5-2 Verifying Trigonometric Identities PDF

5-2 Verifying Trigonometric Identities
Verify each identity.

1. (sec2 – 1) cos
2
= sin
2
SOLUTION:
2. sec2 (1 – cos

2
) = tan
2
SOLUTION:
2 3
3. sin – sin cos = sin
SOLUTION:
4. csc – cos cot = sin

SOLUTION:
4
5. = cot
SOLUTION:
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 1

4
5. = cot
SOLUTION:
6. tan θ csc2 – tan = cot

SOLUTION:
7. – = cot
SOLUTION:
8. + = 2 csc
SOLUTION:

8. + = 2 csc
SOLUTION:
9. + tan = sec
SOLUTION:
10. + = sin + cos
SOLUTION:
10. + = sin + cos
SOLUTION:
11. + = 1
SOLUTION:

11. + = 1
SOLUTION:
2
12. + = 2 sec sin
SOLUTION:

2
12. + = 2 sec sin
SOLUTION:
13. (csc – cot )(csc + cot ) = 1

SOLUTION:
14. cos4 – sin
4
= cos
2
– sin
2
SOLUTION:
2
15. + = 2 sec
SOLUTION:
2
15. + = 2 sec
SOLUTION:
16. + = 2 sec
SOLUTION:
17. csc4 – cot
4 2
= 2 cot + 1
SOLUTION:

17. csc4 – cot
4
= 2 cot
2
+ 1
SOLUTION:
18. =
SOLUTION:
19. FIREWORKS If a rocket is launched from ground level, the maximum height that it reaches is given by h =
, where is the angle between the ground and the initial path of the rocket, v is the rocket’s initial speed,
and g is the acceleration due to gravity, 9.8 meters per second squared.
a. Verify that = ..
b. Suppose a second rocket is fired at an angle of 80 from the ground with an initial speed of 110 meters per
second. Find the maximum height of the rocket.
SOLUTION:
a.

19. FIREWORKS If a rocket is launched from ground level, the maximum height that it reaches is given by h =
, where is the angle between the ground and the initial path of the rocket, v is the rocket’s initial speed,
and g is the acceleration due to gravity, 9.8 meters per second squared.
a. Verify that = ..
b. Suppose a second rocket is fired at an angle of 80 from the ground with an initial speed of 110 meters per
second. Find the maximum height of the rocket.
SOLUTION:
a.
2
b. Evaluate the expression for v = 110 m, , and g = 9.8 m/s .
The maximum height of the rocket is about 598.7 meters.

20. (csc + cot )(1 – cos ) = sin
SOLUTION:

The maximum height of the rocket is about 598.7 meters.

20. (csc + cot )(1 – cos ) = sin
SOLUTION:
21. sin2 tan
2
= tan
2
– sin
2
SOLUTION:
22. =
SOLUTION:
22. =
SOLUTION:
23. = cos + cot
SOLUTION:

23. = cos + cot
SOLUTION:
2
24. (csc – cot ) =
SOLUTION:

2
24. (csc – cot ) =
SOLUTION:
25. =
SOLUTION:

25. =
SOLUTION:
26. tan2 cos
2
= 1 – cos
2
SOLUTION:

27. sec – cos = tan sin
SOLUTION:
26. tan2 cos
2
= 1 – cos
2
SOLUTION:
27. sec – cos = tan sin

SOLUTION:
28. 1 – tan4 θ = 2 sec2 θ – sec4 θ

SOLUTION:
2
29. (csc – cot ) =
SOLUTION:

2
29. (csc – cot ) =
SOLUTION:
30. = sec
SOLUTION:
2
31. = (sin + cos )
SOLUTION:

2
31. = (sin + cos )
SOLUTION:
32. OPTICS If two prisms of the same power are placed next to each other, their total power can be determined using
z = 2p cos , where z is the combined power of the prisms, p is the power of the individual prisms, and θ is the
2
angle between the two prisms. Verify that 2p cos θ = 2p (1 – sin )sec .
SOLUTION:
33. PHOTOGRAPHY The amount of light passing through a polarization filter can be modeled using I = Im cos2 ,
where I is the amount of light passing through the filter, Im is the amount of light shined on the filter, and is the
2
angle of rotation between the light source and the filter. Verify that Im cos = Im – .
SOLUTION:
GRAPHING CALCULATOR Test whether each equation is an identity by graphing. If it appears to be

an identity, verify it. If not, find an x-value for which both sides are defined but not equal.
34. =
SOLUTION:
Graph and then graph .

GRAPHING CALCULATOR Test whether each equation is an identity by graphing. If it appears to be

an identity, verify it. If not, find an x-value for which both sides are defined but not equal.
34. =
SOLUTION:

The graphs of the related functions do not coincide for all values of x for which both functions are defined.
Using the CALC feature on the graphing calculator to find that when x = , Y1 = –1 and Y2 is undefined.
Therefore, the equation is not an identity.
35. sec x + tan x =
SOLUTION:
The equation appears to be an identity because the graphs of the related functions coincide. Verify this
algebraically.

Using the CALC feature on the graphing calculator to find that when x = , Y1 = –1 and Y2 is undefined.
5-2 Verifying
Therefore, theTrigonometric Identities
equation is not an identity.
35. sec x + tan x =
SOLUTION:
algebraically.
36. sec2 x – 2 sec x tan x + tan2 x =
SOLUTION:
2 2
Graph Y1 = sec x – 2 sec x tan x + tan x and then graph Y2 = .

36. sec2 x – 2 sec x tan x + tan2 x =
SOLUTION:
2 2
Graph Y1 = sec x – 2 sec x tan x + tan x and then graph Y2 = .

Using the CALC feature on the graphing calculator to find that when x = 0, Y1 = 1 and Y2 = 0. Therefore, the
equation is not an identity.
2
37. = 1 – 2 sin x
SOLUTION:
2
Graph Y1 = and then graph Y2 = 1 – 2 sin x.
algebraically.
38. =
SOLUTION:
38. =
SOLUTION:
Graph Y1 = and then graph Y2 = .
Using the CALC feature on the graphing calculator to find that when x = , Y1 –0.17 and Y2 = 0. Therefore,
the equation is not an identity.
39. cos2 x – sin2 x =
SOLUTION:
2 2
Graph Y1 = cos x – sin x and then graph Y2 = .
algebraically.

Using the CALC feature on the graphing calculator to find that when x = , Y1 –0.17 and Y2 = 0. Therefore,
the equation is not an identity.
39. cos2 x – sin2 x =
SOLUTION:
2 2
Graph Y1 = cos x – sin x and then graph Y2 = .
algebraically.
40. = sin x
SOLUTION:

40. = sin x
SOLUTION:
41. =
SOLUTION:
42. ln csc x + cot x + ln csc x – cot x =0

SOLUTION:
43. ln cot x + ln tan x cos x = ln cos x

SOLUTION:
43. ln cot x + ln tan x cos x = ln cos x

SOLUTION:

44. sec2 + tan
2
= sec
4
– tan
4
SOLUTION:
Start with the right side of the identity.
45. –2 cos2 = sin

4
– cos
4
– 1
SOLUTION:
46. sec2 2
sin
4
= sec – (tan
4
+ sec
2
)
SOLUTION:

46. sec2 2
sin
4
= sec – (tan
4
+ sec
2
)
SOLUTION:
47. 3 sec2 tan

2 6
+ 1 = sec – tan
6
SOLUTION:
48. sec4 x = 1 + 2 tan2 x + tan4 x

47. 3 sec2 tan

2 6
+ 1 = sec – tan
6
SOLUTION:
48. sec4 x = 1 + 2 tan2 x + tan4 x

SOLUTION:
49. sec2 x csc2 x = sec2 x + csc2 x

SOLUTION:
Start with the left side of the identity.

49. sec2 x csc2 x = sec2 x + csc2 x

SOLUTION:
Start with the left side of the identity.
50. ENVIRONMENT A biologist studying pollution situates a net across a river and positions instruments at two
different stations on the river bank to collect samples. In the diagram shown, d is the distance between the stations
and w is width of the river.
a. Determine an equation in terms of tangent α that can be used to find the distance between the stations.
b. Verify that d = .
c. Complete the table shown for d = 40 feet.
d. If > 60 or < 20 , the instruments will not function properly. Use the table from part c to determine
whether sites in which the width of the river is 5, 35, or 140 feet could be used for the experiment.
SOLUTION:
a.
b.
c.
c.
d. Sample answer: If w = 5 then will be greater than 63.4 since 5 < 20. If w = 140, then will be less than
18.4 since 140 > 120. If w = 35, then 45 < < 63.4 since 35 is between 20 and 40. The sites with widths of 5
and 140 feet could not be used because > 60 and < 20 , respectively. The site with a width of 35 feet could
be used because 20 < < 60 .

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS The hyperbolic trigonometric functions are defined in the following ways.
sinh x = (ex – e–x )
cosh x = (ex + e–x )
tanh x =
csch x = , x 0
sech x =
coth x = ,x 0
Verify each identity using the functions shown above.
51. cosh2 x – sinh2 x = 1
SOLUTION:
52. sinh (–x) = –sinh x
d. Sample answer: If w = 5 then will be greater than 63.4 since 5 < 20. If w = 140, then will be less than
18.4 since 140 > 120. If w = 35, then 45 < < 63.4 since 35 is between 20 and 40. The sites with widths of 5
and 140 feet could not be used because > 60 and < 20 , respectively. The site with a width of 35 feet could
5-2 be used because
Verifying 20 < < 60 . Identities
Trigonometric

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS The hyperbolic trigonometric functions are defined in the following ways.
sinh x = (ex – e–x )
cosh x = (ex + e–x )
tanh x =
csch x = , x 0
sech x =
coth x = ,x 0
Verify each identity using the functions shown above.
51. cosh2 x – sinh2 x = 1
SOLUTION:
52. sinh (–x) = –sinh x
SOLUTION:
53. sech2 x = 1 – tanh2 x
SOLUTION:
53. sech2 x = 1 – tanh2 x
SOLUTION:
54. cosh (–x) = cosh x
SOLUTION:
GRAPHING CALCULATOR Graph each side of each equation. If the equation appears to be an
identity, verify it algebraically.

55. – = 1
SOLUTION:
Graph Y1 = – and Y2 = 1.
The graphs appear to be the same, so the equation appears to be an identity. Verify this algebraically.

GRAPHING CALCULATOR Graph each side of each equation. If the equation appears to be an
identity, verify it algebraically.

55. – = 1
SOLUTION:
Graph Y1 = – and Y2 = 1.
The graphs appear to be the same, so the equation appears to be an identity. Verify this algebraically.

56. sec x – cos2 x csc x = tan x sec x

SOLUTION:
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Graphs are not the same so sec x –Page 31
2
cos x csc x tan x secx.
56. sec x – cos2 x csc x = tan x sec x

SOLUTION:
Graphs are not the same so sec x –

2
cos x csc x tan x secx.
57. (tan x + sec x)(1 – sin x) = cos x

SOLUTION:
58. Manual -–Powered by Cognero

eSolutions = –1 Page 32
SOLUTION:
58. – = –1
SOLUTION:
The graphs are not the same, so
59. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS In this problem, you will investigate methods used to solve trigonometric
equations. Consider 1 = 2 sin x.
a. NUMERICAL Isolate the trigonometric function in the equation so that sin x is the only expression on one side
of the equation.
b. GRAPHICAL Graph the left and right sides of the equation you found in part a on the same graph over [0, 2 ).
Locate any points of intersection and express the values in terms of radians.
c. GEOMETRIC Use the unit circle to verify the answers you found in part b.
d. GRAPHICAL Graph the left and right sides of the equation you found in part a on the same graph over –2 < x
< 2 . Locate any points of intersection and express the values in terms of radians.
e. VERBAL Make a conjecture as to the solutions of 1 = 2 sin x. Explain your reasoning.
SOLUTION:
b.

The graphs of y = sin x and y = intersect at and over [0, 2 ).
c.

The graphs of y = sin x and y = intersect at and over [0, 2 ).
c.
d.

The graphs of y = sin x and y = intersect at , , and
over (–2π, 2π).
e. Sample answer: Since sine is a periodic function, the solutions of sin x = are
x= + 2nπ and x = + 2n , where n is an integer.
60. REASONING Can substitution be used to determine whether an equation is an identity? Explain your reasoning.
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: Substitution can be used to determine whether an equation is not an identity. However, this method
cannot be used to determine whether an equation is an identity, because there is no way to prove that the identity is
true for the entire domain.
61. CHALLENGE Verify that the area A of a triangle is given by

A= ,

where a, b, and c represent the sides of the triangle and , , and are the respective opposite angles.
SOLUTION:
Using the Law of Sines, = , so b = .
A= ab sin Area of a triangle given SAS
A= a sin Substitution
A= Multiply.
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: Substitution can be used to determine whether an equation is not an identity. However, this method
5-2 cannot be usedTrigonometric
Verifying to determine whether an equation is an identity, because there is no way to prove that the identity is
Identities
true for the entire domain.
61. CHALLENGE Verify that the area A of a triangle is given by

A= ,

where a, b, and c represent the sides of the triangle and , , and are the respective opposite angles.
SOLUTION:
Using the Law of Sines, = , so b = .
A= ab sin Area of a triangle given SAS
A= a sin Substitution
A= Multiply.
A= α + β + γ = 180°, so α = 180° – (β + γ).

A= Sine Sum Identity

A= sin 180° = 0, cos 180° = –1
A= Simplify.
62. Writing in Math Use the properties of logarithms to explain why the sum of the natural logarithm of the six basic
trigonometric functions for any angle θ is 0.
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: According to the Product Property of Logarithms, the sum of the logarithms of the basic
trigonometric functions is equal to the logarithm of the product. Since the product of the absolute values of the
functions is 1, the sum of the logarithms is ln 1 or 0.
63. OPEN ENDED Create identities for sec x and csc x in terms of two or more of the other basic trigonometric
functions.
SOLUTION:
Sample answers: tan x sin x + cos x = sec x and sin x + cot x cos x = csc x

SOLUTION:
Sample answer: According to the Product Property of Logarithms, the sum of the logarithms of the basic
5-2 trigonometric functions is equal to Identities
Verifying Trigonometric the logarithm of the product. Since the product of the absolute values of the
functions is 1, the sum of the logarithms is ln 1 or 0.
63. OPEN ENDED Create identities for sec x and csc x in terms of two or more of the other basic trigonometric
functions.
SOLUTION:
Sample answers: tan x sin x + cos x = sec x and sin x + cot x cos x = csc x
2 2
64. REASONING If two angles and are complementary, is cos α + cos β = 1? Explain your reasoning. Justify
your answers.
SOLUTION:
Yes; sample answer: If and are complementary angles, then + = 90°
2 2
cos + cos
2 2
= cos + cos (90° – )
2 2
= cos + sin = 1.
65. Writing in Math Explain how you would verify a trigonometric identity in which both sides of the equation are
equally complex.
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: You could start on the left side of the identity and simplify it as much as possible. Then, you could
move to the right side and simplify until it matches the left side.
Simplify each expression.

66. cos csc
SOLUTION:
equally complex.
SOLUTION:
5-2 Sample answer:
Verifying You could start onIdentities
Trigonometric the left side of the identity and simplify it as much as possible. Then, you could
move to the right side and simplify until it matches the left side.
Simplify each expression.

66. cos csc
SOLUTION:
67. tan cot
SOLUTION:
68. sin cot
SOLUTION:
69.
SOLUTION:
70.
SOLUTION:

70.
SOLUTION:
71.
SOLUTION:
72. BALLOONING As a hot-air balloon crosses over a straight portion of interstate highway, its pilot eyes two
consecutive mileposts on the same side of the balloon. When viewing the mileposts, the angles of depression are
64 and 7 . How high is the balloon to the nearest foot?
SOLUTION:
First, find the measures of CAD, BCA, ACD and DAE.

72. BALLOONING As a hot-air balloon crosses over a straight portion of interstate highway, its pilot eyes two
consecutive mileposts on the same side of the balloon. When viewing the mileposts, the angles of depression are
64 and 7 . How high is the balloon to the nearest foot?
SOLUTION:
First, find the measures of CAD, BCA, ACD and DAE.
In ACD, use the law of sines to find the length of .
Next, use right triangle ADE and the cosine function to find the length of .
Locate the vertical asymptotes, and sketch the graph of each function.
73. y = tan x
SOLUTION:
The graph of y = tan x is the graph of y = tan x compressed vertically. The period is or . Find the location
of two consecutive vertical asymptotes.
and
Locate the vertical asymptotes, and sketch the graph of each function.
73. y = tan x
SOLUTION:
The graph of y = tan x is the graph of y = tan x compressed vertically. The period is or . Find the location
of two consecutive vertical asymptotes.
and
Create a table listing the coordinates of key points for y = tan x for one period on .
Vertical Intermediate Intermediate Vertical

Function x-intercept
Asymptote Point Point Asymptote
y = tan x x= (0, 0) x=
y= tan x x= (0, 0) x=

Sketch the curve through the indicated key points for the function. Then repeat the pattern.
74. y = csc 2x
SOLUTION:
The graph of y = csc 2x is the graph of y = csc x compressed horizontally. The period is or . Find the location
of two vertical asymptotes.
and
Create a table listing the coordinates of key points for y = csc 2x for one period on .
Vertical Intermediate Vertical Intermediate Vertical

Function
Asymptote Point Asymptote Point Asymptote
y = csc x x = −π x =0 x=π
74. y = csc 2x
SOLUTION:
The graph of y = csc 2x is the graph of y = csc x compressed horizontally. The period is or . Find the location
of two vertical asymptotes.
and
Create a table listing the coordinates of key points for y = csc 2x for one period on .

Function
y = csc x x = −π x =0 x=π
y = csc 2x x= x =0 x=

75. y = sec 3x
SOLUTION:
The graph of is the graph of y = sec x compressed vertically and horizontally. The period is or
. Find the location of two vertical asymptotes.
and
Create a table listing the coordinates of key points for for one period on .

Function
y = sec x x= x= x=
75. y = sec 3x
SOLUTION:
The graph of is the graph of y = sec x compressed vertically and horizontally. The period is or
. Find the location of two vertical asymptotes.
and
Create a table listing the coordinates of key points for for one period on .

Function
y = sec x x= x= x=
x=

Write each degree measure in radians as a multiple of π and each radian measure in degrees.
76. 660
SOLUTION:
77. 570
SOLUTION:
77. 570
SOLUTION:
78. 158
SOLUTION:
79.
SOLUTION:
80.
SOLUTION:
81. 9
SOLUTION:
Solve each inequality.

eSolutions
2 Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 43
82. x – 3x – 18 > 0
SOLUTION:
Solve each inequality.

82. x2 – 3x – 18 > 0
SOLUTION:
f(x) has real zeros at x = –3 and x = 6. Set up a sign chart. Substitute an x-value in each test interval into the
polynomial to determine if f (x) is positive or negative at that point.
2
The solutions of x – 3x – 18 > 0 are x-values such that f (x) is positive. From the sign chart, you can see that the
solution set is .
83. x2 + 3x – 28 < 0
SOLUTION:
2
The solutions of x + 3x – 28 < 0 are x-values such that f (x) is negative. From the sign chart, you can see that the
solution set is .
84. x2 – 4x ≤ 5
SOLUTION:
2 2
First, write x – 4x ≤ 5 as x – 4x – 5 ≤ 0.
2
The solutions of x – 4x –5 ≤ 0 are x-values such that f (x) is negative or equal to 0. From the sign chart, you can see
that the solution set is .
85. x2 + 2x ≥ 24
SOLUTION:
2
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero 2 Page 44
First, write x + 2x ≥ 24 as x + 2x – 24 ≥ 0.
2
The solutions of x – 4x –5 ≤ 0 are x-values such that f (x) is negative or equal to 0. From the sign chart, you can see
5-2 Verifying Trigonometric
that the solution set is .
Identities
85. x2 + 2x ≥ 24
SOLUTION:
2 2
First, write x + 2x ≥ 24 as x + 2x – 24 ≥ 0.
2
The solutions of x + 2x – 24 ≥ 0 are x-values such that f (x) is positive or equal
to 0. From the sign chart, you can see that the solution set is .
86. −x2 − x + 12 ≥ 0
SOLUTION:
2 2
First, write – x – x +12 ≥ 0 as x + x – 12 ≤ 0.
2
The solutions of x + x – 12 ≤ 0 are x-values such that f (x) is negative or equal
87. −x2 – 6x + 7 ≤ 0
SOLUTION:
2 2
First, write – x – 6x +7 ≤ 0 as x + 6x – 7 ≥ 0.
2
88. FOOD The manager of a bakery is randomly checking slices of cake prepared by employees to ensure that the
correct amount of flavor is in each slice. Each 12-ounce slice should contain half chocolate and half vanilla flavored
2
The solutions of x + x – 12 ≤ 0 are x-values such that f (x) is negative or equal
87. −x2 – 6x + 7 ≤ 0
SOLUTION:
2 2
First, write – x – 6x +7 ≤ 0 as x + 6x – 7 ≥ 0.
2
88. FOOD The manager of a bakery is randomly checking slices of cake prepared by employees to ensure that the
correct amount of flavor is in each slice. Each 12-ounce slice should contain half chocolate and half vanilla flavored
cream. The amount of chocolate by which each slice varies can be represented by g(x) = | x – 12|. Describe the
transformations in the function. Then graph the function.
SOLUTION:
The parent function of g(x) is f (x) = |x|. The factor of will cause the graph to be compressed since and
the subtraction of 12 will translate the graph 12 units to the right.
Make a table of values for x and g(x).

x 4 8 12 16 20
g(x) 4 2 0 2 4

Plot the points and draw the graph of g(x).
89. SAT/ACT
a, b, a, b, b, a, b, b, b, a, b, b, b, b, a, …

If the sequence continues in this manner, how many bs are there between the 44th and 47th appearances of the
letter a?
A 91
B 135
C 138
D 182
E 230
89. SAT/ACT
a, b, a, b, b, a, b, b, b, a, b, b, b, b, a, …

If the sequence continues in this manner, how many bs are there between the 44th and 47th appearances of the
letter a?
A 91
B 135
C 138
D 182
E 230
SOLUTION:
The number of bs after each a is the same as the number of a in the list (i.e., after the 44th a there are 44 bs).
Between the 44th and 47th appearances of a the number of bs will be 44 + 45 + 46 or 135.
Therefore, the correct answer choice is B.
90. Which expression can be used to form an identity with , when
tan −1?
F sin
G cos
H tan
J csc
SOLUTION:
Therefore, the correct answer choice is J.
91. REVIEW Which of the following is not equivalent to cos , when 0 < θ < ?
B Manual - Powered by Cognero

eSolutions Page 47
C cot sin
D tan csc
Therefore, the correct answer choice is J.
91. REVIEW Which of the following is not equivalent to cos , when 0 < θ < ?
C cot sin
D tan csc
SOLUTION:
Therefore, the correct answer choice is D.
92. REVIEW Which of the following is equivalent to sin + cot cos ?

F 2 sin
G
2
H cos
J
SOLUTION:
Therefore, the correct answer choice is G.

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5-2 Verifying Trigonometric Identities

Verify each identity.

2. sec2 (1 – cos

4. csc – cos cot = sin

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 1

6. tan θ csc2 – tan = cot

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 2

9. + tan = sec

10. + = sin + cos

10. + = sin + cos

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 4

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 5

13. (csc – cot )(csc + cot ) = 1

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 7

a. Verify that = ..

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 8

a. Verify that = ..

The maximum height of the rocket is about 598.7 meters.

Verify each identity.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 9

Verify each identity.

23. = cos + cot

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 11

23. = cos + cot

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 12

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 13

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 14

27. sec – cos = tan sin

28. 1 – tan4 θ = 2 sec2 θ – sec4 θ

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 15

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 16

GRAPHING CALCULATOR Test whether each equation is an identity by graphing. If it appears to be

GRAPHING CALCULATOR Test whether each equation is an identity by graphing. If it appears to be

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 18

36. sec2 x – 2 sec x tan x + tan2 x =

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 19

36. sec2 x – 2 sec x tan x + tan2 x =

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 21

Verify each identity.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 22

Verify each identity.

42. ln csc x + cot x + ln csc x – cot x =0

43. ln cot x + ln tan x cos x = ln cos x

43. ln cot x + ln tan x cos x = ln cos x

Verify each identity.

45. –2 cos2 = sin

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47. 3 sec2 tan

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48. sec4 x = 1 + 2 tan2 x + tan4 x

47. 3 sec2 tan

48. sec4 x = 1 + 2 tan2 x + tan4 x

49. sec2 x csc2 x = sec2 x + csc2 x

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49. sec2 x csc2 x = sec2 x + csc2 x

cosh x = (ex + e–x )

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cosh x = (ex + e–x )

56. sec x – cos2 x csc x = tan x sec x