6 m/sec
Change in velocity
towards west
24. A car is moving due north at 20 km/h, it suddenly turns
Calculate the
through 90 and continues to move with the same speed.
change in velocty.
 38 Numericals in Physics

Ans. 20N2 km/h south west

Change in velocity

V
Hence, AV =VV22+ V2
20V2 km/h
25. If the direction of avelocity vector changes direction by an angle
and retains the same magnitude u, then find the change in velocity.

Ans. 2u sin(0/2) at (90- 0/2) to the final velocity.

(Au)= u2+u+2u.ucos (180-0)
=2u2 (1 cos6) = 2u x 2sin2 (0/2)

Au Au =2u sin (/2)

26. A plane is moving due north at a speed of 30 km/h, it takes a turn
towards east through 90, and then move with the same speed.
Calculate the change in velocity.
Ans. 30 2 km/h south east.
27. A body is moving with a velocity
of 15 m/sec due west, It takes a right
turn through 60° and moves with the same speed.
Calculate the change
in velocity.

Ans.15 m sec 60 north of east.

28 The length of the second hand of a watch is I cm. What is the change
in velocity of the tip of the second hand in 15 sec.
Ans. T V2/30 cm/sec at 45" to final velocity.
 6
(Newton's Laws of Motion and its
Application)
1. Force : Fmj, where m is the mass andfis the acceleration.
=
2. Impulse: F. t change in momentum
(P2-Pi)
= m (v- u)
3. Mementum P = mv
:

Where m = mass of the body,

and = velocity of the body.
4. Motion of connecied bodies
(a) Unequal masses (m1>m2) suspended from a pulley.
(i) The common acceleration,f

m- mn2

m+m°
(ii) the tension T in the string
2
m29
m T= 2m m2
Lm+m2]
mi9

(b) Bodies accelerated on a horizontal surface by a falling

n ass. AR
i) Acceleration,

m9 m+ m2J°
(ii) Tension,

m2
m19 Tm+nm