Trigonometry DAM PDF

Study Notes Week 7
MODULE 8: TRIGONOMETRY
7.1 General
Right angle triangle:

𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑎
• sin(𝐴) = 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 = 𝑐
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏
• 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝐴) = 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 = 𝑐
𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑎
• tan(𝐴) = 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑏
Angles are measured Counter-clockwise from

the positive x-axis or first quadrant.
Degrees to radians Radian to degrees

𝜋 180°
𝜃× 𝜃×
180° 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 180°
e.g., 90° → 90° × 180 ° = 2 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 e.g. 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 → × = 120°
3 3 𝜋
1 revolution 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑟 360°

Special triangles
7.2 Trigonometric identities
Quotient identities Even/ Odd Identities
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴) • cos(−𝐴) = cos(𝐴)

tan(𝐴) =
cos(𝐴) • sin(−𝐴) = −sin (𝐴)
• tan(−𝐴) = −tan (𝐴)
Pythagorean identities
sin2 (𝐴) + cos 2(𝐴) = 1
Examples
Simplify the following:
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (180−𝜃) cot(360−𝜃)

1.
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (360−𝜃) cot(180+𝜃)
2. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
Solution
1.
1 1
∗
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (180 − 𝜃) tan(360 − 𝜃)
=
1 1
∗
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (360 − 𝜃) tan(180 + 𝜃)
1 1
∗
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜃) −tan(𝜃)
=
1 1
∗
−𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜃) tan(𝜃)
=1
2.
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃)
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃)
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃
7.3 Solving Triangles and Trigonometric equations
Linear Trigonometric equations
When solving simple linear equations, we use the arc function.
Example 1
Solve the following for x.
1
sin 𝑥 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 360
√2
Solution 1
1
sin 𝑥 =
√2
To remain with x, we move the sin to the right. It becomes arc sin (sin 1)
1
𝑥 = sin−1
√2
Next you punch the right side into the calculator. To get the arc sin, you punch SHIFT then SIN.
1
𝑥 = sin−1 = 45
√2
Since sin is positive, the other answer is in the 2nd quad.
𝑥 = 45 𝑜𝑟 180 − 45 = 135
Example 2
Calculate the values of B that will satisfy the following equation 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝐵 ≤ 360
2 tan 𝐵 − 5 = 10
Solution 2
2 tan 𝐵 − 5 = 10
2 tan 𝐵 = 15
15
tan 𝐵 =
2
𝐵 = 82.405 𝑜𝑟 180 + 82.405 = 262.405
Example 3
Calculate the values of x that will satisfy the following equation 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 360
√3
cos(𝑥 − 20) =
2
Solution 3
√3
cos(𝑥 − 20) =
2
√3
(𝑥 − 20) = sin−1
2
(𝑥 − 20) = 60 𝑜𝑟 180 − 60
= 60 𝑜𝑟 120
𝑥 = 60 + 20 𝑜𝑟 120 + 20
= 80 𝑜𝑟 140
Solving Triangles
Right angled triangle
Given a right-angled triangle with any two sides, you can use the trigonometric ratios to find any angle.
Example
Find 𝜃 given that BC = 3 cm and AC = 8 cm

C
𝜃
B
A
Solution
BC = 3 cm = opp AC = 8 cm is hype
𝑜𝑝𝑝 3
sin 𝜃 = =
ℎ𝑦𝑝 8
3
𝜃 = sin−1 = 22.024
8
Sine Rule
This is used to solve problems whereby two sides and an angle between the sides is given, or two
angles and a side is given.
C B
b c
A
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶

= =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
The cosine rule.

This is used when we have three sides and looking for an angle, or two sides and an angle between
the sides, and we want to find the third side.
𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 cos 𝐴
Example 1
Given the sketch.
55° 68°
B 8m C D
Calculate the value of h?
Solution 1
First, we look at ∆ABC.
BAC + 55 = 68 (Ext ∟ = opp int ∟s)
BAC = 13°
⏞ 𝐶 sin 𝐴 𝐵
sin 𝐵 𝐴 ⏞𝐶
=
𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐶
sin 13 sin 55
=
8 𝐴𝐶
𝐴𝐶sin 13 = 8sin 55
8sin 55
𝐴𝐶 = = 29.132
sin 13
Next, we look at ∆ACD.
ℎ
sin 𝐴𝐶𝐷 =
𝐴𝐶
ℎ
sin 68° =
29.132
ℎ = 29.132 ∗ sin 68° = 27.011
Example 2
In the diagram below, determine BC.
45° 100 m
A C
Solution 2
A = 45° c = 50 m b = 100 m BC = a =?
𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 cos 𝐴
= 1002 + 502 − 2(100)(50) cos 45
= 5428.932
𝑎 = 73.681
7.4 Sketching trigonometric graphs
• It is important to have a table of values when you are sketching a trigonometric graph.
• The period is the number of degrees that you complete in one cycle.
• The amplitude is the maximum height of the graph.
𝑦 = 𝑎 sin(𝑏𝑥 − 𝑐) + 𝑑
period
Amplitude 360° Vertical
𝑏 displacement
𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑏𝑥 − 𝑐) + 𝑑
Phase shift
𝑐
𝑏
Horizontal displacement

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Study Notes Week 7

Right angle triangle:

Angles are measured Counter-clockwise from

Degrees to radians Radian to degrees

1 revolution 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑟 360°

Quotient identities Even/ Odd Identities

𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴) • cos(−𝐴) = cos(𝐴)

sin2 (𝐴) + cos 2(𝐴) = 1

Simplify the following:

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (180−𝜃) cot(360−𝜃)

2. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃

Linear Trigonometric equations

When solving simple linear equations, we use the arc function.

Solve the following for x.

Since sin is positive, the other answer is in the 2nd quad.

𝐵 = 82.405 𝑜𝑟 180 + 82.405 = 262.405

Right angled triangle

Find 𝜃 given that BC = 3 cm and AC = 8 cm

sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶

The cosine rule.

Given the sketch.

Calculate the value of h?

First, we look at ∆ABC.

BAC + 55 = 68 (Ext ∟ = opp int ∟s)

ℎ = 29.132 ∗ sin 68° = 27.011

In the diagram below, determine BC.

= 1002 + 502 − 2(100)(50) cos 45

7.4 Sketching trigonometric graphs

• The amplitude is the maximum height of the graph.

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