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HTML - Quick Guide

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HTML - Quick Guide

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HTML - Quick Guide

HTML - Overview
HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language, and it is the most widely used language to write Web Pages.

Hypertext refers to the way in which Web pages (HTML documents) are linked together. Thus, the link
available on a webpage is called Hypertext.

As its name suggests, HTML is a Markup Language which means you use HTML to simply "mark-up" a text
document with tags that tell a Web browser how to structure it to display.

Originally, HTML was developed with the intent of defining the structure of documents like headings, paragraphs,
lists, and so forth to facilitate the sharing of scientific information between researchers.

Now, HTML is being widely used to format web pages with the help of different tags available in HTML language.

Basic HTML Document

In its simplest form, following is an example of an HTML document −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>This is document title</title>
</head>

<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>

</html>

This is a heading
Document content goes here.....

HTML Tags
As told earlier, HTML is a markup language and makes use of various tags to format the content. These tags are
enclosed within angle braces <Tag Name>. Except few tags, most of the tags have their corresponding closing
tags. For example, <html> has its closing tag </html> and <body> tag has its closing tag </body> tag etc.
Above example of HTML document uses the following tags −

Sr.No Tag & Description

1 <!DOCTYPE...>

This tag defines the document type and HTML version.

2 <html>

This tag encloses the complete HTML document and mainly comprises of document header which is
represented by <head>...</head> and document body which is represented by <body>...</body> tags.

3 <head>

This tag represents the document's header which can keep other HTML tags like <title>, <link> etc.

4 <title>

The <title> tag is used inside the <head> tag to mention the document title.

5 <body>

This tag represents the document's body which keeps other HTML tags like <h1>, <div>, <p> etc.

6 <h1>

This tag represents the heading.

7 <p>

This tag represents a paragraph.

To learn HTML, you will need to study various tags and understand how they behave, while formatting a textual
document. Learning HTML is simple as users have to learn the usage of different tags in order to format the text
or images to make a beautiful webpage.

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends to use lowercase tags starting from HTML 4.

HTML Document Structure

A typical HTML document will have the following structure −

<html>

<head>
Document header related tags
</head>

<body>
Document body related tags
</body>

</html>
We will study all the header and body tags in subsequent chapters, but for now let's see what is document
declaration tag.

The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration

The <!DOCTYPE> declaration tag is used by the web browser to understand the version of the HTML used in the
document. Current version of HTML is 5 and it makes use of the following declaration −

<!DOCTYPE html>

There are many other declaration types which can be used in HTML document depending on what version of
HTML is being used. We will see more details on this while discussing <!DOCTYPE...> tag along with other
HTML tags.

HTML - Basic Tags

Heading Tags
Any document starts with a heading. You can use different sizes for your headings. HTML also has six levels of
headings, which use the elements <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, and <h6>. While displaying any heading,
browser adds one line before and one line after that heading.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Heading Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<h1>This is heading 1</h1>
<h2>This is heading 2</h2>
<h3>This is heading 3</h3>
<h4>This is heading 4</h4>
<h5>This is heading 5</h5>
<h6>This is heading 6</h6>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

This is heading 1
This is heading 2
This is heading 3

This is heading 4

This is heading 5

This is heading 6

Paragraph Tag
The <p> tag offers a way to structure your text into different paragraphs. Each paragraph of text should go in
between an opening <p> and a closing </p> tag as shown below in the example −

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Paragraph Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Here is a first paragraph of text.</p>
<p>Here is a second paragraph of text.</p>
<p>Here is a third paragraph of text.</p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Here is a first paragraph of text.

Here is a second paragraph of text.

Here is a third paragraph of text.

Line Break Tag

Whenever you use the <br /> element, anything following it starts from the next line. This tag is an example of an
empty element, where you do not need opening and closing tags, as there is nothing to go in between them.

The <br /> tag has a space between the characters br and the forward slash. If you omit this space, older
browsers will have trouble rendering the line break, while if you miss the forward slash character and just use
<br> it is not valid in XHTML.
Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Line Break Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Hello<br />
You delivered your assignment ontime.<br />
Thanks<br />
Mahnaz</p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Hello
You delivered your assignment on time.
Thanks
Mahnaz

Centering Content
You can use <center> tag to put any content in the center of the page or any table cell.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Centring Content Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>This text is not in the center.</p>

<center>
<p>This text is in the center.</p>
</center>
</body>

</html>

This will produce following result −

This text is not in the center.

This text is in the center.

Horizontal Lines
Horizontal lines are used to visually break-up sections of a document. The <hr> tag creates a line from the
current position in the document to the right margin and breaks the line accordingly.

For example, you may want to give a line between two paragraphs as in the given example below −

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Horizontal Line Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>This is paragraph one and should be on top</p>
<hr />
<p>This is paragraph two and should be at bottom</p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

This is paragraph one and should be on top

This is paragraph two and should be at bottom

Again <hr /> tag is an example of the empty element, where you do not need opening and closing tags, as there
is nothing to go in between them.

The <hr /> element has a space between the characters hr and the forward slash. If you omit this space, older
browsers will have trouble rendering the horizontal line, while if you miss the forward slash character and just use
<hr> it is not valid in XHTML

Preserve Formatting
Sometimes, you want your text to follow the exact format of how it is written in the HTML document. In these
cases, you can use the preformatted tag <pre>.

Any text between the opening <pre> tag and the closing </pre> tag will preserve the formatting of the source
document.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Preserve Formatting Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<pre>
function testFunction( strText ){
alert (strText)
}
</pre>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

function testFunction( strText ){

alert (strText)
}

Try using the same code without keeping it inside <pre>...</pre> tags

Nonbreaking Spaces
Suppose you want to use the phrase "12 Angry Men." Here, you would not want a browser to split the "12, Angry"
and "Men" across two lines −

An example of this technique appears in the movie "12 Angry Men."

In cases, where you do not want the client browser to break text, you should use a nonbreaking space entity
  instead of a normal space. For example, when coding the "12 Angry Men" in a paragraph, you should
use something similar to the following code −

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Nonbreaking Spaces Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>An example of this technique appears in the movie "12 Angry Men."</p>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

An example of this technique appears in the movie "12 Angry Men."

HTML - Elements
An HTML element is defined by a starting tag. If the element contains other content, it ends with a closing tag,
where the element name is preceded by a forward slash as shown below with few tags −

Start Tag Content End Tag

<p> This is paragraph content. </p>

<h1> This is heading content. </h1>

<div> This is division content. </div>

<br />

So here <p>....</p> is an HTML element, <h1>...</h1> is another HTML element. There are some HTML
elements which don't need to be closed, such as <img.../>, <hr /> and <br /> elements. These are known as
void elements.

HTML documents consists of a tree of these elements and they specify how HTML documents should be built,
and what kind of content should be placed in what part of an HTML document.

HTML Tag vs. Element

An HTML element is defined by a starting tag. If the element contains other content, it ends with a closing tag.

For example, <p> is starting tag of a paragraph and </p> is closing tag of the same paragraph but <p>This is
paragraph</p> is a paragraph element.

Nested HTML Elements

It is very much allowed to keep one HTML element inside another HTML element −

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Nested Elements Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<h1>This is <i>italic</i> heading</h1>
<p>This is <u>underlined</u> paragraph</p>
</body>
</html>

This will display the following result −

This is italic heading

This is underlined paragraph

HTML - Attributes
We have seen few HTML tags and their usage like heading tags <h1>, <h2>, paragraph tag <p> and other tags.
We used them so far in their simplest form, but most of the HTML tags can also have attributes, which are extra
bits of information.

An attribute is used to define the characteristics of an HTML element and is placed inside the element's opening
tag. All attributes are made up of two parts − a name and a value

The name is the property you want to set. For example, the paragraph <p> element in the example carries
an attribute whose name is align, which you can use to indicate the alignment of paragraph on the page.

The value is what you want the value of the property to be set and always put within quotations. The below
example shows three possible values of align attribute: left, center and right.

Attribute names and attribute values are case-insensitive. However, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
recommends lowercase attributes/attribute values in their HTML 4 recommendation.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Align Attribute Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p align = "left">This is left aligned</p>
<p align = "center">This is center aligned</p>
<p align = "right">This is right aligned</p>
</body>

</html>

This will display the following result −

This is left aligned

This is center aligned

This is right aligned

Core Attributes
The four core attributes that can be used on the majority of HTML elements (although not all) are −

Id
Title
Class
Style

The Id Attribute
The id attribute of an HTML tag can be used to uniquely identify any element within an HTML page. There are
two primary reasons that you might want to use an id attribute on an element −

If an element carries an id attribute as a unique identifier, it is possible to identify just that element and its
content.

If you have two elements of the same name within a Web page (or style sheet), you can use the id attribute
to distinguish between elements that have the same name.

We will discuss style sheet in separate tutorial. For now, let's use the id attribute to distinguish between two
paragraph elements as shown below.

Example

<p id = "html">This para explains what is HTML</p>

<p id = "css">This para explains what is Cascading Style Sheet</p>

The title Attribute

The title attribute gives a suggested title for the element. They syntax for the title attribute is similar as explained
for id attribute −

The behavior of this attribute will depend upon the element that carries it, although it is often displayed as a
tooltip when cursor comes over the element or while the element is loading.

Example

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>The title Attribute Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<h3 title = "Hello HTML!">Titled Heading Tag Example</h3>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Titled Heading Tag Example

Now try to bring your cursor over "Titled Heading Tag Example" and you will see that whatever title you used in
your code is coming out as a tooltip of the cursor.

The class Attribute

The class attribute is used to associate an element with a style sheet, and specifies the class of element. You will
learn more about the use of the class attribute when you will learn Cascading Style Sheet (CSS). So for now you
can avoid it.

The value of the attribute may also be a space-separated list of class names. For example −

class = "className1 className2 className3"

The style Attribute

The style attribute allows you to specify Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) rules within the element.

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>The style Attribute</title>
</head>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Some text...

At this point of time, we are not learning CSS, so just let's proceed without bothering much about CSS. Here, you
need to understand what are HTML attributes and how they can be used while formatting content.

Internationalization Attributes
There are three internationalization attributes, which are available for most (although not all) XHTML elements.

dir
lang
xml:lang

The dir Attribute

The dir attribute allows you to indicate to the browser about the direction in which the text should flow. The dir
attribute can take one of two values, as you can see in the table that follows −

Value Meaning

ltr Left to right (the default value)

rtl Right to left (for languages such as Hebrew or Arabic that are read right to left)

Example

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html dir = "rtl">

<head>
<title>Display Directions</title>
</head>

<body>
This is how IE 5 renders right-to-left directed text.
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

.This is how IE 5 renders right-to-left directed text

When dir attribute is used within the <html> tag, it determines how text will be presented within the entire
document. When used within another tag, it controls the text's direction for just the content of that tag.

The lang Attribute

The lang attribute allows you to indicate the main language used in a document, but this attribute was kept in
HTML only for backwards compatibility with earlier versions of HTML. This attribute has been replaced by the
xml:lang attribute in new XHTML documents.

The values of the lang attribute are ISO-639 standard two-character language codes. Check HTML Language
Codes: ISO 639 for a complete list of language codes.

Example

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang = "en">

<head>
<title>English Language Page</title>
</head>

<body>
This page is using English Language
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

This page is using English Language

The xml:lang Attribute
The xml:lang attribute is the XHTML replacement for the lang attribute. The value of the xml:lang attribute should
be an ISO-639 country code as mentioned in previous section.

Generic Attributes
Here's a table of some other attributes that are readily usable with many of the HTML tags.

Attribute Options Function

align right, left, center Horizontally aligns tags

valign top, middle, bottom Vertically aligns tags within an HTML element.

bgcolor numeric, hexidecimal, RGB values Places a background color behind an element

background URL Places a background image behind an element

id User Defined Names an element for use with Cascading Style Sheets.

class User Defined Classifies an element for use with Cascading Style Sheets.

width Numeric Value Specifies the width of tables, images, or table cells.

height Numeric Value Specifies the height of tables, images, or table cells.

title User Defined "Pop-up" title of the elements.

We will see related examples as we will proceed to study other HTML tags. For a complete list of HTML Tags and
related attributes please check reference to HTML Tags List .

HTML - Formatting
If you use a word processor, you must be familiar with the ability to make text bold, italicized, or underlined; these
are just three of the ten options available to indicate how text can appear in HTML and XHTML.

Bold Text
Anything that appears within <b>...</b> element, is displayed in bold as shown below −

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Bold Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses a <b>bold</b> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

The following word uses a bold typeface.

Italic Text
Anything that appears within <i>...</i> element is displayed in italicized as shown below −

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Italic Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses an <i>italicized</i> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

The following word uses an italicized typeface.

Underlined Text
Anything that appears within <u>...</u> element, is displayed with underline as shown below −

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Underlined Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses an <u>underlined</u> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

The following word uses an underlined typeface.

Strike Text
Anything that appears within <strike>...</strike> element is displayed with strikethrough, which is a thin line
through the text as shown below −

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Strike Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses a <strike>strikethrough</strike> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

The following word uses a strikethrough typeface.

Monospaced Font
The content of a <tt>...</tt> element is written in monospaced font. Most of the fonts are known as variable-width
fonts because different letters are of different widths (for example, the letter 'm' is wider than the letter 'i'). In a
monospaced font, however, each letter has the same width.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Monospaced Font Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses a <tt>monospaced</tt> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

The following word uses a monospaced typeface.

Superscript Text
The content of a <sup>...</sup> element is written in superscript; the font size used is the same size as the
characters surrounding it but is displayed half a character's height above the other characters.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Superscript Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses a <sup>superscript</sup> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

The following word uses a superscript typeface.

Subscript Text
The content of a <sub>...</sub> element is written in subscript; the font size used is the same as the characters
surrounding it, but is displayed half a character's height beneath the other characters.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Subscript Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses a <sub>subscript</sub> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

The following word uses a subscript typeface.

Inserted Text
Anything that appears within <ins>...</ins> element is displayed as inserted text.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Inserted Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>I want to drink <del>cola</del> <ins>wine</ins></p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

I want to drink cola wine

Deleted Text
Anything that appears within <del>...</del> element, is displayed as deleted text.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Deleted Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>I want to drink <del>cola</del> <ins>wine</ins></p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

I want to drink cola wine

Larger Text
The content of the <big>...</big> element is displayed one font size larger than the rest of the text surrounding it
as shown below −

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Larger Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses a <big>big</big> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

The following word uses a big typeface.

Smaller Text
The content of the <small>...</small> element is displayed one font size smaller than the rest of the text
surrounding it as shown below −

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Smaller Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses a <small>small</small> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

The following word uses a small typeface.

Grouping Content
The <div> and <span> elements allow you to group together several elements to create sections or subsections
of a page.

For example, you might want to put all of the footnotes on a page within a <div> element to indicate that all of the
elements within that <div> element relate to the footnotes. You might then attach a style to this <div> element so
that they appear using a special set of style rules.
Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Div Tag Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<div id = "menu" align = "middle" >
<a href = "/index.htm">HOME</a> |
<a href = "/about/contact_us.htm">CONTACT</a> |
<a href = "/about/index.htm">ABOUT</a>
</div>

<div id = "content" align = "left" >

<h5>Content Articles</h5>
<p>Actual content goes here.....</p>
</div>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

HOME | CONTACT | ABOUT

Content Articles

Actual content goes here.....

The <span> element, on the other hand, can be used to group inline elements only. So, if you have a part of a
sentence or paragraph which you want to group together, you could use the <span> element as follows.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Span Tag Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>This is the example of <span style = "color:green">span tag</span>
and the <span style = "color:red">div tag</span> alongwith CSS</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result −

This is the example of span tag and the div tag alongwith CSS

These tags are commonly used with CSS to allow you to attach a style to a section of a page.

HTML - Phrase Tags

The phrase tags have been desicolgned for specific purposes, though they are displayed in a similar way as
other basic tags like <b>, <i>, <pre>, and <tt>, you have seen in previous chapter. This chapter will take you
through all the important phrase tags, so let's start seeing them one by one.

Emphasized Text
Anything that appears within <em>...</em> element is displayed as emphasized text.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Emphasized Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses an <em>emphasized</em> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

The following word uses an emphasized typeface.

Marked Text
Anything that appears with-in <mark>...</mark> element, is displayed as marked with yellow ink.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Marked Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word has been <mark>marked</mark> with yellow</p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

The following word has been marked with yellow

Strong Text
Anything that appears within <strong>...</strong> element is displayed as important text.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Strong Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses a <strong>strong</strong> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

The following word uses a strong typeface.

Text Abbreviation
You can abbreviate a text by putting it inside opening <abbr> and closing </abbr> tags. If present, the title
attribute must contain this full description and nothing else.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Text Abbreviation</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>My best friend's name is <abbr title = "Abhishek">Abhy</abbr>.</p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

My best friend's name is Abhy.

Acronym Element
The <acronym> element allows you to indicate that the text between <acronym> and </acronym> tags is an
acronym.

At present, the major browsers do not change the appearance of the content of the <acronym> element.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Acronym Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>This chapter covers marking up text in <acronym>XHTML</acronym>.</p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

This chapter covers marking up text in XHTML.

Text Direction
The <bdo>...</bdo> element stands for Bi-Directional Override and it is used to override the current text
direction.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Text Direction Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>This text will go left to right.</p>
<p><bdo dir = "rtl">This text will go right to left.</bdo></p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

This text will go left to right.

.tfel ot thgir og lliw txet sihT

Special Terms
The <dfn>...</dfn> element (or HTML Definition Element) allows you to specify that you are introducing a special
term. It's usage is similar to italic words in the midst of a paragraph.

Typically, you would use the <dfn> element the first time you introduce a key term. Most recent browsers render
the content of a <dfn> element in an italic font.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Special Terms Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word is a <dfn>special</dfn> term.</p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

The following word is a special term.

Quoting Text
When you want to quote a passage from another source, you should put it in between <blockquote>...
</blockquote> tags.

Text inside a <blockquote> element is usually indented from the left and right edges of the surrounding text, and
sometimes uses an italicized font.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Blockquote Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following description of XHTML is taken from the W3C Web site:</p>

<blockquote>XHTML 1.0 is the W3C's first Recommendation for XHTML,following on

from earlier work on HTML 4.01, HTML 4.0, HTML 3.2 and HTML 2.0.</blockquote>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

The following description of XHTML is taken from the W3C Web site:

XHTML 1.0 is the W3C's first Recommendation for XHTML, following on from
earlier work on HTML 4.01, HTML 4.0, HTML 3.2 and HTML 2.0.

Short Quotations
The <q>...</q> element is used when you want to add a double quote within a sentence.
Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Double Quote Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Amit is in Spain, <q>I think I am wrong</q>.</p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Amit is in Spain, “I think I am wrong”.

Text Citations
If you are quoting a text, you can indicate the source placing it between an opening <cite> tag and closing
</cite> tag

As you would expect in a print publication, the content of the <cite> element is rendered in italicized text by
default.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Citations Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>This HTML tutorial is derived from <cite>W3 Standard for HTML</cite>.</p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

This HTML tutorial is derived from W3 Standard for HTML.

Computer Code
Any programming code to appear on a Web page should be placed inside <code>...</code> tags. Usually the
content of the <code> element is presented in a monospaced font, just like the code in most programming books.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Computer Code Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Regular text. <code>This is code.</code> Regular text.</p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Regular text. This is code. Regular text.

Keyboard Text
When you are talking about computers, if you want to tell a reader to enter some text, you can use the <kbd>...
</kbd> element to indicate what should be typed in, as in this example.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Keyboard Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Regular text. <kbd>This is inside kbd element</kbd> Regular text.</p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Regular text. This is inside kbd element Regular text.

Programming Variables
This element is usually used in conjunction with the <pre> and <code> elements to indicate that the content of
that element is a variable.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Variable Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p><code>document.write("<var>user-name</var>")</code></p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

document.write("user-name")

Program Output
The <samp>...</samp> element indicates sample output from a program, and script etc. Again, it is mainly used
when documenting programming or coding concepts.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Program Output Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Result produced by the program is <samp>Hello World!</samp></p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Result produced by the program is Hello World!

Address Text
The <address>...</address> element is used to contain any address.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Address Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<address>388A, Road No 22, Jubilee Hills - Hyderabad</address>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

388A, Road No 22, Jubilee Hills - Hyderabad

HTML - Meta Tags

HTML lets you specify metadata - additional important information about a document in a variety of ways. The
META elements can be used to include name/value pairs describing properties of the HTML document, such as
author, expiry date, a list of keywords, document author etc.

The <meta> tag is used to provide such additional information. This tag is an empty element and so does not
have a closing tag but it carries information within its attributes.

You can include one or more meta tags in your document based on what information you want to keep in your
document but in general, meta tags do not impact physical appearance of the document so from appearance
point of view, it does not matter if you include them or not.

Adding Meta Tags to Your Documents

You can add metadata to your web pages by placing <meta> tags inside the header of the document which is
represented by <head> and </head> tags. A meta tag can have following attributes in addition to core attributes −
Sr.No Attribute & Description

1
Name

Name for the property. Can be anything. Examples include, keywords, description, author, revised,
generator etc.

2
content

Specifies the property's value.

3
scheme

Specifies a scheme to interpret the property's value (as declared in the content attribute).

4
http-equiv

Used for http response message headers. For example, http-equiv can be used to refresh the page or
to set a cookie. Values include content-type, expires, refresh and set-cookie.

Specifying Keywords
You can use <meta> tag to specify important keywords related to the document and later these keywords are
used by the search engines while indexing your webpage for searching purpose.

Example
Following is an example, where we are adding HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata as important keywords about the
document.

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name = "keywords" content = "HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
</head>

<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Hello HTML5!

Document Description
You can use <meta> tag to give a short description about the document. This again can be used by various
search engines while indexing your webpage for searching purpose.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name = "keywords" content = "HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name = "description" content = "Learning about Meta Tags." />
</head>

<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>

</html>

Document Revision Date

You can use <meta> tag to give information about when last time the document was updated. This information
can be used by various web browsers while refreshing your webpage.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name = "keywords" content = "HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name = "description" content = "Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta name = "revised" content = "Tutorialspoint, 3/7/2014" />
</head>

<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>

Document Refreshing
A <meta> tag can be used to specify a duration after which your web page will keep refreshing automatically.

Example
If you want your page keep refreshing after every 5 seconds then use the following syntax.

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>

</html>

Page Redirection
You can use <meta> tag to redirect your page to any other webpage. You can also specify a duration if you want
to redirect the page after a certain number of seconds.

Example
Following is an example of redirecting current page to another page after 5 seconds. If you want to redirect page
immediately then do not specify content attribute.

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>

Setting Cookies
Cookies are data, stored in small text files on your computer and it is exchanged between web browser and web
server to keep track of various information based on your web application need.

You can use <meta> tag to store cookies on client side and later this information can be used by the Web Server
to track a site visitor.

Example
Following is an example of redirecting current page to another page after 5 seconds. If you want to redirect page
immediately then do not specify content attribute.

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta http-equiv = "cookie" content = "userid = xyz; expires = Wednesday, 08-Aug-15 23:59:

</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>

If you do not include the expiration date and time, the cookie is considered a session cookie and will be deleted
when the user exits the browser.

Note − You can check PHP and Cookies tutorial for a complete detail on Cookies.

Setting Author Name

You can set an author name in a web page using meta tag. See an example below −

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>

</html>

Specify Character Set

You can use <meta> tag to specify character set used within the webpage.

Example
By default, Web servers and Web browsers use ISO-8859-1 (Latin1) encoding to process Web pages. Following
is an example to set UTF-8 encoding −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name = "keywords" content = "HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name = "description" content = "Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta name = "author" content = "Mahnaz Mohtashim" />
<meta http-equiv = "Content-Type" content = "text/html; charset = UTF-8" />
</head>

<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>

</html>

To serve the static page with traditional Chinese characters, the webpage must contain a <meta> tag to set Big5
encoding −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name = "keywords" content = "HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name = "description" content = "Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta name = "author" content = "Mahnaz Mohtashim" />
<meta http-equiv = "Content-Type" content = "text/html; charset = Big5" />
</head>

<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>

</html>
HTML - Comments
Comment is a piece of code which is ignored by any web browser. It is a good practice to add comments into your
HTML code, especially in complex documents, to indicate sections of a document, and any other notes to anyone
looking at the code. Comments help you and others understand your code and increases code readability.

HTML comments are placed in between  tags. So, any content placed with-in  tags will be
treated as comment and will be completely ignored by the browser.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>

<title>This is document title</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result without displaying the content given as a part of comments −

Document content goes here.....

Valid vs Invalid Comments

Comments do not nest which means a comment cannot be put inside another comment. Second the double-dash
sequence "--" may not appear inside a comment except as part of the closing --> tag. You must also make sure
that there are no spaces in the start-of comment string.

Example
Here, the given comment is a valid comment and will be wiped off by the browser.

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Valid Comment Example</title>
</head>

<body>

<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Document content goes here.....

But, following line is not a valid comment and will be displayed by the browser. This is because there is a space
between the left angle bracket and the exclamation mark.

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Invalid Comment Example</title>
</head>

<body>
< !-- This is not a valid comment -->
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

< !-- This is not a valid comment -->

Document content goes here.....

Multiline Comments
So far we have seen single line comments, but HTML supports multi-line comments as well.

You can comment multiple lines by the special beginning tag  placed before the first line
and end of the last line as shown in the given example below.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Multiline Comments</title>
</head>

<p>Document content goes here.....</p>

</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Document content goes here.....

Conditional Comments
Conditional comments only work in Internet Explorer (IE) on Windows but they are ignored by other browsers.
They are supported from Explorer 5 onwards, and you can use them to give conditional instructions to different
versions of IE.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Conditional Comments</title>

</head>

<body>
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>

</html>

You will come across a situation where you will need to apply a different style sheet based on different versions of
Internet Explorer, in such situation conditional comments will be helpful.

Using Comment Tag

There are few browsers that support <comment> tag to comment a part of HTML code.

Note − The <comment> tag deprecated in HTML5. Do not use this element.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Using Comment Tag</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>This is <comment>not</comment> Internet Explorer.</p>
</body>

</html>

If you are using IE, then it will produce following result −

This is Internet Explorer.

But if you are not using IE, then it will produce following result −
This is not Internet Explorer.

Commenting Script Code

Though you will learn JavaScript with HTML, in a separate tutorial, but here you must make a note that if you are
using Java Script or VB Script in your HTML code then it is recommended to put that script code inside proper
HTML comments so that old browsers can work properly.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Commenting Script Code</title>

<body>
<p>Hello , World!</p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Hello World!

Hello , World!
Commenting Style Sheets
Though you will learn using style sheets with HTML in a separate tutorial, but here you must make a note that if
you are using Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) in your HTML code then it is recommended to put that style sheet
code inside proper HTML comments so that old browsers can work properly.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Commenting Style Sheets</title>

<body>
<div class = "example">Hello , World!</div>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Hello , World!

HTML - Images
Images are very important to beautify as well as to depict many complex concepts in simple way on your web
page. This tutorial will take you through simple steps to use images in your web pages.

Insert Image
You can insert any image in your web page by using <img> tag. Following is the simple syntax to use this tag.

<img src = "Image URL" ... attributes-list/>

The <img> tag is an empty tag, which means that, it can contain only list of attributes and it has no closing tag.

Example
To try following example, let's keep our HTML file test.htm and image file test.png in the same directory −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Using Image in Webpage</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Simple Image Insert</p>
<img src = "/html/images/test.png" alt = "Test Image" />
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Simple Image Insert

You can use PNG, JPEG or GIF image file based on your comfort but make sure you specify correct image file
name in src attribute. Image name is always case sensitive.

The alt attribute is a mandatory attribute which specifies an alternate text for an image, if the image cannot be
displayed.

Set Image Location

Usually we keep all the images in a separate directory. So let's keep HTML file test.htm in our home directory and
create a subdirectory images inside the home directory where we will keep our image test.png.

Example
Assuming our image location is "image/test.png", try the following example −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Using Image in Webpage</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Simple Image Insert</p>
<img src = "/html/images/test.png" alt = "Test Image" />
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Simple Image Insert

Set Image Width/Height

You can set image width and height based on your requirement using width and height attributes. You can
specify width and height of the image in terms of either pixels or percentage of its actual size.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Set Image Width and Height</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Setting image width and height</p>
<img src = "/html/images/test.png" alt = "Test Image" width = "150" height = "100"/>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Setting image width and height

Set Image Border

By default, image will have a border around it, you can specify border thickness in terms of pixels using border
attribute. A thickness of 0 means, no border around the picture.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Set Image Border</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Setting image Border</p>
<img src = "/html/images/test.png" alt = "Test Image" border = "3"/>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Setting image Border

Set Image Alignment

By default, image will align at the left side of the page, but you can use align attribute to set it in the center or
right.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Set Image Alignment</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Setting image Alignment</p>
<img src = "/html/images/test.png" alt = "Test Image" border = "3" align = "right"/>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Setting image Alignment

Free Web Graphics

For Free Web Graphics including patterns you can look into Free Web Graphics

HTML - Tables
The HTML tables allow web authors to arrange data like text, images, links, other tables, etc. into rows and
columns of cells.

The HTML tables are created using the <table> tag in which the <tr> tag is used to create table rows and <td>
tag is used to create data cells. The elements under <td> are regular and left aligned by default

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Tables</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1">
<tr>
<td>Row 1, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 1, Column 2</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Row 2, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 2, Column 2</td>
</tr>
</table>

</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result −

Row 1, Column 1 Row 1, Column 2

Row 2, Column 1 Row 2, Column 2

Here, the border is an attribute of <table> tag and it is used to put a border across all the cells. If you do not need
a border, then you can use border = "0".

Table Heading
Table heading can be defined using <th> tag. This tag will be put to replace <td> tag, which is used to represent
actual data cell. Normally you will put your top row as table heading as shown below, otherwise you can use <th>
element in any row. Headings, which are defined in <th> tag are centered and bold by default.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table Header</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ramesh Raman</td>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shabbir Hussein</td>
<td>7000</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Name Salary
Ramesh Raman 5000
Shabbir Hussein 7000

Cellpadding and Cellspacing Attributes

There are two attributes called cellpadding and cellspacing which you will use to adjust the white space in your
table cells. The cellspacing attribute defines space between table cells, while cellpadding represents the distance
between cell borders and the content within a cell.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table Cellpadding</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1" cellpadding = "5" cellspacing = "5">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ramesh Raman</td>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shabbir Hussein</td>
<td>7000</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Name Salary

Ramesh Raman 5000

Shabbir Hussein 7000

Colspan and Rowspan Attributes

You will use colspan attribute if you want to merge two or more columns into a single column. Similar way you
will use rowspan if you want to merge two or more rows.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table Colspan/Rowspan</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1">
<tr>
<th>Column 1</th>
<th>Column 2</th>
<th>Column 3</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan = "2">Row 1 Cell 1</td>
<td>Row 1 Cell 2</td>
<td>Row 1 Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2 Cell 2</td>
<td>Row 2 Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan = "3">Row 3 Cell 1</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result −

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3

Row 1 Cell 2 Row 1 Cell 3
Row 1 Cell 1
Row 2 Cell 2 Row 2 Cell 3
Row 3 Cell 1

Tables Backgrounds
You can set table background using one of the following two ways −

bgcolor attribute − You can set background color for whole table or just for one cell.

background attribute − You can set background image for whole table or just for one cell.

You can also set border color also using bordercolor attribute.

Note − The bgcolor, background, and bordercolor attributes deprecated in HTML5. Do not use these
attributes.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table Background</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1" bordercolor = "green" bgcolor = "yellow">
<tr>
<th>Column 1</th>
<th>Column 2</th>
<th>Column 3</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan = "2">Row 1 Cell 1</td>
<td>Row 1 Cell 2</td>
<td>Row 1 Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2 Cell 2</td>
<td>Row 2 Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan = "3">Row 3 Cell 1</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3

Row 1 Cell 2 Row 1 Cell 3
Row 1 Cell 1
Row 2 Cell 2 Row 2 Cell 3
Row 3 Cell 1

Here is an example of using background attribute. Here we will use an image available in /images directory.

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table Background</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1" bordercolor = "green" background = "/images/test.png">
<tr>
<th>Column 1</th>
<th>Column 2</th>
<th>Column 3</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan = "2">Row 1 Cell 1</td>
<td>Row 1 Cell 2</td><td>Row 1 Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2 Cell 2</td>
<td>Row 2 Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan = "3">Row 3 Cell 1</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result. Here background image did not apply to table's header.

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3

Row 1 Cell 2 Row 1 Cell 3
Row 1 Cell 1
Row 2 Cell 2 Row 2 Cell 3
Row 3 Cell 1

Table Height and Width

You can set a table width and height using width and height attributes. You can specify table width or height in
terms of pixels or in terms of percentage of available screen area.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table Width/Height</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1" width = "400" height = "150">
<tr>
<td>Row 1, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 1, Column 2</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Row 2, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 2, Column 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Row 1, Column 1 Row 1, Column 2

Row 2, Column 1 Row 2, Column 2

Table Caption
The caption tag will serve as a title or explanation for the table and it shows up at the top of the table. This tag is
deprecated in newer version of HTML/XHTML.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table Caption</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1" width = "100%">
<caption>This is the caption</caption>

<tr>
<td>row 1, column 1</td><td>row 1, columnn 2</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>row 2, column 1</td><td>row 2, columnn 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

This is the caption

row 1, column 1 row 1, column 2
row 2, column 1 row 2, column 2
Table Header, Body, and Footer
Tables can be divided into three portions − a header, a body, and a foot. The head and foot are rather similar to
headers and footers in a word-processed document that remain the same for every page, while the body is the
main content holder of the table.

The three elements for separating the head, body, and foot of a table are −

<thead> − to create a separate table header.

<tbody> − to indicate the main body of the table.

<tfoot> − to create a separate table footer.

A table may contain several <tbody> elements to indicate different pages or groups of data. But it is notable that
<thead> and <tfoot> tags should appear before <tbody>

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1" width = "100%">
<thead>
<tr>
<td colspan = "4">This is the head of the table</td>
</tr>
</thead>

<tfoot>
<tr>
<td colspan = "4">This is the foot of the table</td>
</tr>
</tfoot>

</table>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

This is the head of the table

Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4
This is the foot of the table

Nested Tables
You can use one table inside another table. Not only tables you can use almost all the tags inside table data tag
<td>.

Example
Following is the example of using another table and other tags inside a table cell.

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table</title>
</head>

<tr>
<td>
<table border = "1" width = "100%">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ramesh Raman</td>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shabbir Hussein</td>
<td>7000</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>

</table>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result −

Name Salary
Ramesh Raman 5000
Shabbir Hussein 7000

HTML - Lists
HTML offers web authors three ways for specifying lists of information. All lists must contain one or more list
elements. Lists may contain −

<ul> − An unordered list. This will list items using plain bullets.
<ol> − An ordered list. This will use different schemes of numbers to list your items.

<dl> − A definition list. This arranges your items in the same way as they are arranged in a dictionary.

HTML Unordered Lists

An unordered list is a collection of related items that have no special order or sequence. This list is created by
using HTML <ul> tag. Each item in the list is marked with a bullet.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ul>
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Beetroot
Ginger
Potato
Radish

The type Attribute

You can use type attribute for <ul> tag to specify the type of bullet you like. By default, it is a disc. Following are
the possible options −

<ul type = "square">

Example
Following is an example where we used <ul type = "square">

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ul type = "square">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Beetroot
Ginger
Potato
Radish

Example
Following is an example where we used <ul type = "disc"> −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ul type = "disc">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Beetroot
Ginger
Potato
Radish

Example
Following is an example where we used <ul type = "circle"> −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ul type = "circle">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Beetroot
Ginger
Potato
Radish

HTML Ordered Lists

If you are required to put your items in a numbered list instead of bulleted, then HTML ordered list will be used.
This list is created by using <ol> tag. The numbering starts at one and is incremented by one for each successive
ordered list element tagged with <li>.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ol>
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result −

1. Beetroot
2. Ginger
3. Potato
4. Radish

The type Attribute

You can use type attribute for <ol> tag to specify the type of numbering you like. By default, it is a number.
Following are the possible options −

<ol type = "1"> - Default-Case Numerals.

<ol type = "I"> - Upper-Case Numerals.
<ol type = "i"> - Lower-Case Numerals.
<ol type = "A"> - Upper-Case Letters.
<ol type = "a"> - Lower-Case Letters.

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "1">

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ol type = "1">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

1. Beetroot
2. Ginger
3. Potato
4. Radish

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "I">

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ol type = "I">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

I. Beetroot
II. Ginger
III. Potato
IV. Radish

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "i">

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ol type = "i">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

i. Beetroot
ii. Ginger
iii. Potato
iv. Radish

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "A" >

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ol type = "A">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

A. Beetroot
B. Ginger
C. Potato
D. Radish

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "a">

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ol type = "a">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

a. Beetroot
b. Ginger
c. Potato
d. Radish

The start Attribute

You can use start attribute for <ol> tag to specify the starting point of numbering you need. Following are the
possible options −

<ol type = "1" start = "4"> - Numerals starts with 4.

<ol type = "I" start = "4"> - Numerals starts with IV.
<ol type = "i" start = "4"> - Numerals starts with iv.
<ol type = "a" start = "4"> - Letters starts with d.
<ol type = "A" start = "4"> - Letters starts with D.

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "i" start = "4" >

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ol type = "i" start = "4">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

iv. Beetroot
v. Ginger
vi. Potato
vii. Radish

HTML Definition Lists

HTML and XHTML supports a list style which is called definition lists where entries are listed like in a dictionary
or encyclopedia. The definition list is the ideal way to present a glossary, list of terms, or other name/value list.

Definition List makes use of following three tags.

<dl> − Defines the start of the list

<dt> − A term
<dd> − Term definition
</dl> − Defines the end of the list

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Definition List</title>
</head>

<body>
<dl>
<dt><b>HTML</b></dt>
<dd>This stands for Hyper Text Markup Language</dd>
<dt><b>HTTP</b></dt>
<dd>This stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol</dd>
</dl>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

HTML
This stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
HTTP
This stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

HTML - Text Links

A webpage can contain various links that take you directly to other pages and even specific parts of a given page.
These links are known as hyperlinks.

Hyperlinks allow visitors to navigate between Web sites by clicking on words, phrases, and images. Thus you can
create hyperlinks using text or images available on a webpage.

Note − I recommend you to go through a short tutorial on Understanding URL

Linking Documents
A link is specified using HTML tag <a>. This tag is called anchor tag and anything between the opening <a> tag
and the closing </a> tag becomes part of the link and a user can click that part to reach to the linked document.
Following is the simple syntax to use <a> tag.

<a href = "Document URL" ... attributes-list>Link Text</a>

Example
Let's try following example which links http://www.tutorialspoint.com at your page −
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Click following link</p>
<a href = "https://www.tutorialspoint.com" target = "_self">Tutorials Point</a>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result, where you can click on the link generated to reach to the home page of
Tutorials Point (in this example).

Click following link

Tutorials Point

The target Attribute

We have used target attribute in our previous example. This attribute is used to specify the location where linked
document is opened. Following are the possible options −
Sr.No Option & Description

1
_blank

Opens the linked document in a new window or tab.

2
_self

Opens the linked document in the same frame.

3
_parent

Opens the linked document in the parent frame.

4
_top

Opens the linked document in the full body of the window.

5
targetframe

Opens the linked document in a named targetframe.

Example
Try following example to understand basic difference in few options given for target attribute.

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Hyperlink Example</title>
<base href = "https://www.tutorialspoint.com/">
</head>

<body>
<p>Click any of the following links</p>
<a href = "/html/index.htm" target = "_blank">Opens in New</a> |
<a href = "/html/index.htm" target = "_self">Opens in Self</a> |
<a href = "/html/index.htm" target = "_parent">Opens in Parent</a> |
<a href = "/html/index.htm" target = "_top">Opens in Body</a>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result, where you can click on different links to understand the difference between
various options given for target attribute.
Click any of the following links

Opens in New | Opens in Self | Opens in Parent | Opens in Body

Use of Base Path

When you link HTML documents related to the same website, it is not required to give a complete URL for every
link. You can get rid of it if you use <base> tag in your HTML document header. This tag is used to give a base
path for all the links. So your browser will concatenate given relative path to this base path and will make a
complete URL.

Example
Following example makes use of <base> tag to specify base URL and later we can use relative path to all the
links instead of giving complete URL for every link.

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Hyperlink Example</title>
<base href = "https://www.tutorialspoint.com/">
</head>

<body>
<p>Click following link</p>
<a href = "/html/index.htm" target = "_blank">HTML Tutorial</a>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result, where you can click on the link generated HTML Tutorial to reach to the
HTML tutorial.

Now given URL <a href = "/html/index.htm" is being considered as <ahref =

"http://www.tutorialspoint.com/html/index.htm"
Click following link

HTML Tutorial

Linking to a Page Section

You can create a link to a particular section of a given webpage by using name attribute. This is a two-step
process.

Note − The name attribute deprecated in HTML5. Do not use this attribute. Use id and title attribute instead.

First create a link to the place where you want to reach with-in a webpage and name it using <a...> tag as follows
−

<h1>HTML Text Links <a name = "top"></a></h1>

Second step is to create a hyperlink to link the document and place where you want to reach −

<a href = "/html/html_text_links.htm#top">Go to the Top</a>

This will produce following link, where you can click on the link generated Go to the Top to reach to the top of the
HTML Text Link tutorial.

Go to the Top

Setting Link Colors

You can set colors of your links, active links and visited links using link, alink and vlink attributes of <body> tag.

Example
Save the following in test.htm and open it in any web browser to see how link, alink and vlink attributes work.

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Hyperlink Example</title>
<base href = "https://www.tutorialspoint.com/">
</head>

<body alink = "#54A250" link = "#040404" vlink = "#F40633">

<p>Click following link</p>
<a href = "/html/index.htm" target = "_blank" >HTML Tutorial</a>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result. Just check color of the link before clicking on it, next check its color when
you activate it and when the link has been visited.

Click following link

HTML Tutorial

Download Links
You can create text link to make your PDF, or DOC or ZIP files downloadable. This is very simple; you just need
to give complete URL of the downloadable file as follows −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<a href = "https://www.tutorialspoint.com/page.pdf">Download PDF File</a>
</body>

</html>

This will produce following link and will be used to download a file.

Download PDF File

File Download Dialog Box
Sometimes it is desired that you want to give an option where a user will click a link and it will pop up a "File
Download" box to the user instead of displaying actual content. This is very easy and can be achieved using an
HTTP header in your HTTP response.

For example, if you want make a Filename file downloadable from a given link then its syntax will be as follows.

#!/usr/bin/perl

# Additional HTTP Header

print "Content-Type:application/octet-stream; name = \"FileName\"\r\n";
print "Content-Disposition:attachment; filename = \"FileName\"\r\n\n";

# Open the target file and list down its content as follows
open( FILE, "<FileName" );

while(read(FILE, $buffer, 100)){

print("$buffer");
}

Note − For more detail on PERL CGI programs, go through tutorial PERL and CGI .

HTML - Image Links

We have seen how to create hypertext link using text and we also learnt how to use images in our webpages.
Now, we will learn how to use images to create hyperlinks.

Example
It's simple to use an image as hyperlink. We just need to use an image inside hyperlink at the place of text as
shown below −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Image Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Click following link</p>
<a href = "https://www.tutorialspoint.com" target = "_self">
<img src = "/images/logo.png" alt = "Tutorials Point" border = "0"/>
</a>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result, where you can click on the images to reach to the home page of Tutorials
Point.
Click following link

This was the simplest way of creating hyperlinks using images. Next we will see how we can create Mouse-
Sensitive Image Links.

Mouse-Sensitive Images
The HTML and XHTML standards provides a feature that lets you embed many different links inside a single
image. You can create different links on the single image based on different coordinates available on the image.
Once different links are attached to different coordinates, we can click different parts of the image to open target
documents. Such mouse-sensitive images are known as image maps.

There are two ways to create image maps −

Server-side image maps − This is enabled by the ismap attribute of the <img> tag and requires access to a
server and related image-map processing applications.

Client-side image maps − This is created with the usemap attribute of the <img> tag, along with
corresponding <map> and <area> tags.

Server-Side Image Maps

Here you simply put your image inside a hyper link and use ismap attribute which makes it special image and
when the user clicks some place within the image, the browser passes the coordinates of the mouse pointer
along with the URL specified in the <a> tag to the web server. The server uses the mouse-pointer coordinates to
determine which document to deliver back to the browser.

When ismap is used, the href attribute of the containing <a> tag must contain the URL of a server application like
a cgi or PHP script etc. to process the incoming request based on the passed coordinates.

The coordinates of the mouse position are screen pixels counted from the upper-left corner of the image,
beginning with (0,0). The coordinates, preceded by a question mark, are added to the end of the URL.

For example, if a user clicks 20 pixels over and 30 pixels down from the upper-left corner of the following image −

Which has been generated by the following code snippet −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>ISMAP Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Click following link</p>
<a href = "/cgi-bin/ismap.cgi" target = "_self">
<img ismap src = "/images/logo.png" alt = "Tutorials Point" border = "0"/>
</a>
</body>

</html>

Click following link

Then the browser sends the following search parameters to the web server which can be processed by
ismap.cgi script or map file and you can link whatever documents you like to these coordinates −

/cgi-bin/ismap.cgi?20,30

This way you can assign different links to different coordinates of the image and when those coordinates are
clicked, you can open corresponding linked document. To learn more about ismap attribute, you can check How
to use Image ismap?

Note − You will learn CGI programming when you will study Perl programming. You can write your script to
process these passed coordinates using PHP or any other script as well. For now, let's concentrate on
learning HTML and later you can revisit this section.

Client-Side Image Maps

Client side image maps are enabled by the usemap attribute of the <img /> tag and defined by special <map>
and <area> extension tags.

The image that is going to form the map is inserted into the page using the <img /> tag as a normal image, except
it carries an extra attribute called usemap. The value of the usemap attribute is the value which will be used in a
<map> tag to link map and image tags. The <map> along with <area> tags define all the image coordinates and
corresponding links.

The <area> tag inside the map tag, specifies the shape and the coordinates to define the boundaries of each
clickable hotspot available on the image. Here's an example from the image map −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>USEMAP Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Search and click the hotspot</p>
<img src = /images/html.gif alt = "HTML Map" border = "0" usemap = "#html"/>

<map name = "html">

<area shape = "rect" coords = "5,5,40,40" alt = "jQuery Link"

href = "/jquery/index.htm" target = "_self" />
</map>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Search and click the hotspot

Coordinate System
The actual value of coords is totally dependent on the shape in question. Here is a summary, to be followed by
detailed examples −

rect = x1 , y1 , x2 , y2

x1 and y1 are the coordinates of the upper left corner of the rectangle; x2 and y2 are the coordinates of the
lower right corner.

circle = xc , yc , radius

xc and yc are the coordinates of the center of the circle, and radius is the circle's radius. A circle centered at
200,50 with a radius of 25 would have the attribute coords = "200,50,25"

poly = x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 , x3 , y3 , ... xn , yn

The various x-y pairs define vertices (points) of the polygon, with a "line" being drawn from one point to the
next point. A diamond-shaped polygon with its top point at 20,20 and 40 pixels across at its widest points
would have the attribute coords = "20,20,40,40,20,60,0,40".
All coordinates are relative to the upper-left corner of the image (0,0). Each shape has a related URL. You can
use any image software to know the coordinates of different positions.

HTML - Email Links

It is not difficult to put an HTML email link on your webpage but it can cause unnecessary spamming problem for
your email account. There are people, who can run programs to harvest these types of emails and later use them
for spamming in various ways.

You can have another option to facilitate people to send you emails. One option could be to use HTML forms to
collect user data and then use PHP or CGI script to send an email.

A simple example, check our Contact Us Form. We take user feedback using this form and then we are using
one CGI program which is collecting this information and sending us email to the one given email ID.

Note − You will learn about HTML Forms in HTML Forms and you will learn about CGI in our another tutorial
Perl CGI Programming .

HTML Email Tag

HTML <a> tag provides you option to specify an email address to send an email. While using <a> tag as an email
tag, you will use mailto: email address along with href attribute. Following is the syntax of using mailto instead
of using http.

<a href = "mailto: abc@example.com">Send Email</a>

This code will generate the following link which you can use to send email.

Send Email

Now, if a user clicks this link, it launches one Email Client (like Lotus Notes, Outlook Express etc. ) installed on
your user's computer. There is another risk to use this option to send email because if user do not have email
client installed on their computer then it would not be possible to send email.

Default Settings
You can specify a default email subject and email body along with your email address. Following is the example
to use default subject and body.

<a href = "mailto:abc@example.com?subject = Feedback&body = Message">

Send Feedback
</a>

This code will generate the following link which you can use to send email.

Send Feedback

HTML - Frames
HTML frames are used to divide your browser window into multiple sections where each section can load a
separate HTML document. A collection of frames in the browser window is known as a frameset. The window is
divided into frames in a similar way the tables are organized: into rows and columns.

Disadvantages of Frames
There are few drawbacks with using frames, so it's never recommended to use frames in your webpages −

Some smaller devices cannot cope with frames often because their screen is not big enough to be divided
up.

Sometimes your page will be displayed differently on different computers due to different screen resolution.

The browser's back button might not work as the user hopes.

There are still few browsers that do not support frame technology.

Creating Frames
To use frames on a page we use <frameset> tag instead of <body> tag. The <frameset> tag defines, how to
divide the window into frames. The rows attribute of <frameset> tag defines horizontal frames and cols attribute
defines vertical frames. Each frame is indicated by <frame> tag and it defines which HTML document shall open
into the frame.

Note − The <frame> tag deprecated in HTML5. Do not use this element.

Example
Following is the example to create three horizontal frames −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Frames</title>
</head>

<frameset rows = "10%,80%,10%">

<noframes>
<body>Your browser does not support frames.</body>
</noframes>

</frameset>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

T F

Main Frame
 Print Page

B tt F
Example
Let's put the above example as follows, here we replaced rows attribute by cols and changed their width. This will
create all the three frames vertically −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Frames</title>
</head>

<frameset cols = "25%,50%,25%">

<noframes>
<body>Your browser does not support frames.</body>
</noframes>
</frameset>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Top Frame Main Frame Bottom
Frame

The <frameset> Tag Attributes

Following are important attributes of the <frameset> tag −
Sr.No Attribute & Description

cols

Specifies how many columns are contained in the frameset and the size of each column. You can
specify the width of each column in one of the four ways −

Absolute values in pixels. For example, to create three vertical frames, use cols = "100, 500, 100".

A percentage of the browser window. For example, to create three vertical frames, use cols = "10%,
80%, 10%".
1
Using a wildcard symbol. For example, to create three vertical frames, use cols = "10%, *, 10%". In this
case wildcard takes remainder of the window.

As relative widths of the browser window. For example, to create three vertical frames, use cols = "3*,
2*, 1*". This is an alternative to percentages. You can use relative widths of the browser window. Here
the window is divided into sixths: the first column takes up half of the window, the second takes one
third, and the third takes one sixth.

rows

This attribute works just like the cols attribute and takes the same values, but it is used to specify the
2
rows in the frameset. For example, to create two horizontal frames, use rows = "10%, 90%". You can
specify the height of each row in the same way as explained above for columns.

border
3 This attribute specifies the width of the border of each frame in pixels. For example, border = "5". A
value of zero means no border.

frameborder
4 This attribute specifies whether a three-dimensional border should be displayed between frames. This
attribute takes value either 1 (yes) or 0 (no). For example frameborder = "0" specifies no border.

framespacing

This attribute specifies the amount of space between frames in a frameset. This can take any integer
5
value. For example framespacing = "10" means there should be 10 pixels spacing between each
frames.

The <frame> Tag Attributes

Following are the important attributes of <frame> tag −
Sr.No Attribute & Description

src

1 This attribute is used to give the file name that should be loaded in the frame. Its value can be any
URL. For example, src = "/html/top_frame.htm" will load an HTML file available in html directory.

name

This attribute allows you to give a name to a frame. It is used to indicate which frame a document
2 should be loaded into. This is especially important when you want to create links in one frame that load
pages into an another frame, in which case the second frame needs a name to identify itself as the
target of the link.

frameborder

This attribute specifies whether or not the borders of that frame are shown; it overrides the value given
3
in the frameborder attribute on the <frameset> tag if one is given, and this can take values either 1
(yes) or 0 (no).

marginwidth
4 This attribute allows you to specify the width of the space between the left and right of the frame's
borders and the frame's content. The value is given in pixels. For example marginwidth = "10".

marginheight
5 This attribute allows you to specify the height of the space between the top and bottom of the frame's
borders and its contents. The value is given in pixels. For example marginheight = "10".

noresize
6 By default, you can resize any frame by clicking and dragging on the borders of a frame. The noresize
attribute prevents a user from being able to resize the frame. For example noresize = "noresize".

scrolling
7 This attribute controls the appearance of the scrollbars that appear on the frame. This takes values
either "yes", "no" or "auto". For example scrolling = "no" means it should not have scroll bars.

longdesc
8 This attribute allows you to provide a link to another page containing a long description of the contents
of the frame. For example longdesc = "framedescription.htm"

Browser Support for Frames

If a user is using any old browser or any browser, which does not support frames then <noframes> element
should be displayed to the user.
So you must place a <body> element inside the <noframes> element because the <frameset> element is
supposed to replace the <body> element, but if a browser does not understand <frameset> element then it
should understand what is inside the <body> element which is contained in a <noframes> element.

You can put some nice message for your user having old browsers. For example, Sorry!! your browser does not
support frames. as shown in the above example.

Frame's name and target attributes

One of the most popular uses of frames is to place navigation bars in one frame and then load main pages into a
separate frame.

Let's see following example where a test.htm file has following code −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Target Frames</title>
</head>

<frameset cols = "200, *">

<noframes>
<body>Your browser does not support frames.</body>
</noframes>
</frameset>

</html>

Here, we have created two columns to fill with two frames. The first frame is 200 pixels wide and will contain the
navigation menu bar implemented by menu.htm file. The second column fills in remaining space and will contain
the main part of the page and it is implemented by main.htm file. For all the three links available in menu bar, we
have mentioned target frame as main_page, so whenever you click any of the links in menu bar, available link
will open in main page.

Following is the content of menu.htm file

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<body bgcolor = "#4a7d49">

<a href = "http://www.google.com" target = "main_page">Google</a>
<br />
<br />

<a href = "http://www.microsoft.com" target = "main_page">Microsoft</a>

</html>

Following is the content of main.htm file −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<body bgcolor = "#b5dcb3">

<h3>This is main page and content from any link will be displayed here.</h3>
<p>So now click any link and see the result.</p>
</body>

</html>

When we load test.htm file, it produces following result −

Google
This is main page and content from any link will be
Microsoft displayed here.
BBC News So now click any link and see the result.

Now you can try to click links available in the left panel and see the result. The targetattribute can also take one of
the following values −
Sr.No Option & Description

_self
1
Loads the page into the current frame.

_blank
2
Loads a page into a new browser window. Opening a new window.

_parent
3 Loads the page into the parent window, which in the case of a single frameset is the main browser
window.

_top
4
Loads the page into the browser window, replacing any current frames.

targetframe
5
Loads the page into a named targetframe.

HTML - Iframes
You can define an inline frame with HTML tag <iframe>. The <iframe> tag is not somehow related to <frameset>
tag, instead, it can appear anywhere in your document. The <iframe> tag defines a rectangular region within the
document in which the browser can display a separate document, including scrollbars and borders. An inline
frame is used to embed another document within the current HTML document.

The src attribute is used to specify the URL of the document that occupies the inline frame.

Example
Following is the example to show how to use the <iframe> −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Iframes</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Document content goes here...</p>

<iframe src = "/html/menu.htm" width = "555" height = "200">

Sorry your browser does not support inline frames.
</iframe>
<p>Document content also go here...</p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Document content goes here...

Google

Microsoft

BBC News

 Print Page

Document content also go here...

The <Iframe> Tag Attributes

Most of the attributes of the <iframe> tag, including name, class, frameborder, id, longdesc, marginheight,
marginwidth, name, scrolling, style, and title behave exactly like the corresponding attributes for the <frame> tag.

Note − The frameborder, marginwidth, longdesc, scrolling, marginheight attributes deprecated in HTML5. Do
not use these attributes.
Sr.No Attribute & Description

1
src

This attribute is used to give the file name that should be loaded in the frame. Its value can be any
URL. For example, src = "/html/top_frame.htm" will load an HTML file available in html directory.

2
name

This attribute allows you to give a name to a frame. It is used to indicate which frame a document
should be loaded into. This is especially important when you want to create links in one frame that load
pages into an another frame, in which case the second frame needs a name to identify itself as the
target of the link.

3
frameborder

This attribute specifies whether or not the borders of that frame are shown; it overrides the value given
in the frameborder attribute on the <frameset> tag if one is given, and this can take values either 1
(yes) or 0 (no).

4
marginwidth

This attribute allows you to specify the width of the space between the left and right of the frame's
borders and the frame's content. The value is given in pixels. For example marginwidth = "10".

5
marginheight

This attribute allows you to specify the height of the space between the top and bottom of the frame's
borders and its contents. The value is given in pixels. For example marginheight = "10".

6
height

This attribute specifies the height of <iframe>.

7
scrolling

This attribute controls the appearance of the scrollbars that appear on the frame. This takes values
either "yes", "no" or "auto". For example scrolling = "no" means it should not have scroll bars.

8
longdesc

This attribute allows you to provide a link to another page containing a long description of the contents
of the frame. For example longdesc = "framedescription.htm"

9
width

This attribute specifies the width of <iframe>.

HTML - Blocks
All the HTML elements can be categorized into two categories (a) Block Level Elements (b)Inline Elements.

Block Elements
Block elements appear on the screen as if they have a line break before and after them. For example, the <p>,
<h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, <h6>, <ul>, <ol>, <dl>, <pre>, <hr />, <blockquote>, and <address> elements are
all block level elements. They all start on their own new line, and anything that follows them appears on its own
new line.

Inline Elements
Inline elements, on the other hand, can appear within sentences and do not have to appear on a new line of their
own. The <b>, <i>, <u>, <em>, <strong>, <sup>, <sub>, <big>, <small>, <li>, <ins>, <del>, <code>, <cite>,
<dfn>, <kbd>, and <var> elements are all inline elements.

Grouping HTML Elements

There are two important tags which we use very frequently to group various other HTML tags (i) <div> tag and (ii)
<span> tag

The <div> tag

This is the very important block level tag which plays a big role in grouping various other HTML tags and applying
CSS on group of elements. Even now <div> tag can be used to create webpage layout where we define different
parts (Left, Right, Top etc.) of the page using <div> tag. This tag does not provide any visual change on the block
but this has more meaning when it is used with CSS.

Example
Following is a simple example of <div> tag. We will learn Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) in a separate chapter but
we used it here to show the usage of <div> tag −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<body>

<div style = "color:red">
<h4>This is first group</h4>
<p>Following is a list of vegetables</p>

<ul>
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div style = "color:green">
<h4>This is second group</h4>
<p>Following is a list of fruits</p>

<ul>
<li>Apple</li>
<li>Banana</li>
<li>Mango</li>
<li>Strawberry</li>
</ul>
</div>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

This is first group

Following is a list of vegetables

Beetroot
Ginger
Potato
Radish

This is second group

Following is a list of fruits

Apple
Banana
Mango
Strawberry

The <span> tag

The HTML <span> is an inline element and it can be used to group inline-elements in an HTML document. This
tag also does not provide any visual change on the block but has more meaning when it is used with CSS.

The difference between the <span> tag and the <div> tag is that the <span> tag is used with inline elements
whereas the <div> tag is used with block-level elements.

Example
Following is a simple example of <span> tag. We will learn Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) in a separate chapter
but we used it here to show the usage of <span> tag −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<body>
<p>This is <span style = "color:red">red</span> and this is
<span style = "color:green">green</span></p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

This is red and this is green

HTML - Backgrounds
By default, your webpage background is white in color. You may not like it, but no worries. HTML provides you
following two good ways to decorate your webpage background.

HTML Background with Colors

HTML Background with Images

Now let's see both the approaches one by one using appropriate examples.

Html Background with Colors

The bgcolor attribute is used to control the background of an HTML element, specifically page body and table
backgrounds.

Note − The bgcolor attribute deprecated in HTML5. Do not use this attribute.

Following is the syntax to use bgcolor attribute with any HTML tag.

<tagname bgcolor = "color_value"...>

This color_value can be given in any of the following formats −

<table bgcolor = "lime" >

Example
Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Background Colors</title>
</head>

<body>

<table bgcolor = "yellow" width = "100%">
<tr>
<td>
This background is yellow
</td>
</tr>
</table>

<table bgcolor = "#6666FF" width = "100%">
<tr>
<td>
This background is sky blue
</td>
</tr>
</table>

<table bgcolor = "rgb(255,0,255)" width = "100%">
<tr>
<td>
This background is green
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

This background is yellow
This background is sky blue
This background is green

Html Background with Images

The background attribute can also be used to control the background of an HTML element, specifically page
body and table backgrounds. You can specify an image to set background of your HTML page or table.

Note − The background attribute deprecated in HTML5. Do not use this attribute.

Following is the syntax to use background attribute with any HTML tag.

Note − The background attribute is deprecated and it is recommended to use Style Sheet for background
setting.

<tagname background = "Image URL"...>

The most frequently used image formats are JPEG, GIF and PNG images.

Example
Here are the examples to set background images of a table.

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Background Images</title>
</head>

<body>

<table background = "/images/html.gif" width = "100%" height = "100">
<tr><td>
This background is filled up with HTML image.
</td></tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

This background is filled up with HTML image.

Patterned & Transparent Backgrounds

You might have seen many pattern or transparent backgrounds on various websites. This simply can be achieved
by using patterned image or transparent image in the background.

It is suggested that while creating patterns or transparent GIF or PNG images, use the smallest dimensions
possible even as small as 1x1 to avoid slow loading.

Example
Here are the examples to set background pattern of a table −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Background Images</title>
</head>

<body>

<table background = "/images/pattern1.gif" width = "100%" height = "100">
<tr>
<td>
This background is filled up with a pattern image.
</td>
</tr>
</table>

<table background = "/images/pattern2.gif" width = "100%" height = "100">
<tr>
<td>
This background is filled up with a pattern image.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

This background is filled up with a pattern image.

HTML - Colors
Colors are very important to give a good look and feel to your website. You can specify colors on page level using
<body> tag or you can set colors for individual tags using bgcolor attribute.

The <body> tag has following attributes which can be used to set different colors −

bgcolor − sets a color for the background of the page.

text − sets a color for the body text.

alink − sets a color for active links or selected links.

link − sets a color for linked text.

vlink − sets a color for visited links − that is, for linked text that you have already clicked on.

HTML Color Coding Methods

There are following three different methods to set colors in your web page −

Color names − You can specify color names directly like green, blue or red.

Hex codes − A six-digit code representing the amount of red, green, and blue that makes up the color.

Color decimal or percentage values − This value is specified using the rgb( ) property.

Now we will see these coloring schemes one by one.

HTML Colors - Color Names

You can specify direct a color name to set text or background color. W3C has listed 16 basic color names that will
validate with an HTML validator but there are over 200 different color names supported by major browsers.

Note − Check a complete list of HTML Color Name.

W3C Standard 16 Colors

Here is the list of W3C Standard 16 Colors names and it is recommended to use them.
Black Gray Silver White

Yellow Lime Aqua Fuchsia

Red Green Blue Purple

Maroon Olive Navy Teal

Example
Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag by color name −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Colors by Name</title>
</head>

<body text = "blue" bgcolor = "green">

<p>Use different color names for for body and table and see the result.</p>

<table bgcolor = "black">

<tr>
<td>
<font color = "white">This text will appear white on black background.</font>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>

HTML Colors - Hex Codes

A hexadecimal is a 6 digit representation of a color. The first two digits(RR) represent a red value, the next two
are a green value(GG), and the last are the blue value(BB).

A hexadecimal value can be taken from any graphics software like Adobe Photoshop, Paintshop Pro or MS Paint.

Each hexadecimal code will be preceded by a pound or hash sign #. Following is a list of few colors using
hexadecimal notation.
Color Color HEX

#000000

#FF0000

#00FF00

#0000FF

#FFFF00

#00FFFF

#FF00FF

#C0C0C0

#FFFFFF

Example
Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag by color code in hexadecimal −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Colors by Hex</title>
</head>

<body text = "#0000FF" bgcolor = "#00FF00">

<p>Use different color hexa for for body and table and see the result.</p>

<table bgcolor = "#000000">

<tr>
<td>
<font color = "#FFFFFF">This text will appear white on black background.</font>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>

HTML Colors - RGB Values

This color value is specified using the rgb( ) property. This property takes three values, one each for red, green,
and blue. The value can be an integer between 0 and 255 or a percentage.

Note − All the browsers does not support rgb() property of color so it is recommended not to use it.
Following is a list to show few colors using RGB values.

Color Color RGB

rgb(0,0,0)

rgb(255,0,0)

rgb(0,255,0)

rgb(0,0,255)

rgb(255,255,0)

rgb(0,255,255)

rgb(255,0,255)

rgb(192,192,192)

rgb(255,255,255)

Example
Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag by color code using rgb() values −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Colors by RGB code</title>
</head>

<body text = "rgb(0,0,255)" bgcolor = "rgb(0,255,0)">

<p>Use different color code for for body and table and see the result.</p>

<table bgcolor = "rgb(0,0,0)">

<tr>
<td>
<font color = "rgb(255,255,255)">This text will appear white on black background.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>

Browser Safe Colors

Here is the list of 216 colors which are supposed to be safest and computer independent colors. These colors
very from hexa code 000000 to FFFFFF and they will be supported by all the computers having 256 color palette.
000000 000033 000066 000099 0000CC 0000FF

003300 003333 003366 003399 0033CC 0033FF

006600 006633 006666 006699 0066CC 0066FF

009900 009933 009966 009999 0099CC 0099FF

00CC00 00CC33 00CC66 00CC99 00CCCC 00CCFF

00FF00 00FF33 00FF66 00FF99 00FFCC 00FFFF

330000 330033 330066 330099 3300CC 3300FF

333300 333333 333366 333399 3333CC 3333FF

336600 336633 336666 336699 3366CC 3366FF

339900 339933 339966 339999 3399CC 3399FF

33CC00 33CC33 33CC66 33CC99 33CCCC 33CCFF

33FF00 33FF33 33FF66 33FF99 33FFCC 33FFFF

660000 660033 660066 660099 6600CC 6600FF

663300 663333 663366 663399 6633CC 6633FF

666600 666633 666666 666699 6666CC 6666FF

669900 669933 669966 669999 6699CC 6699FF

66CC00 66CC33 66CC66 66CC99 66CCCC 66CCFF

66FF00 66FF33 66FF66 66FF99 66FFCC 66FFFF

990000 990033 990066 990099 9900CC 9900FF

993300 993333 993366 993399 9933CC 9933FF

996600 996633 996666 996699 9966CC 9966FF

999900 999933 999966 999999 9999CC 9999FF

99CC00 99CC33 99CC66 99CC99 99CCCC 99CCFF

99FF00 99FF33 99FF66 99FF99 99FFCC 99FFFF

CC0000 CC0033 CC0066 CC0099 CC00CC CC00FF

CC3300 CC3333 CC3366 CC3399 CC33CC CC33FF

CC6600 CC6633 CC6666 CC6699 CC66CC CC66FF

CC9900 CC9933 CC9966 CC9999 CC99CC CC99FF

CCCC00 CCCC33 CCCC66 CCCC99 CCCCCC CCCCFF

CCFF00 CCFF33 CCFF66 CCFF99 CCFFCC CCFFFF

FF0000 FF0033 FF0066 FF0099 FF00CC FF00FF

FF3300 FF3333 FF3366 FF3399 FF33CC FF33FF

FF6600 FF6633 FF6666 FF6699 FF66CC FF66FF

FF9900 FF9933 FF9966 FF9999 FF99CC FF99FF

FFCC00 FFCC33 FFCC66 FFCC99 FFCCCC FFCCFF

FFFF00 FFFF33 FFFF66 FFFF99 FFFFCC FFFFFF

HTML - Fonts
Fonts play a very important role in making a website more user friendly and increasing content readability. Font
face and color depends entirely on the computer and browser that is being used to view your page but you can
use HTML <font> tag to add style, size, and color to the text on your website. You can use a <basefont> tag to
set all of your text to the same size, face, and color.

The font tag is having three attributes called size, color, and face to customize your fonts. To change any of the
font attributes at any time within your webpage, simply use the <font> tag. The text that follows will remain
changed until you close with the </font> tag. You can change one or all of the font attributes within one <font>
tag.

Note −The font and basefont tags are deprecated and it is supposed to be removed in a future version of
HTML. So they should not be used rather, it's suggested to use CSS styles to manipulate your fonts. But still
for learning purpose, this chapter will explain font and basefont tags in detail.

Set Font Size

You can set content font size using size attribute. The range of accepted values is from 1(smallest) to 7(largest).
The default size of a font is 3.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Setting Font Size</title>
</head>

This will produce the following result −

Font size = "1"

Font size = "2"
Font size = "3"
Font size = "4"
Font size = "5"
Font size = "6"
Font size = "7"

Relative Font Size

You can specify how many sizes larger or how many sizes smaller than the preset font size should be. You can
specify it like <font size = "+n"> or <font size = "−n">

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Relative Font Size</title>
</head>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Font size = "-1"
Font size = "+1"
Font size = "+2"
Font size = "+3"
Font size = "+4"

Setting Font Face

You can set font face using face attribute but be aware that if the user viewing the page doesn't have the font
installed, they will not be able to see it. Instead user will see the default font face applicable to the user's
computer.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<body>
<font face = "Times New Roman" size = "5">Times New Roman</font><br />
<font face = "Verdana" size = "5">Verdana</font><br />
<font face = "Comic sans MS" size =" 5">Comic Sans MS</font><br />
<font face = "WildWest" size = "5">WildWest</font><br />
<font face = "Bedrock" size = "5">Bedrock</font><br />
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Times New Roman

Verdana
Comic Sans MS
WildWest
Bedrock

Specify alternate font faces

A visitor will only be able to see your font if they have that font installed on their computer. So, it is possible to
specify two or more font face alternatives by listing the font face names, separated by a comma.
<font face = "arial,helvetica">
<font face = "Lucida Calligraphy,Comic Sans MS,Lucida Console">

When your page is loaded, their browser will display the first font face available. If none of the given fonts are
installed, then it will display the default font face Times New Roman.

Note − Check a complete list of HTML Standard Fonts .

Setting Font Color

You can set any font color you like using color attribute. You can specify the color that you want by either the color
name or hexadecimal code for that color.

Note − You can check a complete list of HTML Color Name with Codes .

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Setting Font Color</title>
</head>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

This text is in pink

This text is red

The <basefont> Element

The <basefont> element is supposed to set a default font size, color, and typeface for any parts of the document
that are not otherwise contained within a <font> tag. You can use the <font> elements to override the <basefont>
settings.

The <basefont> tag also takes color, size and face attributes and it will support relative font setting by giving size
a value of +1 for a size larger or −2 for two sizes smaller.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Setting Basefont Color</title>
</head>

<body>
<basefont face = "arial, verdana, sans-serif" size = "2" color = "#ff0000">
<p>This is the page's default font.</p>
<h2>Example of the <basefont> Element</h2>

<p><font size = "+2" color = "darkgray">

This is darkgray text with two sizes larger
</font>
</p>

<p><font face = "courier" size = "-1" color = "#000000">

It is a courier font, a size smaller and black in color.
</font>
</p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

This is the page's default font.

Example of the <basefont> Element

This is darkgray text with two sizes larger
It is a courier font, a size smaller and black in color.

HTML - Forms
HTML Forms are required, when you want to collect some data from the site visitor. For example, during user
registration you would like to collect information such as name, email address, credit card, etc.

A form will take input from the site visitor and then will post it to a back-end application such as CGI, ASP Script
or PHP script etc. The back-end application will perform required processing on the passed data based on
defined business logic inside the application.

There are various form elements available like text fields, textarea fields, drop-down menus, radio buttons,
checkboxes, etc.

The HTML <form> tag is used to create an HTML form and it has following syntax −
<form action = "Script URL" method = "GET|POST">
form elements like input, textarea etc.
</form>

Form Attributes
Apart from common attributes, following is a list of the most frequently used form attributes −

Sr.No Attribute & Description

1
action

Backend script ready to process your passed data.

2
method

Method to be used to upload data. The most frequently used are GET and POST methods.

3
target

Specify the target window or frame where the result of the script will be displayed. It takes values like
_blank, _self, _parent etc.

4
enctype

You can use the enctype attribute to specify how the browser encodes the data before it sends it to the
server. Possible values are −

application/x-www-form-urlencoded − This is the standard method most forms use in simple

scenarios.

mutlipart/form-data − This is used when you want to upload binary data in the form of files like image,
word file etc.

Note − You can refer to Perl & CGI for a detail on how form data upload works.

HTML Form Controls

There are different types of form controls that you can use to collect data using HTML form −

Text Input Controls

Checkboxes Controls
Radio Box Controls
Select Box Controls
File Select boxes
Hidden Controls
Clickable Buttons
Submit and Reset Button

Text Input Controls

There are three types of text input used on forms −
Single-line text input controls − This control is used for items that require only one line of user input, such
as search boxes or names. They are created using HTML <input> tag.

Password input controls − This is also a single-line text input but it masks the character as soon as a user
enters it. They are also created using HTMl <input> tag.

Multi-line text input controls − This is used when the user is required to give details that may be longer
than a single sentence. Multi-line input controls are created using HTML <textarea> tag.

Single-line text input controls

This control is used for items that require only one line of user input, such as search boxes or names. They are
created using HTML <input> tag.

Example
Here is a basic example of a single-line text input used to take first name and last name −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Text Input Control</title>
</head>

<body>
<form >
First name: <input type = "text" name = "first_name" />
<br>
Last name: <input type = "text" name = "last_name" />
</form>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

First name:
Last name:

Attributes
Following is the list of attributes for <input> tag for creating text field.
Sr.No Attribute & Description

1
type

Indicates the type of input control and for text input control it will be set to text.

2
name

Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be recognized and get the value.

3
value

This can be used to provide an initial value inside the control.

4
size

Allows to specify the width of the text-input control in terms of characters.

5
maxlength

Allows to specify the maximum number of characters a user can enter into the text box.

Password input controls

This is also a single-line text input but it masks the character as soon as a user enters it. They are also created
using HTML <input>tag but type attribute is set to password.

Example
Here is a basic example of a single-line password input used to take user password −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Password Input Control</title>
</head>

<body>
<form >
User ID : <input type = "text" name = "user_id" />
<br>
Password: <input type = "password" name = "password" />
</form>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

User ID :
Password:

Attributes
Following is the list of attributes for <input> tag for creating password field.

Sr.No Attribute & Description

1
type

Indicates the type of input control and for password input control it will be set to password.

2
name

Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be recognized and get the value.

3
value

This can be used to provide an initial value inside the control.

4
size

Allows to specify the width of the text-input control in terms of characters.

5
maxlength

Allows to specify the maximum number of characters a user can enter into the text box.

Multiple-Line Text Input Controls

This is used when the user is required to give details that may be longer than a single sentence. Multi-line input
controls are created using HTML <textarea> tag.

Example
Here is a basic example of a multi-line text input used to take item description −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Multiple-Line Input Control</title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
Description : <br />
<textarea rows = "5" cols = "50" name = "description">
Enter description here...
</textarea>
</form>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Description:

Enter description here...

Attributes
Following is the list of attributes for <textarea> tag.

Sr.No Attribute & Description

1
name

Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be recognized and get the value.

2
rows

Indicates the number of rows of text area box.

3
cols

Indicates the number of columns of text area box

Checkbox Control
Checkboxes are used when more than one option is required to be selected. They are also created using HTML
<input> tag but type attribute is set to checkbox..

Example
Here is an example HTML code for a form with two checkboxes −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Checkbox Control</title>
</head>

<body>
<form>
<input type = "checkbox" name = "maths" value = "on"> Maths
<input type = "checkbox" name = "physics" value = "on"> Physics
</form>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Maths Physics

Attributes
Following is the list of attributes for <checkbox> tag.

Sr.No Attribute & Description

1
type

Indicates the type of input control and for checkbox input control it will be set to checkbox..

2
name

Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be recognized and get the value.

3
value

The value that will be used if the checkbox is selected.

4
checked

Set to checked if you want to select it by default.

Radio Button Control
Radio buttons are used when out of many options, just one option is required to be selected. They are also
created using HTML <input> tag but type attribute is set to radio.

Example
Here is example HTML code for a form with two radio buttons −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Radio Box Control</title>
</head>

<body>
<form>
<input type = "radio" name = "subject" value = "maths"> Maths
<input type = "radio" name = "subject" value = "physics"> Physics
</form>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Maths Physics

Attributes
Following is the list of attributes for radio button.
Sr.No Attribute & Description

1
type

Indicates the type of input control and for checkbox input control it will be set to radio.

2
name

Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be recognized and get the value.

3
value

The value that will be used if the radio box is selected.

4
checked

Set to checked if you want to select it by default.

Select Box Control

A select box, also called drop down box which provides option to list down various options in the form of drop
down list, from where a user can select one or more options.

Example
Here is example HTML code for a form with one drop down box

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Select Box Control</title>
</head>

<body>
<form>
<select name = "dropdown">
<option value = "Maths" selected>Maths</option>
<option value = "Physics">Physics</option>
</select>
</form>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Maths

Attributes
Following is the list of important attributes of <select> tag −

Sr.No Attribute & Description

1
name

Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be recognized and get the value.

2
size

This can be used to present a scrolling list box.

3
multiple

If set to "multiple" then allows a user to select multiple items from the menu.

Following is the list of important attributes of <option> tag −

Sr.No Attribute & Description

1
value

The value that will be used if an option in the select box box is selected.

2
selected

Specifies that this option should be the initially selected value when the page loads.

3
label

An alternative way of labeling options

File Upload Box

If you want to allow a user to upload a file to your web site, you will need to use a file upload box, also known as
a file select box. This is also created using the <input> element but type attribute is set to file.

Example
Here is example HTML code for a form with one file upload box −
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>File Upload Box</title>
</head>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Choose File No file chosen

Attributes
Following is the list of important attributes of file upload box −

Sr.No Attribute & Description

1
name

Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be recognized and get the value.

2
accept

Specifies the types of files that the server accepts.

Button Controls
There are various ways in HTML to create clickable buttons. You can also create a clickable button using
<input>tag by setting its type attribute to button. The type attribute can take the following values −
Sr.No Type & Description

1
submit

This creates a button that automatically submits a form.

2
reset

This creates a button that automatically resets form controls to their initial values.

3
button

This creates a button that is used to trigger a client-side script when the user clicks that button.

4
image

This creates a clickable button but we can use an image as background of the button.

Example
Here is example HTML code for a form with three types of buttons −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>File Upload Box</title>
</head>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Submit Reset OK

Hidden Form Controls

Hidden form controls are used to hide data inside the page which later on can be pushed to the server. This
control hides inside the code and does not appear on the actual page. For example, following hidden form is
being used to keep current page number. When a user will click next page then the value of hidden control will be
sent to the web server and there it will decide which page will be displayed next based on the passed current
page.

Example
Here is example HTML code to show the usage of hidden control −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>File Upload Box</title>
</head>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

This is page 10

Submit Reset

HTML - Embed Multimedia

Sometimes you need to add music or video into your web page. The easiest way to add video or sound to your
web site is to include the special HTML tag called <embed>. This tag causes the browser itself to include controls
for the multimedia automatically provided browser supports <embed> tag and given media type.

You can also include a <noembed> tag for the browsers which don't recognize the <embed> tag. You could, for
example, use <embed> to display a movie of your choice, and <noembed> to display a single JPG image if
browser does not support <embed> tag.

Example
Here is a simple example to play an embedded midi file −

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML embed Tag</title>
</head>

</html>

The <embed> Tag Attributes

Following is the list of important attributes which can be used with <embed> tag.

Note −The align and autostart attributes deprecated in HTML5. Do not use these attributes.
Sr.No Attribute & Description

1
align

Determines how to align the object. It can be set to either center, left or right.

2
autostart

This boolean attribute indicates if the media should start automatically. You can set it either true or
false.

3
loop

Specifies if the sound should be played continuously (set loop to true), a certain number of times (a
positive value) or not at all (false)

4
playcount

Specifies the number of times to play the sound. This is alternate option for loop if you are usiong IE.

5
hidden

Specifies if the multimedia object should be shown on the page. A false value means no and true
values means yes.

6
width

Width of the object in pixels

7
height

Height of the object in pixels

8
name

A name used to reference the object.

9
src

URL of the object to be embedded.

10
volume

Controls volume of the sound. Can be from 0 (off) to 100 (full volume).

Supported Video Types

You can use various media types like Flash movies (.swf), AVI's (.avi), and MOV's (.mov) file types inside embed
tag.
.swf files − are the file types created by Macromedia's Flash program.

.wmv files − are Microsoft's Window's Media Video file types.

.mov files − are Apple's Quick Time Movie format.

.mpeg files − are movie files created by the Moving Pictures Expert Group.

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML embed Tag</title>
</head>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

This plugin is not

supported

Background Audio
You can use HTML <bgsound> tag to play a soundtrack in the background of your webpage. This tag is
supported by Internet Explorer only and most of the other browsers ignore this tag. It downloads and plays an
audio file when the host document is first downloaded by the user and displayed. The background sound file also
will replay whenever the user refreshes the browser.

Note − The bgsound tag is deprecated and it is supposed to be removed in a future version of HTML. So they
should not be used rather, it's suggested to use HTML5 tag audio for adding sound. But still for learning purpose,
this chapter will explain bgsound tag in detail.

This tag is having only two attributes loop and src. Both these attributes have same meaning as explained above.

Here is a simple example to play a small midi file −

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML embed Tag</title>
</head>

</html>

This will produce the blank screen. This tag does not display any component and remains hidden.

Internet Explorer can also handle only three different sound format files − wav, the native format for PCs; au, the
native format for most Unix workstations; and MIDI, a universal music-encoding scheme.

HTML Object tag

HTML 4 introduces the <object> element, which offers an all-purpose solution to generic object inclusion. The
<object> element allows HTML authors to specify everything required by an object for its presentation by a user
agent.

Here are a few examples −

Example - 1
You can embed an HTML document in an HTML document itself as follows −

<object data = "data/test.htm" type = "text/html" width = "300" height = "200">

alt : <a href = "data/test.htm">test.htm</a>
</object>

Here alt attribute will come into picture if browser does not support object tag.

Example - 2
You can embed a PDF document in an HTML document as follows −

<object data = "data/test.pdf" type = "application/pdf" width = "300" height = "200">

alt : <a href = "data/test.pdf">test.htm</a>
</object>

Example - 3
You can specify some parameters related to the document with the <param> tag. Here is an example to embed a
wav file −

<object data = "data/test.wav" type = "audio/x-wav" width = "200" height = "20">

Example - 4
You can add a flash document as follows −

<object classid = "clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" id = "penguin"

codebase = "someplace/swflash.cab" width = "200" height = "300">

<param name = "movie" value = "flash/penguin.swf" />

Example - 5
You can add a java applet into HTML document as follows −

<object classid = "clsid:8ad9c840-044e-11d1-b3e9-00805f499d93"

width = "200" height = "200">
<param name = "code" value = "applet.class">
</object>

The classid attribute identifies which version of Java Plug-in to use. You can use the optional codebase attribute
to specify if and how to download the JRE.

HTML - Marquees
An HTML marquee is a scrolling piece of text displayed either horizontally across or vertically down your
webpage depending on the settings. This is created by using HTML <marquees> tag.

Note − The <marquee> tag deprecated in HTML5. Do not use this element, instead you can use JavaScript
and CSS to create such effects.

Syntax
A simple syntax to use HTML <marquee> tag is as follows −

<marquee attribute_name = "attribute_value"....more attributes>

One or more lines or text message or image
</marquee>

The <marquee> Tag Attributes

Following is the list of important attributes which can be used with <marquee> tag.
Sr.No Attribute & Description

1
width

This specifies the width of the marquee. This can be a value like 10 or 20% etc.

2
height

This specifies the height of the marquee. This can be a value like 10 or 20% etc.

3
direction

This specifies the direction in which marquee should scroll. This can be a value like up, down, left or
right.

4
behavior

This specifies the type of scrolling of the marquee. This can have a value like scroll, slide and
alternate.

5
scrolldelay

This specifies how long to delay between each jump. This will have a value like 10 etc.

6
scrollamount

This specifies the speed of marquee text. This can have a value like 10 etc.

7
loop

This specifies how many times to loop. The default value is INFINITE, which means that the marquee
loops endlessly.

8
bgcolor

This specifies background color in terms of color name or color hex value.

9
hspace

This specifies horizontal space around the marquee. This can be a value like 10 or 20% etc.

10
vspace

This specifies vertical space around the marquee. This can be a value like 10 or 20% etc.

Below are few examples to demonstrate the usage of marquee tag.

Examples - 1
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML marquee Tag</title>
</head>

<body>
<marquee>This is basic example of marquee</marquee>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

le of marquee

Examples - 2
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML marquee Tag</title>
</head>

<body>
<marquee width = "50%">This example will take only 50% width</marquee>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

This example will take only

Examples - 3
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML marquee Tag</title>
</head>

<body>
<marquee direction = "right">This text will scroll from left to right</marquee>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

This text will scroll from left to right

Examples - 4
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML marquee Tag</title>
</head>

<body>
<marquee direction = "up">This text will scroll from bottom to up</marquee>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result −

This text will scroll from bottom to up

HTML - Header
We have learnt that a typical HTML document will have following structure −

Document declaration tag

<html>

<head>
Document header related tags
</head>

<body>
Document body related tags
</body>

</html>

This chapter will give a little more detail about header part which is represented by HTML <head> tag. The
<head> tag is a container of various important tags like <title>, <meta>, <link>, <base>, <style>, <script>, and
<noscript> tags.

The HTML <title> Tag

The HTML <title> tag is used for specifying the title of the HTML document. Following is an example to give a title
to an HTML document −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Title Tag Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Hello, World!</p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Hello, World!

The HTML <meta> Tag

The HTML <meta> tag is used to provide metadata about the HTML document which includes information about
page expiry, page author, list of keywords, page description etc.

Following are few of the important usages of <meta> tag inside an HTML document −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Meta Tag Example</title>

<meta name = "robots" content = "noindex, nofollow">

</head>
<body>
<p>Hello, World!</p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Hello, World!

The HTML <base> Tag

The HTML <base> tag is used for specifying the base URL for all relative URLs in a page, which means all the
other URLs will be concatenated into base URL while locating for the given item.

For example, all the given pages and images will be searched after prefixing the given URLs with base URL
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/ directory −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Base Tag Example</title>
<base href = "https://www.tutorialspoint.com/" />
</head>

<body>
<img src = "/images/logo.png" alt = "Logo Image"/>
<a href = "/html/index.htm" title = "HTML Tutorial"/>HTML Tutorial</a>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

HTML Tutorial

But if you change base URL to something else, for example, if base URL is http://www.tutorialspoint.com/home
then image and other given links will become like http://www.tutorialspoint.com/home/images/logo.png and
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/html/index.htm

The HTML <link> Tag

The HTML <link> tag is used to specify relationships between the current document and external resource.
Following is an example to link an external style sheet file available in css sub-directory within web root −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML link Tag Example</title>
<base href = "https://www.tutorialspoint.com/" />
<link rel = "stylesheet" type = "text/css" href = "/css/style.css">
</head>

<body>
<p>Hello, World!</p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Hello, World!

The HTML <style> Tag

The HTML <style> tag is used to specify style sheet for the current HTML document. Following is an example to
define few style sheet rules inside <style> tag −
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML style Tag Example</title>
<base href = "https://www.tutorialspoint.com/" />

<style type = "text/css">

.myclass {
background-color: #aaa;
padding: 10px;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p class = "myclass">Hello, World!</p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Hello, World!

Note − To learn about how Cascading Style Sheet works, kindly check a separate tutorial available at css

The HTML <script> Tag

The HTML <script> tag is used to include either external script file or to define internal script for the HTML
document. Following is an example where we are using JavaScript to define a simple JavaScript function −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML script Tag Example</title>
<base href = "http://www.tutorialspoint.com/" />

<script type = "text/JavaScript">

function Hello() {
alert("Hello, World");
}
</script>
</head>

</html>

This will produce the following result, where you can try to click on the given button −

Note − To learn about how JavaScript works, kindly check a separate tutorial available at javascript

HTML - Style Sheet

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) describe how documents are presented on screens, in print, or perhaps how they
are pronounced. W3C has actively promoted the use of style sheets on the Web since the consortium was
founded in 1994.

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) provide easy and effective alternatives to specify various attributes for the HTML
tags. Using CSS, you can specify a number of style properties for a given HTML element. Each property has a
name and a value, separated by a colon (:). Each property declaration is separated by a semi-colon (;).

Example
First let's consider an example of HTML document which makes use of <font> tag and associated attributes to
specify text color and font size −

Note − The font tag deprecated and it is supposed to be removed in a future version of HTML. So they
should not be used rather, it's suggested to use CSS styles to manipulate your fonts. But still for learning
purpose, this chapter will work with an example using the font tag.

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML CSS</title>
</head>
<body>
<p><font color = "green" size = "5">Hello, World!</font></p>
</body>

</html>

We can re-write above example with the help of Style Sheet as follows −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<body>
<p style = "color:green; font-size:24px;" >Hello, World!</p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Hello, World!

You can use CSS in three ways in your HTML document −

External Style Sheet − Define style sheet rules in a separate .css file and then include that file in your
HTML document using HTML <link> tag.

Internal Style Sheet − Define style sheet rules in header section of the HTML document using <style> tag.

Inline Style Sheet − Define style sheet rules directly along-with the HTML elements using style attribute.

Let's see all the three cases one by one with the help of suitable examples.

External Style Sheet

If you need to use your style sheet to various pages, then its always recommended to define a common style
sheet in a separate file. A cascading style sheet file will have extension as .css and it will be included in HTML
files using <link> tag.
Example
Consider we define a style sheet file style.css which has following rules −

.red {
color: red;
}
.thick {
font-size:20px;
}
.green {
color:green;
}

Here we defined three CSS rules which will be applicable to three different classes defined for the HTML tags. I
suggest you should not bother about how these rules are being defined because you will learn them while
studying CSS. Now let's make use of the above external CSS file in our following HTML document −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML External CSS</title>
<link rel = "stylesheet" type = "text/css" href = "/html/style.css">
</head>

<body>
<p class = "red">This is red</p>
<p class = "thick">This is thick</p>
<p class = "green">This is green</p>
<p class = "thick green">This is thick and green</p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

This is red

This is thick
This is green

This is thick and green

Internal Style Sheet

If you want to apply Style Sheet rules to a single document only, then you can include those rules in header
section of the HTML document using <style> tag.
Rules defined in internal style sheet overrides the rules defined in an external CSS file.

Example
Let's re-write above example once again, but here we will write style sheet rules in the same HTML document
using <style> tag −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Internal CSS</title>

<style type = "text/css">

.red {
color: red;
}
.thick{
font-size:20px;
}
.green {
color:green;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p class = "red">This is red</p>
<p class = "thick">This is thick</p>
<p class = "green">This is green</p>
<p class = "thick green">This is thick and green</p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

This is red

This is thick
This is green

This is thick and green

Inline Style Sheet

You can apply style sheet rules directly to any HTML element using style attribute of the relevant tag. This should
be done only when you are interested to make a particular change in any HTML element only.
Rules defined inline with the element overrides the rules defined in an external CSS file as well as the rules
defined in <style> element.

Example
Let's re-write above example once again, but here we will write style sheet rules along with the HTML elements
using style attribute of those elements.

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Inline CSS</title>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "color:red;">This is red</p>
<p style = "font-size:20px;">This is thick</p>
<p style = "color:green;">This is green</p>
<p style = "color:green;font-size:20px;">This is thick and green</p>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

This is red

This is thick
This is green

This is thick and green

HTML - JavaScript
A script is a small piece of program that can add interactivity to your website. For example, a script could
generate a pop-up alert box message, or provide a dropdown menu. This script could be written using JavaScript
or VBScript.

You can write various small functions, called event handlers using any of the scripting language and then you can
trigger those functions using HTML attributes.

Now-a-days, only JavaScript and associated frameworks are being used by most of the web developers,
VBScript is not even supported by various major browsers.

You can keep JavaScript code in a separate file and then include it wherever it's needed, or you can define
functionality inside HTML document itself. Let's see both the cases one by one with suitable examples.
External JavaScript
If you are going to define a functionality which will be used in various HTML documents then it's better to keep
that functionality in a separate JavaScript file and then include that file in your HTML documents. A JavaScript file
will have extension as .js and it will be included in HTML files using <script> tag.

Example
Consider we define a small function using JavaScript in script.js which has following code −

function Hello() {
alert("Hello, World");
}

Now let's make use of the above external JavaScript file in our following HTML document −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Javascript External Script</title>
<script src = "/html/script.js" type = "text/javascript"/></script>
</head>

</html>

This will produce the following result, where you can try to click on the given button −

Click Me

Internal Script
You can write your script code directly into your HTML document. Usually we keep script code in header of the
document using <script> tag, otherwise there is no restriction and you can put your source code anywhere in the
document but inside <script> tag.

Example
 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Internal Script</title>
<base href = "https://www.tutorialspoint.com/" />

<script type = "text/JavaScript">

function Hello() {
alert("Hello, World");
}
</script>
</head>

</html>

This will produce the following result, where you can try to click on the given button −

Click Me

Event Handlers
Event handlers are nothing but simply defined functions which can be called against any mouse or keyboard
event. You can define your business logic inside your event handler which can vary from a single to 1000s of line
code.

Following example explains how to write an event handler. Let's write one simple function EventHandler() in the
header of the document. We will call this function when any user brings mouse over a paragraph.

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Event Handlers Example</title>
<base href = "https://www.tutorialspoint.com/" />

<script type = "text/JavaScript">

function EventHandler() {
alert("I'm event handler!!");
}
</script>
</head>

<body>
<p onmouseover = "EventHandler();">Bring your mouse here to see an alert</p>
</body>

</html>

Now This will produce the following result. Bring your mouse over this line and see the result −

Bring your mouse here to see an alert

Hide Scripts from Older Browsers

Although most (if not all) browsers these days support JavaScript, but still some older browsers don't. If a browser
doesn't support JavaScript, instead of running your script, it would display the code to the user. To prevent this,
you can simply place HTML comments around the script as shown below.

JavaScript Example:
<script type = "text/JavaScript">

</script>

VBScript Example:
<script type = "text/vbscript">

</script>

The <noscript> Element

You can also provide alternative info to the users whose browsers don't support scripts and for those users who
have disabled script option their browsers. You can do this using the <noscript> tag.

JavaScript Example:
<script type = "text/JavaScript">

</script>
<noscript>Your browser does not support JavaScript!</noscript>

VBScript Example:
<script type = "text/vbscript">

</script>

<noscript>Your browser does not support VBScript!</noscript>

Default Scripting Language

There may be a situation when you will include multiple script files and ultimately using multiple <script> tags. You
can specify a default scripting language for all your script tags. This saves you from specifying the language
every time you use a script tag within the page. Below is the example −

<meta http-equiv = "Content-Script-Type" content = "text/JavaScript" />

Note that you can still override the default by specifying a language within the script tag.

HTML - Layouts
A webpage layout is very important to give better look to your website. It takes considerable time to design a
website's layout with great look and feel.

Now-a-days, all modern websites are using CSS and JavaScript based framework to come up with responsive
and dynamic websites but you can create a good layout using simple HTML tables or division tags in combination
with other formatting tags. This chapter will give you few examples on how to create a simple but working layout
for your webpage using pure HTML and its attributes.

HTML Layout - Using Tables

The simplest and most popular way of creating layouts is using HTML <table> tag. These tables are arranged in
columns and rows, so you can utilize these rows and columns in whatever way you like.

Example
For example, the following HTML layout example is achieved using a table with 3 rows and 2 columns but the
header and footer column spans both columns using the colspan attribute −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Layout using Tables</title>
</head>

<body>
<table width = "100%" border = "0">
<tr>
<td colspan = "2" bgcolor = "#b5dcb3">
<h1>This is Web Page Main title</h1>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign = "top">
<td bgcolor = "#aaa" width = "50">
<b>Main Menu</b><br />
HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...
</td>

<td bgcolor = "#eee" width = "100" height = "200">

</table>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

This is Web Page Main title

Main Menu Technical and Managerial Tutorials
HTML
PHP
PERL...

Multiple Columns Layout - Using Tables
You can design your webpage to put your web content in multiple pages. You can keep your content in middle
column and you can use left column to use menu and right column can be used to put advertisement or some
other stuff. This layout will be very similar to what we have at our website tutorialspoint.com.

Example
Here is an example to create three column layout −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Three Column HTML Layout</title>
</head>

<tr valign = "top">

<td bgcolor = "#b5dcb3" height = "200" width = "60%">

Technical and Managerial Tutorials
</td>

<td bgcolor = "#aaa" width = "20%">

<b>Right Menu</b><br />
HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...
</td>
</tr>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Main Menu Technical and Managerial Tutorials Right Menu
HTML HTML
PHP PHP
PERL... PERL...

HTML Layouts - Using DIV, SPAN

The <div> element is a block level element used for grouping HTML elements. While the <div> tag is a block-level
element, the HTML <span> element is used for grouping elements at an inline level.

Although we can achieve pretty nice layouts with HTML tables, but tables weren't really designed as a layout tool.
Tables are more suited to presenting tabular data.

Note − This example makes use of Cascading Style Sheet (CSS), so before understanding this example you
need to have a better understanding on how CSS works.

Example
Here we will try to achieve same result using <div> tag along with CSS, whatever you have achieved using
<table> tag in previous example.

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Layouts using DIV, SPAN</title>
</head>

<div style = "background-color:#b5dcb3; width:100%">

<h1>This is Web Page Main title</h1>
</div>

<div style = "background-color:#aaa; height:200px; width:100px; float:left;">

<div style = "background-color:#eee; height:200px; width:350px; float:left;" >

<p>Technical and Managerial Tutorials</p>
</div>

<div style = "background-color:#aaa; height:200px; width:100px; float:right;">

<div><b>Right Menu</b></div>
HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...
</div>

<div style = "background-color:#b5dcb3; clear:both">

</div>
</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

This is Web Page Main title

Main Menu Right Menu
HTML Technical and Managerial Tutorials HTML
PHP PHP
PERL... PERL...

You can create better layout using DIV, SPAN along with CSS. For more information on CSS, please refer to CSS
Tutorial.

 Print Page

Ultra HTML Reference
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