Design Manual A4 Modular Element Buildings20161227finalversion 40en

Building Systems
by Stora Enso
3–8 Storey Modular Element Buildings
Table of
contents
1 Introduction and disclaimer ............................................................................................................ 3 6.4 Protection of structures and material on-site ........................................................................ 88
1.1 Introduction  ........................................................................................................................... 4 6.4.1 Protection of walls in modular elements ................................................................... 88
1.2 The benefits of the system ..................................................................................................... 5 6.4.2 Protection of roofs in modular elements ................................................................... 88
1.3 Disclaimer  .............................................................................................................................. 5 6.4.3 Management of the indoor conditions ...................................................................... 89
6.4.4 Inspections to be made before installation of finishes ............................................. 89
2 Anatomy of the Stora Enso modular building system ..................................................................... 6
2.1 Anatomy of a modular building .............................................................................................. 7 7 Sustainability .................................................................................................................................. 90
2.2 Anatomy of a modular element .............................................................................................. 8 7.1 Stora Enso building solutions for sustainable homes ........................................................... 91
2.3 Element systems in the field of construction technologies ................................................... 9 7.1.1 Responsibly sourced renewable wood for low carbon building solutions ............... 91
7.1.2 Energy efficient and low carbon homes .................................................................... 92
3 Architectural design guidelines ...................................................................................................... 10 7.2 Occupant health and wellbeing — Indoor climate and thermal comfort ............................... 92
7.3 Elements of life cycle design in CLT and LVL based buildings .............................................. 93
4 Building System by Stora Enso ...................................................................................................... 17 7.4 Certification of sustainable and low carbon homes .............................................................. 93
4.1 Structural components of the modular system ..................................................................... 18
4.2 Manufacturing process of the modular elements .................................................................. 19 8 Stora Enso ...................................................................................................................................... 94
4.3 Principles of building acoustics ............................................................................................. 20 8.1 Stora Enso .............................................................................................................................. 95
4.4 Principles of fire design .......................................................................................................... 21
4.5 Principles of controlling deformations and cracking ............................................................. 23
4.6 Principles of HVAC design ..................................................................................................... 25
4.7 Bracing systems of modular buildings .................................................................................. 26
4.8 Principles of seismic design .................................................................................................. 27
4.9 Erection procedure sequence ............................................................................................... 28
5 Structural design ............................................................................................................................ 29
5.1 Structural types ..................................................................................................................... 30
5.2 Structural details .................................................................................................................... 51
6 Transportation and instructions for on-site assembly ................................................................... 86

6.1 Transportation of modular elements ..................................................................................... 87
6.2 Principles of erection ............................................................................................................. 87
6.2.1 General  ...................................................................................................................... 87
6.2.2 Installation of modular elements ............................................................................... 87
6.3 Protection on-site .................................................................................................................. 87
6.3.1 Moisture control ........................................................................................................ 87
6.3.2 Persons in charge of the moisture control ................................................................ 87
6.3.3 Moisture control plan and employee engagement ................................................... 87
6.3.4 Assurance of moisture technical quality in case of moisture damage ..................... 87
2 BUILDING SYSTEMS BY STORA ENSO | 3 – 8 STORE Y MODUL AR ELEMENT BUILDINGS

1 Introduction
and disclaimer
3 BUILDING SYSTEMS BY STORA ENSO | 3–8 STOREY MODULAR ELEMENT BUILDINGS

1.1 Introduction
This manual describes the Stora Enso modular element system for wooden multi-storey
residential buildings. It is intended for designers, contractors, building owners and devel-
opers.
The core of the system are Stora Enso’s structural wall panels and floor slabs, which form
the strong and stable load-bearing structure of each modular element. The elements are
built in controlled factory conditions and delivered to the site with all finishing materi-
als and components installed. The technology provides high technical performance and
outstanding quality. These elements enable an industrial method of construction that
reduces assembly time on site and minimizes the need for finishing work on site.
The building system is flexible and can be adjusted to various market and customer
requirements depending on local needs. Adjustments might include:
Architectural considerations
• typology and scale of the building
• unit and room layouts
• customer demands or local market factors
Engineering considerations
• local performance requirements (acoustics, fire protection, thermal insulation, etc.)
• local code requirements (defined by relevant building authorities)
• level of prefabrication (interiors and façades)
The manual offers a good overview of common European structures and building types,
but should also give inspiration for new ideas and experiments.
Detailed design instructions and structural drawings can be downloaded from the web
pages of Stora Enso Building Solutions.

1.2 The benefits of the system 1.3 Disclaimer
The system offers several benefits for all parties involved in the building process. The manual is meant for preliminary design of buildings and structures.
For architects, it provides: The use of the structural solutions (and reference values) shown here
• systems and materials that enable high quality architecture and interiors does not replace the need for final design and calculations by responsible
• open systems that allows products, structures and shapes to be easily combined designers (including but not limited to structural, acoustic, fire or building
• safe solutions and proven technologies to fulfil the requirements of building physics experts). All solutions and details used in construction should be
authorities reviewed, verified and approved by the responsible designers of the pro-
• framework for the development of the building design ject. Conformance with local building regulations shall be confirmed by the
responsible designers. Design details are subject to change.
For engineers, it provides:
• an easy, safe and dependable system of design Stora Enso does not give any warranties, representations or undertakings
• proven structural details about the accuracy, validity, timeliness or completeness of any information
• clearly defined performance values for structures or data in this manual and expressly disclaims any warranties of merchant-
• a clear system and guidelines for bracing the building ability or fitness for particular purpose. In no event will Stora Enso be liable
• quality background material and design tools for any direct, special, indirect, consequential incidental damages or any
• structural details available for download other damages of any kind cause by the use of this manual.
• a manual and software for structural calculations
Manual copyright:
For contractors and carpenters, it provides: © Stora Enso
• safe solutions — tested and proven instructions for the whole building process
• fast assembly times
• a proven structural system
• ready-made solutions – easy cost and design management
• industrial components with factory precision — less finishing work on site
• no drying or curing times
• lightweight structures that reduce or eliminate the need for heavy lifting equipment
For owners and occupants, it provides:

• cost efficiency
• modern design with visible wooden interior surfaces (in accordance with local fire
requirements)
• healthy living with natural materials
• energy efficiency — low heating and cooling costs for the whole building
• ecological benefits; low energy consumption and a lower carbon footprint
• technically safe and durable solutions
For developers, it provides:

• a short construction phase — less time to wait on investment returns
• an attractive product for modern and environmentally conscious customers
• a system that can be customized for varying appearances, building types and sizes
• an industrial quality — all critical phases have been built in controlled circumstances
• an attractive object of investment for environmentally conscious persons

2 Anatomy of the
Stora Enso modular building system

2.1 Anatomy of a modular building
• Ready-made modules and optimised details — fast erection time
• Stiff and rigid central core
• The system can be localised to meet local building tradition and requirements
• Fire safety with massive wood and fire protective surface layers
• Acoustic performance with engineered structural details and acoustic layers
roof
• made with prefabricated elements and/or constructed on site
room modules
• prefabricated
technical modules
• prefabricated
elevator shaft
• massive wood
• note local fire regulations
central corridor (assembled on site)

• massive wood slabs, beams and stairways
façade
• assembled in factory or on site
• different façade materials are possible
HVAC installations / vertical shafts

• assembled on site
additional elements (balcony zone)

• prefabricated elements
• technically possible to use different balcony types
• railings / glazing
surface structures
• finished on site after technical installations
additional elements
• façade panels
concrete ground floor / basement / foundation

• commercial spaces / multipurpose spaces
• storage rooms / technical rooms
• constructed on site

2.2 Anatomy of a modular element
• Prefabricated in factory conditions
• Finished surfaces, pre-fitted technical installations and pre-
installed fixtures and fittings
• Basic modules:
• room module (living room, bedroom, dining room, workspace)
• technical module (kitchen, bathroom, toilet)
• Fire safety with massive wood and fire protective surface layers
• Acoustic performance with engineered structural details and
acoustic layers
A Completed A+B
MODULE VARIATION: A modular element
REPETITION: 1 x A...n X A
module roof slab (CLT)
surface structure (wall)

• note local building regulations
MAXIMAL REPETITION OPTIMAL VARIATIO

MINIMAL VARIATION OF ELEMENTS MODULES
non-load-bearing partition walls SIMPLICITY
- BENEFITS I
load-bearing wall panels (CLT)
- MORE QUALITY IN
• high load-bearing capacity
TYPICAL EXAMPLES: TYPI

surface structure (floor)
-HOTELS -NOR
HVAC installations, cover -SMALL APARTMENT HOUSING
-STUDENT HOUSING
fixed furniture
doors, windows
insulation
façade
• installed in factory and/or on site
• free choice of materials (note local building regulations)
SE

2.3 Element systems in the field of construction technologies
Building components Prefabrication Dimensions Complexity Construction
BUILDING ON SITE
building products low grade of prefabrication no limitations in size demanding and unique shapes long construction phase
ELEMENT
factory finished two high grade of prefabrication wide range of possible repetition of panels and slabs shorter construction phase
dimensional surfaces dimensions
MODULAR ELEMENT
factory finished three extremely high grade limited dimensions repetition of modular units shortest construction phase
dimensional elements of prefabrication
Good load-bearing Stable and clear structure Tight and massive Cross-layer structure
capacity • easy lifting technology • high technical • easy to make openings
• even 8 to 10 storeys • easy and secure performance
possible connections
Benefits of massive wood structure

3 Architectural
design guidelines

MODULAR SYSTEM
POSSIBILITIES AND BENEFITS OF THE SYSTEM
Modular system
RELATED TO REPETITION AND VARIATION
Possibilities and benefits of the system related to repetition and variation
AA AA +
+ BB AA++ BB++C C A + BA ++BC
+ C++D
D ++E E
+ F+
+GF +G ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOP…
A ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOP...
MODULE
MODULE AVARIATION:
VARIATION: A A MODULE VARIATION: A-B-C-D-E-F-G...
Module variation: Module
MODULE variation:
VARIATION: A-B-C-D-E-F-G...
REPETITION:
REPETITION: 1 x A...n X A
Repetition: 1 × A… n × 1A x A...n X A REPETITION: --
A–B–C–D–E–F–G…
REPETITION:
Repetition: —
MAXIMAL
MAXIMAL
Maximum REPETITION
REPETITION
repetition with minimum OPTIMAL
OPTIMAL VARIATION
VARIATION OF
OF ELEMENTS
ELEMENTS
Optimal variation and AND
AND REPETITION
REPETITION OF
OF UNLIMITED
UnlimitedVARIATION
UNLIMITED variation of OF
VARIATION OF ELEMENTS
ELEMENTS
modular
MINIMAL
MINIMAL
variation VARIATION
VARIATION
of modular OF
OF ELEMENTS
elementsELEMENTS MODULES
MODULES DEFINED
DEFINED
repetition BY
BY PROJECT
of modular elements DESIGN
PROJECT DESIGN MINIMAL
MINIMAL REPETITION
REPETITION
elements with minimum repetition
SIMPLICITY
SIMPLICITY defined by project design COMPLEXITY
COMPLEXITY
Typical examples: -- BENEFITS
BENEFITS IN
IN BETTER
BETTER PROJECT
PROJECT ECONOMICS
ECONOMICS Typical examples:
• hotels -- MORE
MORE QUALITY IN
IN ARCHITECTURE
Benefits
QUALITY // APARTMENT
APARTMENT LAYOUT
in project economics
ARCHITECTURE LAYOUT • exclusive housing
• small apartment housing and architectural quality • special projects
• student housing
• elderly homes
TYPICAL
TYPICAL EXAMPLES:
EXAMPLES: TYPICAL
Typical
TYPICAL EXAMPLES:
examples:
EXAMPLES: TYPICAL
TYPICAL EXAMPLES:
EXAMPLES:
-HOTELS
-HOTELS • -NORMAL
-NORMAL MULTI
MULTI STOREY
normal multi-storey
STOREY HOUSING
housing
HOUSING -EXCLUSIVE
-EXCLUSIVE HOUSING
HOUSING
-SMALL
-SMALL APARTMENT
APARTMENT HOUSING
HOUSING -SPECIAL
-SPECIAL PROJECTS
PROJECTS
-STUDENT
-STUDENT HOUSING
HOUSING
11 B U I L D I N G S Y S T E M S B Y S T O R A E N S O | 3 – 8 S T O R E Y M O D U L A R E L E M E N T B U I L DSE
I N GDESIGN
S MANUAL ARCH DESIGN GUIDELINE / SKETCH 18.1.2016
The following guidelines are meant to help architects apply the Stora Enso Define the building typology
system to the particular needs of various types of multi-storey housing. These
basic principles may be applied in any order according to the particular needs Footprint, unit distribution and vertical circulation
of the project. However, distribution of modular room and technical elements
should be considered and applied in the early stage of design. The footprint of the building as well as the distribution of living units, shape and
position of the vertical access core form the basic parameters of the building
structure. A symmetrical layout with a central core will optimise the load-bearing
Define the urban scale structures and shear walls, improving the economics of the project.
Massing strategy and building volume
In the preliminary design phases, the urban scale and mass of the project are
defined. The size of the volumes may vary from large urban blocks to smaller
apartment houses. Depending on the particular site and surroundings, the
architect can consider and propose varying typologies for the whole project or
for specific buildings.
Variations in building footprint and location
of the vertical access core
Variations in unit types and distribution
Case study example:

central corridor block with six units per floor
Case study example:

8-storey central corridor block

Structural principles and bearing elements Modular elements (factory made)
Modular elements, shear walls and load-bearing walls Stora Enso’s structural wall panels and floor slabs form the load-bearing structure of
each modular element. The elements are built in controlled factory conditions and
Modular elements form the base of the load-bearing and shearing structural system. Core delivered to the site with all finishing materials and components installed.
walls and walls dividing apartments are usually the most suitable for use as shear and load-
bearing structures. However, even long shear wall panels may still have openings or doors Non-load-bearing partition walls inside modules may be positioned freely accord-
depending on detailed structural calculations. ing to the architectural layout of the units. Other elements such as windows (framed,
glazing systems), door (hinged, sliding), balconies (recessed, cantilevered) and fixed
Load-bearing outer walls and slabs of the modules are designed to achieve optimal spans furniture elements are all possible according to the architectural needs and design.
and usually eliminate the need for load-bearing elements inside the modular units. The
direction of the modular elements defines which façades will have increased flexibility for Surfaces and finishes for interior and exterior structures of the modules can be
larger and more frequent openings. defined individually for each project in accordance with architectural design, techni-
cal needs and local requirements.
See chapter 4 for further information.
Exact boundary rules for modular ele-
ments are not possible as rules are both
A C A’ A C A’
factory and country specific. Element
D F D’ D F D’
dimensions are limited by the size of the
production line and transport, whereas
D’ E D D’ E D weight is limited by the lifting capacity in
A’ B A A’ B A the factory and on the building site.
shear walls room module See chapters 4 and 5 for further information.
load-bearing walls technical module
Variable and additional elements (on site)

Wet zones and technical shafts Corridors and stairways, elevator shafts, roofs and balconies
Baths, toilets, kitchens and technical installations
The building system consists of factory made modular elements and additional
In optimal layouts, technical installation shafts are located around the vertical core for easy elements assembled on site. Prefabricated additional elements such as corridors
maintenance and management. Wet zones and technical modules should also be situated (slabs, beams, columns, stairways) and roof are installed simultaneously with mod-
next to installation shafts. Prefabricated sanitary or technical units inside modules are all ule erection phase. For example, a wide variety of balconies is possible according to
possible. Specific locations for baths, toilets and kitchens may vary inside these technical the architectural needs and structural design.
modules. Long horizontal drain lines and vertical lines or shafts through elements should be
avoided. See chapter 4 and 5 for further information.
fully equipped floor plan

vertical
VERTICAL shafts
SHAFTS / installations
/ INSTALLATIONS
technical
WET AREA ZONE module
/ POSSIBILITIES
bathroom
BATHROOM / toilet
/ TOILET
kitchen
KITCHEN
VERTICAL SHAFTS / INSTALLATIONS

WET AREA ZONE / POSSIBILITIES
BATHROOM / TOILET
KITCHEN

Modular system variations Apartment layout
Modular element variations Apartments consist of one or multiple modules, depending on housing typology. In
• Modular elements can be varied within a building single-module apartments sanitary unit and technical systems are all in one, a so
• Note that cantilevered elements may require columns, depending on the openings and the cantilever length. called technical or “wet” module. In double or multi-module apartments, “dry” room
modules are added and connected to the technical module to achieve larger units.
Single-module apartment
standard modules cantilevered / cantilevered balconies

sanitary unit
recessed modules
Balconies
• Different balcony types and other additional elements are possible according to the architectural design.
Double-module apartment
room module
technical
module
balcony zone suspended balconies recessed balconies free standing

balcony towers
Multi-module apartment
Upper floor — roof structures

• Upper floor apartments and roof structure can be varied according to the architectural design.
flat roof pitched roof shed roof rooftop terrace

Case study example:
Central stairway with six units per floor
B A
D D
C C
room module
technical module
General floor plan (3–8) B A

rendered elevations
cross-section a-a
cross-section b-b cross-section c-c cross-section d-d

4 Building System
by Stora Enso

4.1 Structural components of the
modular system
The core of the Stora Enso modular element consists of massive The modular element must be light enough to be handled and
wood panels, which operate simultaneously as the bearing struc- lifted both in the factory and on the site. The maximum weight of
ture and the solid envelope of the apartment. In most cases it is the modular element depends on the capacity of the available lifting
also possible that some of the massive wood panels function as equipment. Notice that modular elements with sanitary facilities are
visible interior surfaces. heavier in relation to the volume.
There are several factors that determine the maximum size of the
modular element. The dimensions of the modular elements are lim-
ited by:
• maximum production sizes of massive wood panels
• each country’s size limits for road transportation
• spatial limitations of the manufacturing environment
• maximum weight of the modular element. Massive wood slabs
Max. width:
Note the production ma x. w
idth *
dimensions
of panels
60–100 mm
Max. height:
Note the
production
a prefabricated sanitary dimensions
unit or in-situ constructed of panels
sanitary facilities
Max. width: Max. width:

Note the Note the production
production dimensions of panels
h *
dimensions ngt
of panels x. l e
ma
massive wood 100–180 mm
slabs or rib slabs
open modular element requires

supports due to lifting and assembly
ma x. w mm
idth * 0
–16
10 0
The apartment usually consists of one or two modular elements. The technical * Maximum dimensions according to
module (on the left) includes the sanitary facilities and most of the building services transportation, manufacturing and lifting
Massive wood walls equipment of the apartment. To form bigger apartments with more bedrooms and requirements. Also note the production
living space, the apartment can be enlarged with a room module (on the right). dimensions of massive wood panels.

4.2 Manufacturing process of the modular elements
Slab elements
Wall elements
Massive wood panels are ordered The panels are equipped with insulation, The slab and wall elements are ready
with ready cut-outs and edge formings. sheetings, frame structures, etc. to be connected to each other.
Modular elements
The wall and slab elements are connected Building services equipment, interior surfaces Once it is ready, the modular element
to form a modular element. and fixtures are installed into the module. is wrapped and transported to the site.

4.3 Principles of building acoustics Plumbing noise
4)
In order to control unwanted noise and vibrations, acoustic 1), 3)
design covers a wide range of factors from the vibration of the
building frame to connection details that affect flanking trans- 4)
2) apartment corridor
mission between rooms and apartments.
The example building is designed to address four main acous- main plumbing lines at the corridor
tic challenges: airborne sound, impact sound, flanking trans- • reduces noise to the apartment
mission and plumbing noise. For more information see addi-
tional literature and contact local authorities to determine
specific requirements for your project. Acoustic values given in
this manual are calculated on the basis of structural types and plumbing is isolated from the
typical material values. frame with insulated hangers
• reduces sound transmission
acoustical design of structures to the apartment
Airborne sound according to local requirements
Flanking
3)
separated layer structures

• floor structures separated from
the load-bearing frame
• separated wall structures for
different apartments
• reduces flanking transmission
to other apartments
Direct sound path
Sound flanking path

When direct contact to the vibration pad
Direct sound path load-bearing frame • improves sound insulation
The energy of airborne sound waves is reduced and reduces flanking
by the layered structure of the construction.
Impact noise insulation Sound insulation in connections Sound flanking path
When indirect contact to the
load-bearing frame
2)
floating surface structure

• reduces impact sound
insulation
• sound absorption
all connections between separate
apartments require vibration pads
separated load-bearing structures • improves sound insulation and
• reduces flanking reduces flanking transmission

4.4 Principles of fire design Fire safety of the load-bearing Example of fire safety detailing
Note national rules
structures
Requirements on fire safety vary and depend on location, type and
use of a building. Check that the specific requirements applying for 1) Solid wall protected 2) Solid wall protected 3) Floor structure
your project comply with local and national regulations. Some basic with surface layers with surface layers
principles for fire safety requirements are common across Europe:
• occupants shall be able to leave the buildings or be rescued surface material
• A2-s1, d0
• the safety of rescue teams shall be taken into account • protection cover K 2 30 surface material
• load-bearing structures shall resist fire for the required minimum • A2-s1, d0
duration of time • protection
cover K 2 30
• the generation and spread of fire and smoke shall be limited
• the spread of fire to neighbouring buildings shall be limited fire resistance
REI 60–120
According to these principles, building components must meet the fol- • protective layers fire resistance REI 60–90
• fire resistance • fire resistance of the
lowing requirements: of the residual residual cross-section
cross-section
• reaction to fire fire resistance REI 60–90
• fire resistance
• describes the contribution of building materials to fire 1) Solid wall 2) Solid wall
of the residual
• verification with classification according to EN 13501-1 cross-section
• fire resistance surface material
• D-s2 surface material A2-s1, d0
• describes the resistance of building components in case of fire surface material • protection cover K 230
• verification with classification according to EN 13501-2 or • D-s2 • residual cross-section
calculation according to EN 1995-1-2
Principles concerning how to provide fire resistance with layups based

fire resistance REI 60–120
on massive wood:
• fire resistance of the
• Principle 1: “Exposed massive wood” residual cross-section
• no additional protection layers on massive wood; full fire fire resistance REI 60–90
resistance provided by massive wood • fire resistance of the
residual cross-section
• Principle 2: “Limited encapsulation”
• massive wood with fire-protective layers on it; massive wood is
allowed to char Extinguishing and rescue
• Principle 3: “Complete encapsulation” 4) Sprinkler 4) Smoke detector
• massive wood with fire-protective layers on it; massive wood is
not allowed to char
• see literature and local authorities for more information
• www.clt.info 3)
1) 5)
4)
2)
6)
sprinkler in smoke detector in
intermediate floor intermediate floor

Example of fire safety detailing
Check compliance with national regulations
Fire resistance of load-bearing walls
Reference walls calculated in this manual

• 4 or 7 timber stories above the concrete structures (load from 3 or
7 stories and roof)
• span of floor: 4.4 m
Note: These are sample calculations and must be confirmed in a com-

plete fire safety design. 7 timber 4 timber 4,400 mm 4,400 mm
stories stories
eave 1. Define the fire design loads (according EN 1990, EN 1991, EN 1995).
(in case of pitched roof)
fire sealing
all joints need to be sealed
5) 4 stories 7 stories
A B
Wall mark A B C D
Total fire design load (kN/m) 117 217 194 357

C D
fire protection board
2. Define the fire resistance of protective layers. concrete
horizontal fire barrier 3. Define charring depth: required duration of fire resistance −tch −tf
in ventilating slot
• fire barrier prevents fire
(protective layers).
from vertical fire spread
in and on façades
residual cross-section 60 / 90 min.
snow load
live load
6)
dead load
horizontal fire barrier

in ventilating slot
• fire barrier prevents fire
from vertical fire spread
in and on façades
protective layer
charred layer
4. Load-bearing capacity of the residual cross-section with loads

defined in (1) shall be calculated.

4.5 Principles of controlling deformations and cracking
1. Deformations LVL Service limit state load from the two above
Parallel to the grain: 10,000-13,800 MPa modular elements and the roof
Deformations derive from the material properties of • perpendicular to the grain:

Vibration pad
timber and properties of the structural system. Dimen- 130-2400 MPa F = 30 kN/m
sional changes are caused by moisture deformation, E ~ 0.5–10 MPa
creeping and compression. Creep and fatigue modulus of elasticity
F = 30 kN/m
Swelling and shrinkage of wood Creep of timber and vibration pad
10–15% 12 mm
increases settling.
CLT u = 1.6 mm
In the panel layer: 0.02% change in length for each 1% Structural system challenges elastic deformation
with creep
change in timber moisture content.
• perpendicular to the panel layer: 0.24% change The vibration pad locates between the
in length for each 1% change in timber moisture wall panels and a significant part of set-
content. tling occurs in this layer. If the ceiling
panel also locates between the wall pan-
Moisture content els, the deformation is even bigger.
Manufacture moisture of CLT is 10–14%
• manufacture moisture of LVL is 8–10%
• air humidity changes between ~ RH 20–60% CLT wall panel
• timber moisture content changes between 7–13% E = 12,500 MPa

5% change in modulus of elasticity
moisture content parallel to the grain
Modulus of elasticity
F = 30 kN/m
CLT
Parallel to the grain: 12,500 MPa
• perpendicular to the grain: 370 MPa
5 × 0.02% 2950 mm
CLT ceiling panel

(if situated between the wall panels)
F = 30 kN/m
E = 370 MPa
modulus of elasticity u = 3.0 mm u = 0.2 mm
5% change in perpendicular to the grain elastic deformation
moisture content with creep
F = 30 kN/m
Total settling: 4.8 mm for one storey
5 × 0.024% 2,950 mm
u = 1.0 mm u = 0.2 mm
elastic deformation
with creep

2. Connections Cracking
Deformations have to be considered when designing the connections. Deformations Wood cracks when it exceeds the limit of the
cause for example slotted holes to steel parts. Vertical deformation is the largest prob- tension stress perpendicular to the grain.
lem for uplift connections. When settling occurs, the tension rod loosens. It has to be Normal cracks are included in design princi-
retightened or there has to be a system which reduces the effects of the deformations. ples.
slotted holes in the steel part Main reasons for the propagation of cracks:
• exceeding tension stresses due to
tension rod can be tightened
when settling occurs uncontrolled drying on-site for example
• moisture deformations of wood (for
example from summer to winter)
3. HVAC
Settling has to be considered in vertical piping.
rapid drying may cause visual

cracks on CLT surfaces
piping connection which allows settling

4.6 Principles of HVAC design A
The goal of the HVAC design is to provide thermal comfort and

optimal indoor air quality. This section describes the main plumb-
ing routes for a centralized ventilation system.
The main routes of ventilation ducts go through suspended ceil-

ings in the horizontal direction and through plumbing cavities in
the vertical direction. These cavities are located in the corridors
in order to reduce plumbing noise. The goal is to achieve sim-
ple, short routes without need for difficult holes through building
structures.
A
Centralized ventilation
fresh air
exhaust air
sewage
Options for pipe locations:
A) Pipes in suspended ceiling, fire B) Pipes between modular elements, C) Pipes between modular elements,
compartment border in ceiling fire compartment border in ceiling fire compartment border in floor
fire proof sealing fire proof sealing
Note: penetration through beams requires careful design
A–A

4.7 Bracing systems of modular What calculations must consider
buildings • Design loads
• Based on modular elements • according to actual EN standard
• Local loadings, conditions and regulations must be considered • particularly accidents (fire and progressive collapse) and
seismic loads
Guidelines for multistorey buildings • Ultimate limit state
• particularly loss of equilibrium
• Consult local loading conditions and building regulations • fracture considerations
• Consider the layout and design of shear walls: • Service limits
• symmetrical floor layouts reduce torsional vibrations • particularly deformations and vibrations of the whole
• sufficient numbers of walls insures overall stiffness structure
• openings in shear walls must be carefully planned (size, • structural members and connections
location, number) • load-bearing capacity and stiffness
module ceilings fastened to each
other and anchored to the core
slip casting or
anchored concrete
Bracing with shear walls elements
shear transfer
A–A
A A
wind load and load due to
geometric imperfections
horizontal connection, tension pin allows

and compression settlement
wind load
shear diaphragm
vertical connection shear transfer
horizontal connection,
shear transfer Bracing with concrete core
shear wall
wind load and load shear wall

due to geometric shear connection
imperfections to concrete
uplift connection
uplift connection to concrete

4.8 Principles of seismic design
Notes for details
Conditions vary, but all buildings in seismic areas must be designed to resist a) connections have to be designed for seismic forces
seismic forces as required for their location and by the national regulations. b) no fractile joints (connectors should have enough slenderness)
The example building here can be built to resist seismic forces in accordance
with Eurocode 8. Principles of seismic behavior of modular elements
• Modules remain as modules — no brittle fracture in internal connections
In earthquake prone areas, wood has several advantages: • Sufficient yielding capacity in connections between modules
• low-density (reduced dead loads for structures) • Forces are directed to stiffening structures with enough capacity to resist
• high strength to weight ratio seismic forces
• damping is better than in concrete buildings due to the material properties • Forces are directed to foundations — sufficient anchorage
and joints used in wood construction
• modern design codes (such as Eurocode 8) offer clear design principles
plastic deformation
What should be considered in timber house’s

seismic design?
Seismic design
• Conceptual design
• Seismic action horizontal connection,
tension and compression
• Details horizontal connection,
shear transfer
plastic deformation shear diaphragm
Stora Enso’s CLT modular system can be designed to be used in seismic

areas. This system includes solutions for all three steps in seismic design. vertical connection,
shear transfer
shear wall
Seismic action and design shear connection to concrete
Seismic actions depend on:

• construction site seismic hazard maps, National Annex EC8
uplift connection
• soil quality
uplift connection
• type and class of the building (residential, class II) * to concrete
• structural system **
* The ductility class for a multi-storey timber building would be DCM and
DCH (check EN 1998-1, table 8.1).
In these classes the behaviour factor q would be about 2–3.
** Note that Stora Enso’s CLT modular system has a light dead load and
plastic deformation
connections subject to plastic deformations.
high stiffness
(not brittle)

4.9 Erection procedure sequence
The room module is placed
The erection procedure sequence has many effects on struc- next to the technical module.
tural, architectural, HVAC and electrical wiring design. It has The staircase The technical module is
to be considered in the floor plan layout, pipe and cable rout- floor slab is placed on top of the modular
placed between element of previous storey.
ings as well as in the details. the modules
(see VD09).
The layout below illustrates the erection procedure sequence

of the case study house. The erection advances one apart-
ment at a time, starting from the technical module. The tech-
nical modules are situated next to the corridor to enable The element is
easy connections through the corridor shafts. When most of fastened with
vertical connection
the building services equipment are included in the techni- plates (see VD05).
cal modules, the systems can easily be connected with short
pipe and cable lines. When the technical installations are cen-
tralized in the corridor area, their maintenance is also easier,
and complicated vertical shafts and connections can be
avoided inside the apartments.
Particular attention must be paid to the erection proce- The modular elements are connected
dure when designing connections. Connection hardware with horizontal plates between the
ceiling panels (see VD07).
in the gap between two neighbouring modular units can be
fastened only to the unit which is installed first, because
The systems are
the installation of the neighbouring modular unit blocks the The drains, pipes and cables are connected inside
access to the gap. Hence the erection procedure sequence connected through the staircase the apartment.
The joints are sealed shaft and the shaft is closed with
affects where the connection hardware can be placed and (see VD15). lightweight walls (see VD08).
which walls can function as shear walls.
It also has to be ensured that overhanging components are The seam is finished
not in the way when positioning the modular units. Attention after fastening the
modular element with
has to be paid to which components are placed on top of and vertical connection
in the middle of the others. In this case for instance, the tech- plates (see VD01).
nical module must be installed first, because the floor slab of

the room module is laid upon the support on the side of the
technical module.
13 11 9
12 10 8
6 4 3 1
7 5 2 Erection procedure sequence

of modular elements (1–13)

5 Structural
design

5.1 Structural types
Orientation chart
YP1
YP2 VSK1
VSK2
US1 VS1
VP5 VS2
VP41
E-VP42
VSK4 VSK3
E-VSK12
VSK5
VP11 VP2 VP3

E-VP12

List of Drawings
Structural No. Description
type
US 1 LOAD-BEARING EXTERNAL WALL VP 41 CLT SLAB INTERMEDIATE FLOOR, BALCONY
A Wood cladding, insulation, gypsum board A Open boarding, visible CLT
B Tile cladding, insulation, gypsum board B Open boarding, suspended ceiling
C Render, glass wool, visible CLT VP 5 STAIRS
D Render, wood fibre, visible CLT A CLT stairs, load-bearing CLT / gluelam
E Wood cladding, insulation, visible CLT B CLT stairs, CLT slab
VSK 1 LOAD-BEARING PARTITION WALL C CLT steps, gluelam beams, insulation
A Double gypsum boards D Plywood steps, nail plate connected beams, insulation
B Visible CLT E Concrete stairs
VSK 2 LOAD-BEARING PARTITION WALL, BATHROOM YP 1 ROOF STRUCTURE
A Gypsum boards, waterproofing A Timber truss roof
B Sanitary box elements B Flat roof
VSK 3 LOAD-BEARING PARTITION WALL, ELEVATOR SHAFT YP 2 PITCHED ROOF; TIMBER TRUSS, CORRIDOR
A CLT, gypsum boards A Timber truss roof, LVL bottom chord
B CLT AP 1 BASE FLOOR, CANTILEVER APARTMENT
C Concrete A Floating floor slab, CLT
VSK 4 LOAD-BEARING PARTITION WALL, CORRIDOR VS 1 NON-LOAD-BEARING PARTITION WALL, INSIDE APARTMENT
A Lightweight inner partition (one side), double gypsum boards A Timber or steel frame
B Lightweight inner partition (one side), gypsum boards B CLT
C Lightweight inner partition (one side), gypsum boards VS 2 NON-LOAD-BEARING PARTITION WALL, INSIDE APARTMENT,
BATHROOM
D Lightweight inner partition (one side), service shaft
A Timber or steel frame, bathroom
VSK 5 LOAD-BEARING PARTITION WALL, INSIDE APARTMENT
B CLT, bathroom
A Double CLT, gypsum boards
E-VP 12 INTERMEDIATE FLOOR, APARTMENT
B CLT, gypsum boards
A Floating floor slab, rib slab, CLT
C Double column, gypsum boards
B Floating floor slab, timber joists, CLT, suspended ceiling
D Column, gypsum boards
E-VP 42 CLT SLAB INTERMEDIATE FLOOR, RECESSED BALCONY,
VP 11 CLT SLAB INTERMEDIATE FLOOR, APARTMENT APARTMENT
A Floating floor slab, gypsum boards A Floating floor slab, visual CLT
B Floating floor slab, visible CLT E-VSK 12 LOAD-BEARING PARTITION WALL, RECESSED BALCONY,
VP 2 CLT SLAB INTERMEDIATE FLOOR, BATHROOM APARTMENT
A Concrete slab, CLT, suspended ceiling A Wood cladding, double CLT, gypsum boards
B Sanitary box element, CLT, sanitary box element

C Sanitary box element, CLT
VP 3 CLT SLAB INTERMEDIATE FLOOR, CORRIDOR
A Chipboard, CLT, suspended ceiling
B CLT, suspended ceiling
C CLT
D Floating floor slab, CLT, suspended ceiling

US 1
Variables
Load-bearing external wall
A. Wood cladding, insulation, gypsum board B. Tile cladding, insulation, gypsum board
Structure Structure
• façade material • façade material
• ventilation [32 mm] • ventilation [50 mm]
façade requirements
• insulation * • insulation *
solid wood requirements
• visual • CLT [120 mm]** • CLT [120 mm]**
• weather • load-bearing
• gypsum board [18 mm]* • gypsum board [18 mm]*
• fire • fire resistance
surface layer requirements

• acoustics
• fire
insulation requirements C. Render, glass wool, visible CLT D. Render, wood fibre, visible CLT
• U value
Structure Structure
• render [10–30 mm] • render [10–30 mm]
• mineral wool insulation * • timber frame + wood fibre
• CLT [120 mm]** insulation [150 mm]
• CLT [120 mm]**
E. Wood cladding, insulation, visible CLT
Charring values used for CLT cross-section calculation are calculated Structure
according to zero strength layer theory presented in EN 1995-1-2. • façade material*
• ventilation [32 mm]
• insulation [180 mm]
Variables of the construction materials, listed from the outside to
• CLT [120 mm]**
the inside. Yellow colour indicates changed variable.
Type Insulation Surface material Thickness Minimum CLT cross-section U Surface reaction to fire R w (C; C tr)
(CLT 120) [W/m²K] [dB]
R60 R90
4 floors 7 floors 4 floors 7 floors Inner Outer

* variable
A.0 180 mm gypsum board [18 mm] 373 mm 120 C3s 120 C3s 140 C5s 140 C5s 0.153 A2-s1,d0 D-s2, d0 44 (0; −2)
** according to structural calculations
A.1 120 mm gypsum board [18 mm] 313 mm 120 C3s 120 C3s 140 C5s 140 C5s 0.211 A2-s1,d0 D-s2, d0 44 (0; −2)
A.2 180 mm wood based panel 369 mm — — — — 0.152 — D-s2, d0 44 (0; −3)
B.0 180 mm gypsum board [18 mm] 453 mm 120 C3s 120 C3s 140 C5s 140 C5s 0.153 A2-s1,d0 — 54 (−1; −3)
B.1 120 mm gypsum board [18 mm] 393 mm 120 C3s 120 C3s 140 C5s 140 C5s 0.211 A2-s1,d0 — 54 (−1; −3)
B.2 180 mm wood based panel 449 mm — — — — 0.152 — — 54 (−1; −3)
B.3 180 mm visible CLT 393 mm 140 C5s 140 C5s 140 C5s 140 C5s 0.154 D-s2, d0 — 54 (−2; −4)
C.0 150 mm visible CLT 298 mm 140 C5s 140 C5s 140 C5s 140 C5s 0.196 D-s2, d0 — 44 (0; −3)
C.1 180 mm visible CLT 328 mm 140 C5s 140 C5s 140 C5s 140 C5s 0.169 D-s2, d0 — 44 (0; −3)
D.0 150 mm visible CLT 300 mm 140 C5s 140 C5s 140 C5s 140 C5s 0.232 D-s2, d0 — 39 (0; −3)
E.0 180 mm visible CLT 355 mm 140 C5s 140 C5s 140 C5s 140 C5s 0.154 D-s2, d0 D-s2, d0 42 (0; −3)
Note that all final solutions need to be reviewed and approved by responsible designer. See 1.3 (Disclaimer, page 5).

VSK 1 Variables
Load-bearing partition wall
A. Double gypsum boards B. Visible CLT
Structure Structure
• 2 gypsum boards [13 mm] • CLT [120 mm]**
• CLT [120 mm]** • air gap [50 mm] + insulation [30 mm]
• air gap [50 mm] + insulation [30 mm] • CLT [120 mm]**
• load-bearing • CLT [120 mm]**
• fire resistance • 2 gypsum boards [13 mm]

• acoustics
• fire
insulation requirements
• acoustics
Charring values used for CLT cross-section calculation are calculated

according to zero strength layer theory presented in EN 1995-1-2.

Type Insulation Materials Thickness Minimum CLT cross-section Surface reaction to fire R w (C; C tr)
(CLT 120) [dB]
R60 R90
4 floors 7 floors 4 floors 7 floors
A.0 30 mm gypsum boards [2 × 13 mm] 342 mm 140 C5s 140 C5s 140 C5s 140 C5s A2-s1,d0 56 (−1; −5)
* variable
A.1 30 mm wood based panel 344 mm — — — — D-s2, d0 —
B.0 30 mm CLT 290 mm 140 C5s 140 C5s 140 C5s 140 C5s D-s2, d0 —

VSK 2 Variables
Load-bearing partition wall, bathroom
A . Gypsum boards, waterproofing B. Sanitary box elements
Structure Structure
• tiles • sanitary box element
solid wood • tile adhesive • air gap
requirements • certified waterproofing system • gypsum board [15 mm]
• load-bearing • wet area board [13 mm] • CLT [100 mm]**
• fire resistance • battens [32 mm] + air gap • air gap [50 mm] + insulation [30 mm]
• gypsum board [15 mm] • CLT [100 mm]**
• CLT [120 mm]** • gypsum board [15 mm]
surface layer requirements • air gap [50 mm] + insulation [30 mm] • air gap
• CLT [120 mm]** • sanitary box element
• acoustics
• gypsum board [15 mm]
• fire
insulation requirements • battens [32 mm] + air gap
• acoustics • wet area board [13 mm]
• certified waterproofing system
• tile adhesive
• tiles


(CLT 120) [dB]
R60 R90
A.0 30 mm tiles 434 120 C3s 120 C3s 140 C5s 140 C5s — 60 (−3 ; −9)
* variable
B.0 30 mm sanitary box element 444 120 C3s 120 C3s 140 C5s 140 C5s — 54 (−2; −5)

VSK 3 Variables
Load-bearing partition wall, elevator shaft
A. CLT, gypsum boards B. CLT
Structure Structure
• gypsum board * [15 mm] • CLT** [140 mm]
• CLT [120 mm]**
• load-bearing • gypsum board * [15 mm]
• fire

• fire
C. Concrete
Structure
• reinforced concrete ** [200 mm]


Type Insulation Surface material Thickness Fire resistance Surface reaction to fire Charring Rw (C; C tr)
(CLT 120/140) [dB]
R60 R90
* variable
A.0 — gypsum board [15 mm] 150 mm R30 A2-s1,d0 — 37 (−1; −4)
A.1 — wood based panel 148 mm — — — 36 (0; −3)
B.0 — CLT 140 mm — D-s2, d0 — 36 (−1; 4)
C.0 — concrete 200 mm — — — 59 (−2; −5)

VSK 4 Variables
Load-bearing partition wall, corridor
A. CLT D. CLT, SERVICE A. Lightweight inner partition (one side), B. Lightweight inner partition (one side),
VOID double gypsum boards gypsum boards
Structure Structure
• gypsum board * [15 mm] • gypsum board [18 mm]*
• CLT [120 mm]** • CLT [120 mm]**
solid wood • air gap [20 mm] + punctual fastening • battens [48 mm] + insulation [50 mm]
requirements • timber frame wall [98 mm] + • gypsum board [18 mm]
• load-bearing insulation [100 mm]
• fire resistance • 2 gypsum boards [13 mm]
surface layer
requirements C. Lightweight inner partition (one side), D. Lightweight inner partition (one side),
• fire plasterboards service shaft
• acoustics
Structure Structure
• plasterboard [13 mm] • gypsum board [18 mm]*
• CLT [120 mm]** • CLT [120 mm]**
• battens [48 mm] + insulation [50 mm] • gypsum board [18 mm]
• plasterboard [13 mm] • air gap
• steel frame + insulation [50 mm]
• 2 gypsum boards [15 mm]


(CLT 120) [dB]
R60 R90

* variable
A.0 100 mm gypsum board [15 mm / 13 mm] 279 mm 140 C5s 140 C5s 140 C5s 140 C5s A2-s1,d0 61 (−1; −5)
A.1 100 mm wood based panel / gypsum board [13 mm] 278 mm — — — — D-s2, d0/A2-s1,d0 —
A.2 100 mm visible CLT / gypsum board [13 mm] 264 mm 140 C5s 140 C5s 140 C5s 140 C5s D-s2, d0/A2-s1,d0 —
B.0 50 mm gypsum board [18 mm] 204 mm 120 C3s 120 C3s 140 C5s 140 C5s A2-s1,d0 —
B.1 50 mm wood based panel / gypsum board [18 mm] 200 mm — — — — D-s2, d0/A2-s1,d0 —
B.2 50mm visible CLT / gypsum board [18 mm] 186 mm 140 C5s 140 C5s 140 C5s 140 C5s D-s2, d0/A2-s1,d0 —
C.0 50 mm plasterboards [13 mm] 194 mm 140 C5s 140 C5s 140 C5s 140 C5s A2-s1,d0 —
D.0 50 mm gypsum board [18 mm / 2 × 15 mm] 385 mm 120 C3s 120 C3s 140 C5s 140 C5s A2-s1,d0 —
D.1 50 mm wood based panel / gypsum boards [2 × 15 mm] 381 mm — — — — D-s2, d0/A2-s1,d0 —
D.2 50 mm visible CLT / gypsum boards [2 × 15 mm] 377 mm 140 C5s 140 C5s 140 C5s 140 C5s D-s2, d0/A2-s1,d0 —

VSK5 Variables
Load-bearing partition wall,
A. Double CLT, gypsum boards B. CLT, gypsum boards
inside apartment
C. BEAM
A. CLT Structure Structure
AND POST
• gypsum board * [15 mm] • gypsum board * [15 mm]
• CLT [120 mm]** • CLT [140 mm]**
• air gap [35 mm] + insulation • gypsum board * [15 mm]
• CLT [120 mm]**
• gypsum board * [15 mm]
solid wood
requirements
• load-bearing
• fire resistance
surface layer
requirements C. Double column, gypsum boards D. Column, gypsum boards
• fire
Structure Structure
• gypsum board [15 mm] • gypsum board [15 mm]
• gluelam column [115 mm]** • gluelam column [190 mm]**
• air gap [35 mm] + insulation • gypsum board [15 mm]
• gluelam column [115 mm]**

Type Insulation Materials Thickness Minimum CLT cross-section Surface reaction to fire Rw (C; C tr)
[dB]
R60 R90

* variable
A.0 20 mm gypsum board [15 mm] 305 mm 120 C3s 120 C3s 140 C5s 140 C5s A2-s1,d0 54 (−2; −6) ** according to structural calculations
20 mm wood based panel 303 mm — — — — D-s2, d0 53 (−1; −5)
20 mm visible CLT 275 mm 140 C5s 140 C5s 140 C5s 140 C5s D-s2, d0 52 (−1; −6)
B.0 — gypsum board [15 mm] 170 mm 160 C5s 160 C5s — — A2-s1,d0 38 (−1; −4)
wood based panel 168 mm — — — — D-s2, d0 38 (−1; −5)
visible CLT 140 mm — — — — D-s2, d0 36 (−1; 4)
C.0 20 mm gypsum board [15 mm] 295 mm — — — — A2-s1,d0 51 (−2; −7)
D.0 — gypsum board [15 mm] 220 mm — — — — A2-s1,d0 40 (−3; −10)

VP 11 Variables
CLT slab intermediate floor, apartment
A . Floating floor slab, gypsum board B. Floating floor slab, visible CLT
Structure Structure
• surface layer • surface layer
surface layer solid wood
• floating floor slab [40 mm] • floating floor slab [40 mm]
requirements requirements
• impact sound isolation [30 mm] • impact sound isolation [30 mm]
• acoustics • load-bearing • CLT [140 mm]** • CLT [140 mm]**
• fire • air gap [135 mm] + insulation [50 mm] • air gap [135 mm] + insulation [50 mm]
• CLT [80 mm]** • CLT [80 mm]**

• acoustics
• fire
• visual
Charring values used for CLT cross-section calculation are calculated according
to zero strength layer theory presented in EN 1995-1-2.
Variables of the construction materials, listed from the outside to the

inside. Yellow colour indicates changed variable.
Type Insulation Surface material Thickness Fire resistance Surface reaction to fire Charring Rw (C; C tr) Ln,w (Ci)
[dB] [dB]
Floor Ceiling R60 R90
* variable
A.0 50 mm floor slab [40 mm] / gypsum board [18 mm] 458 mm REI 60 — A2-s1,d0 16 mm 36 mm 62 (–1; –5) 74 (–10)
B.0 50 mm floor slab [40 mm] / CLT 440 mm — — D-s2, d0 25 mm 45 mm 61 (–1; –5) 75 (–10)

VP 2 Variables
CLT slab intermediate floor, bathroom
A. Concrete slab, CLT, suspended ceiling B. Sanitary box element, CLT, sanitary box element
surface layer solid wood Structure Structure

requirements requirements • tiles • tiles
• load-bearing • tile adhesive • tile adhesive
• acoustics
• fire • certified waterproofing system • certified waterproofing system
• concrete slab [70 mm] • concrete slab [100 mm]
• CLT [140 mm]** • air gap [245 mm]
• air gap [135 mm] • CLT [80 mm]**
• CLT [80 mm]** • drop ceiling and panelling
• drop ceiling and panelling
suspended ceiling C. Sanitary box element, CLT

surface layer
requirements
requirements
• visual
• acoustics Structure
• fire • tiles
• tile adhesive
• certified waterproofing system
• concrete slab [100 mm]
• air gap [245 mm]
• CLT [80 mm]**


[dB] [dB]
* variable
A.0 100 mm tiles / CLT 637 mm REI 60 — D-s2, d0 25 mm 45 mm 66 (−2; −6) 71 (−10)
B.0 30 mm tiles / CLT 637 mm REI 60 — D-s2, d0 — — 71 (−2; −6) 67 (−10)
C.0 30 mm tiles / CLT 437 mm REI 60 — D-s2, d0 — — 53 (−2; −7) 75 (−9)

VP 3 Variables
CLT slab intermediate floor, corridor
A. Chipboard, CLT, suspended ceiling B. CLT, suspended ceiling
Structure Structure
surface layer solid wood
• chipboard [25 mm] • CLT [120 mm]**
• acoustics • load-bearing • CLT [120 mm]** • gypsum board [15 mm]
• fire • gypsum board [18 mm] • suspended ceiling and
• Supporting gluelam beams gypsum board [18 mm]
• suspended ceiling and
gypsum board [13 mm]
suspended ceiling surface layer C. CLT D. Floating floor slab, CLT, suspended ceiling
• visual • acoustics
• fire Structure Structure
• CLT [200 mm]** • floating floor slab [40 mm]
• impact sound isolation [30 mm]
• CLT [120 mm]**
• suspended ceiling
• resilient channel [25 mm]
• gypsum board [2 × 15 mm]


[dB] [dB]
* variable
A.0 — chipboard / gypsum board [13 mm] 544 mm REI 60 — A2-s1,d0 0 mm 30 mm 59 (−2; −8) 55 (1)
B.0 — CLT / gypsum board [18 mm] 403 mm — — A2-s1,d0 8 mm 39 mm 43 (0; −3) 72 (−8)
C.0 — CLT 215 mm — — D-s2, d0 46 mm 65 mm 41 (−2; −6) 84 (−8)
D.0 30 mm floor slab [40 mm] / gypsum board [15 mm] 485 mm REI 60 — A2-s1,d0 0 mm 24 mm 61 (−2; −8) 70 (−6)

VP 41 Variables
CLT slab intermediate floor, balcony
A. Open boarding, visible CLT B. Open boarding, suspended ceiling
Structure Structure
• open boarding [28 mm] • open boarding [28 mm]
• firring piece • firring piece
surface layer • waterproofing • waterproofing
requirements solid wood requirements • CLT [100 mm]** • CLT [100 mm]**
• load-bearing • fire retardant treatment • fire retardant treatment
• visual
• fire • suspended ceiling
• boarding [28 mm]
surface layer
requirements
• fire
• visual


[dB] [dB]
* variable
A.0 — boarding / fire retardant treatment 170 mm REI 30 — B-s2.d0 30 mm 45 mm
B.0 — boarding / fire retardant treatment 317 mm REI 30 — B-s2.d0 30 mm 45 mm

VP 5 Variables
Stairs A. CLT stairs, load-bearing CLT / gluelam B. CLT stairs, CLT slab
A. CLT STAIRS
Structure Structure
• CLT steps • CLT steps
• load-bearing CLT handrails • CLT slab **
or gluelam beams
• CLT (handrail)
C. CLT steps, gluelam beams, insulation D. Plywood steps, nail plate connected beams, insulation
Structure Structure
• CLT steps • plywood [21 mm]
• supporting beams for CLT steps • nail plate connected beams **
and load-bearing CLT handrails ** • insulation [100 mm]
B. NAIL PLATE STRUCTURED STAIRS • insulation [100 mm] • gypsum board [2 × 13 mm]
• gypsum board [2 × 13 mm]

• visual
E. Concrete stairs
surface layer
requirements
• visual beams
• fire requirements Structure
• concrete steps
• load-bearing
• concrete beams **

Type Insulation Surface material Thickness Fire resistance Surface reaction to fire Rw (C; C tr) Ln,w (Ci)
[dB] [dB]
Floor Ceiling
* variable
A.0 0 mm CLT — — — D-s2, d0 — —
B.0 0 mm CLT 160 mm — — D-s2, d0 44 (−1; −5) 82 (−7) *** air gap due to acoustics
C.0 100 mm CLT / gypsum board [2 × 13 mm] 226 mm REI 30 DFL-s1 A2-s1,d0 41 (−1; −4) 73 (−8)
D.0 100 mm plywood / gypsum board [2 × 13 mm] 198 mm REI 30 DFL-s1 A2-s1,d0 44 (−4; −12) 75 (−4)
E.0 0 mm concrete 110 mm — — — 50 (−1; −3) 50 (−1; −3)

YP 1
Variables
Roof structure A. TIMBER TRUSS ROOF
A. Timber truss roof B. Flat roof
roof truss requirements

• load-bearing Structure Structure
• fire resistance • roof material • bitumen sheet
• roof batten + ventilation batten • plywood board
• roof underlayment • rock wool with ventilation channel
• roof truss + ventilation • polyurethane insulation board
• insulation [450 mm] • moisture barrier
• CLT [80 mm] • CLT [180 mm]**
solid wood
• gypsum board [18 mm] • battens
requirements
• load-bearing
• fire
resistance
insulation
requirements
• fire
• U value
• visual
• acoustics

Type Insulation Surface material Thickness Fire resistance U Surface reaction to fire Rw (C; C tr)
[W/m²K] [dB]
Roof Ceiling
* variable
A.0 450 mm gypsum board [18 mm] — REI 60 0.076 BROOF A2-s1,d0 42 (0; −2)
B.0 270 mm gypsum board [13 mm] — — — — A2-s1,d0 60 (−1; −5)

YP 2 Variables
Pitched roof, timber truss, corridor
A. Timber truss roof, LVL bottom chord
Structure
• roof material
• roof batten + ventilation batten
• roof underlayment
• roof truss** + ventilation [~100 mm]
• sheathing board [9 mm]
• insulation [450 mm; rock wool]
• vapour barrier
• battens [32 mm]
• 2 gypsum boards [15 mm]
Variables of the construction materials, listed from the outside

to the inside. Yellow colour indicates changed variable.
Type Insulation Surface material Thickness Fire resistance U Surface reaction to fire Rw (C; C tr)
[W/m²K] [dB]
Roof Ceiling
* variable
A.0 450 mm gypsum boards [2 × 15 mm] — REI 60 0.076 — A2-s1,d0 58 (−1; −5)

AP 1 Variables
Base floor, cantilever apartment
A . Floating floor slab, CLT
surface layer Structure

solid wood
requirements • floating floor slab [40 mm]
requirements
• impact sound isolation [30 mm]
• acoustics • load-bearing • CLT [140 mm]**
• fire • insulation [180 mm; rock wool]
• battens + air gap [50 mm]
• fiber cement board [8 mm]
surface layer
requirements
• acoustics
• fire
• visual
Charring calculated according to zero strength layer theory presented in EN 1995-1-2.

Type Insulation Surface material Thickness Fire resistance U Surface reaction to fire Charring Rw (C; C tr)
[W/m²K] [dB]
Inner Outer R60 R90
A.0 180 mm gypsum boards [2 × 15 mm] 463 mm REI 60 0.13 — — 16 mm 36 mm —
* variable

VS 1 Variables
Non-load-bearing partition wall,
inside apartment A. Timber or steel frame B. CLT
Structure Structure
• gypsum board* [13 mm] • CLT [80 mm]
• timber (or steel) frame wall
[66 mm] + insulation [50 mm]
• gypsum board* [13 mm]

• fire

Type Insulation Surface material Thickness Fire resistance Surface reaction to fire Rw (C; C tr)
[dB]
A.0 50 mm gypsum board [13 mm] / tiles 104 mm EI 30 A2-s1,d0/– 46 (−1; −5) * variable
A.1 50 mm wood based panel / tiles 106 mm — D-s2, d2/– 46 (−1; −5)
B.0 — visible CLT / tiles 105 mm EI 60 D-s2, d0/– 37 (−1; −3)

VS 2
Non-load-bearing partition wall, Variables
inside apartment, bathroom
A. Timber or steel frame, bathroom B. CLT, bathroom
Structure Structure
• gypsum board * [13 mm] • CLT [80 mm]
• timber (or steel) frame wall [66 mm] • moisture resistant board [13 mm]
+ insulation [50 mm] • certified waterproofing system
• moisture resistant board [13 mm] • tile adhesive
• certified waterproofing system • tiles
• tile adhesive
• tiles
• fire

Type Insulation Surface material Thickness Fire resistance Surface reaction to fire Rw (C; C tr)
[dB]
* variable
A.0 50 mm gypsum board [13 mm] 92 mm EI 30 A2-s1,d0 40 (−2; −8)
A.1 50 mm wooden panel 96 mm — D-s2, d0 40 (−2; −8)
B.0 — visible CLT 80 mm EI 60 D-s2, d0 32 (−1; −3)

E-VP 12 Variables
Intermediate floor, apartment
A . Floating floor slab, rib slab, CLT B. Floor slab, timber joists, CLT, suspended ceiling
surface layer Structure Structure

requirements • floating floor slab [40 mm] • floor slab
rib slab requirements
• impact sound isolation [30 mm] • chipboard
• acoustics • load-bearing • LVL rib slab + insulation [50 mm] • timber joists + insulation [100 mm]
• fire • plank or board • air gap
• air gap • CLT [80 mm]**
• CLT [80 mm]** • gypsum board [15 mm]
surface layer
solid wood
requirements
requirements
• acoustics
• load-bearing
• fire
• fire
• visual

Type Insulation Surface material Thickness Fire resistance Surface reaction to fire Rw (C; C tr) Ln,w (Ci)
[dB] [dB]
Floor Ceiling
* variable
A.0 50 mm floor slab [40 mm] / gypsum board [18 mm] 456 mm REI 60 — A2-s1,d0 58 (−1; −4) 78 (−11)
B.0 50 mm floor slab [40 mm] / gypsum board [15 mm] 457 mm — — A2-s1,d0 62 (−1; −4) 78 (−9)

E-VP 42
Variables
CLT slab intermediate floor,
recessed balcony, apartment A . Floating floor slab, visual CLT
surface layer solid wood Structure

requirements requirements • floating floor slab [40 mm]
• acoustics • load-bearing • impact sound isolation [30 mm]
• fire • CLT [140 mm]**
• insulation [100 mm]
• air gap
• CLT [80 mm]**

• acoustics
• fire
• visual

Type Insulation Surface material Thickness Fire resistance U Surface reaction to fire Charring Rw (C; C tr) Ln,w (Ci)
[W/m²K] [dB] [dB]
* variable
A.0 100 mm floor slab [40 mm] / CLT 432 mm REI 60 0.17 A2-s1,d0 25 mm 45 mm 61 (−1: −5) 75 (−10)

E-VSK 12
Variables
Load-bearing partition wall,
recessed balcony, apartment A. Wood cladding, double CLT, gypsum boards
Structure
• cladding
solid wood • air gap [32 mm]
requirements • gypsum board [15 mm]
façade requirements • load-bearing • CLT [120 mm]**
• visual • fire resistance • air gap [50 mm] + insulation [30 mm]
• weather • CLT [120 mm]**
• fire • gypsum board [15 mm]
• acoustics
• fire
insulation requirements
• acoustics
• U value

Type Insulation Surface material Thickness Minimum CLT cross-section U Surface reaction to fire Rw (C; C tr)
(CLT 120 mm) [W/m²K] [dB]
R60 R90
4 floors 7 floors 4 floors 7 floors Inner Outer
A.0 30 mm gypsum board [15 mm] 375 mm 120 C3s 120 C3s 140 C5s 140 C5s 0.29 A2-s1,d0 D-s2, d0 52 (−4; −9)
* variable

5.2 Structural details
Orientation chart VD12

VD13
VD01
VD02–VD07
VD09A/B VD14 VD03B
VD08 VD10
VD15A/B
VD02B
VD02C
VD02D
FD06
FD01–FD03
FD04
FD05
HD02
VD11
48m²
HD01

List of Drawings
Detail name No. Description Note

VD 1 Intermediate floor to load-bearing external wall, apartment
VD 2 A Intermediate floor to partition wall, apartment
B Intermediate floor to partition wall, apartment, beam and post Extension
C Intermediate floor to partition wall, apartment, beam floor Extension
D Intermediate floor to partition wall, apartment, rib slab floor Extension
VD 3 A Intermediate floor to load-bearing partition wall, bathroom
B Intermediate floor to load-bearing partition wall, sanitary box element Extension
VD 4 A Connection for uplift, continuous tension bar, double shear walls
B Connection for uplift, continuous tension bar, one shear wall
VD 5 A Connection for shear, wood to wood connection
B Connection for shear, steel connection
VD 6 Connection for shear, between intermediate floors
VD 7 Connection for tension and compression between intermediate floors
VD 8 Intermediate floor to partition wall, corridor
VD 9 A Intermediate floor to partition wall, corridor
B Intermediate floor to partition wall, corridor
VD 10 Balcony floor to load-bearing external wall
VD 11 Stairs to intermediate floor, corridor
VD 12 Roof to external wall
VD 13 Roof to load-bearing partition wall
VD 14 Intermediate floor to non-load-bearing partition wall, apartment
VD 15 A Two modules forming one room Extension
B Two modules forming one room Extension
VD 16 A Intermediate floor to concrete wall, apartment Extension
B Intermediate floor to concrete wall, apartment Extension
VD 17 Intermediate floor to external wall, cantilever apartment Extension
FD 1 External wall to ground floor, apartment
FD 2 External wall to ground floor, uplift tie
FD 3 External wall to ground floor, shear transfer
FD 4 Partition wall to ground floor, uplift connection
FD 5 Partition wall to ground floor, shear connection
FD 6 Partition wall to ground floor, inside apartment Extension
HD 1 Salient corner
HD 2 T-connection
HD 3 Re-entrant corner

VD 1
Intermediate floor to load-bearing external wall, apartment
airtight tape
separation strip for moisture and sound isolation
screws in element
mineral wool
EPDM rubber sealant (soft)
vibration isolation pad [12 mm]
fire barrier
2)
3)
1)
Exact amount, size and spacing of fastener according to structural engineer.

VD 2 A
Intermediate floor to partition wall, apartment
mineral wool [30 mm];

only at module edges; mineral wool [30 mm]; attached to module
attached to module
screws in elements
screws in elements
4) 3)
mineral wool [30 mm]
2) 1)

VD 2 B
Intermediate floor to partition wall, apartment, beam and post
gluelam column
gluelam column
gluelam beam
gluelam
gluelam column
gluelam column
beam

VD 2 C
Intermediate floor to partition wall, apartment, beam floor
screws in elements

VD 2 D
Intermediate floor to partition wall, apartment, rib slab floor
nails in elements
screws in elements

VD 3 A
Intermediate floor to load-bearing partition wall, bathroom
mineral wool [30 mm]; attached to module
mineral wool [30 mm]; CLT load-bearing partition wall

only at module edges;
attached to module separation strip for moisture and sound isolation
for improved impact noise isolation,

impact noise isolation layer
under the tiles can be used
CLT intermediate floor, apartment
4) 3)
Note! Compensation air and air flow in horizontal direction need to be arranged.

2) 1)

VD 3 B
Intermediate floor to load-bearing partition wall, sanitary box element
EPDM rubber sealant
screws in element
screws in element
4) 3)
2) 1)

VD 4 A
Connection for uplift, continuous tension bar, double shear walls
tension rod
scarfing of tension rod
steel plate + elastomer (only

for stability during assembly)
notch in CLT for scarfing
4) 3)
2) 1)

VD 4 B
Connection for uplift, continuous tension bar, one shear wall

attached to module
tension rod with soft plastic cover around
scarfing of tension rod
steel plate + elastomer (only for

stability during assembly)
notched CLT
4) 3)
2) 1)

VD 5 A
Connection for shear, wood to wood connection
separation strip for moisture

mineral wool [30 mm]; and sound isolation
attached to module
notched CLT wood to

wood connection
sound insulation elastomer [12 mm]
Shear connection of overlapping modules, number and size

of connections according to structural engineer
upper modular unit
sound insulation
elastomer [12 mm] lower modular unit

VD 5 B
Connection for shear, steel connection

only at module edges; sound insulation elastomer
attached to module below and on the steel plate
screws
sound insulation elastomer [12 mm]
steel plate for shear
screws
4) 3)
2)
3) 1)

VD 6
Connection for shear, between intermediate floors

gap between timber and steel part
steel plate and self-tapping

screws (long-term durability
needs to be considered)
notch for steel part
sound insulation elastomer

below and on the steel plate
CLT ceiling
CLT ceiling
For improved sound isolation, avoid placing steel connections in living rooms or bedrooms.

VD 7
Connection for tension and compression between intermediate floors

steel plate and self-tapping

screws (long-term durability
needs to be considered)
notch for steel part
sound insulation elastomer

below and on the steel plate
CLT ceiling CLT ceiling
For improved sound isolation, compression/tension forces and shear forces

are managed with different steel connections. It is not recommended to install
multiple steel parts to same location for decreased sound isolation.

VD 8
Intermediate floor to partition wall, corridor
apartment corridor
fire sealant
screws in element
screws in element
ducts
screws in element
3) 4)
Service shaft and corridor structures are built on site.
1) 2)

VD 9 A
screws and rubber washer
corridor apartment
screws in element
screws in element
screws in element
screws
4)
3) 2)
4) 1) Corridor structures are built on site.

VD 9 B Option B
Improved acoustic performance
screws and rubber washer
corridor apartment
elastic sealant
screws in element
screws in element
screws in element
screws
4) 3)
2)
Corridor structures are built on site.

4) 1)
It is recommended to use impact sound isolation layer in corridor
if the room below is living room or bedroom.

VD 10
Balcony floor to load-bearing external wall
balcony rail and glass
waterproofing
steel angle
screws
mineral wool
fire barrier

VD 11
Stairs to intermediate floor, corridor
screws
A
angle bracket
gluelam beam
CLT stairs
A–A
screws
A

VD 12
Roof to external wall
ventilated to open air
roof structure built on site
CLT needs to be edge glued or

moisture barrier needs to be used
screws in element
sealed joint
fire barrier
2)

1)

VD 13
Roof to load-bearing partition wall
ventilated to open air

roof structure built on site
plank
airtight tape
CLT needs to be edge glued or

moisture barrier needs to be used
sealed joint screws in element
EPDM rubber sealant and mineral wool
If roof truss connects modules that are part of different flats, vibration isolation pad should be used under the truss.

VD 14
Intermediate floor to non-load-bearing partition wall, apartment
support plate
screws elastic sealant

VD 15 A
Two modules forming one room
screws from wall to floor
wall
elastic sealant
installation gap
EPDM rubber sealant
screws in element
screws in element
vibration isolation pad [12 mm] EPDM rubber sealant
screws in element gluelam beam note: beam’s

length is same as module’s

VD 15 B
Two modules forming one room
screws from wall to floor
wall
elastic sealant
installation gap
EPDM rubber sealant
screws in element
screws in element
screws in element

VD 16 A
Intermediate floor to concrete wall, apartment
cast-in channel (e.g. HALFEN HTA-CE)
1 1
1–1
steel plate and self-

tapping screws

VD 16 A
Intermediate floor to concrete wall, apartment
steel plate and self-tapping screws
connection hardware for concrete
1 1
1–1

VD 17
Intermediate floor to external wall, cantilever apartment
screws in element
airtight tape
vibration isolation pad
screws in element
load-bearing EPDM rubber sealant (soft)
cantilever wall

FD 1
External wall to ground floor, apartment
epoxy covering recommended
screws in element
screws in element
bitumen felt between wood and concrete
moisture under the module from site

operations needs to be ventilated
infill cast [0–50 mm]

FD 2
External wall to ground floor, uplift tie
notch in insulation for steel part

(insulation filled on site)
tension rod
blockout for joint
steel part
anchor bolt

infill cast [0–50 mm]

FD 3
External wall to ground floor, shear transfer
notch in insulation for steel part
(insulation filled on site)
screws

steel angle for shear load (double
angle for easy installation); long-term
durability needs to be considered infill cast [0–50 mm]
anchor bolt

FD 4
Partition wall to ground floor, uplift connection
tension rod
notch in CLT for steel part
blockout for joint
steel part
anchor bolt
infill cast + bitumen felt


FD 5
Partition wall to ground floor, shear connection
(may also be calculated to take uplift)
screws
blockout for joint
steel angle
anchor bolt


FD 6
Partition wall to ground floor, inside apartment
elastic sealant
screws in elements
screws in elements


HD 1–3
Horizontal details
HD01 Salient corner HD02 T-connection
joint sealing tape CLT load-bearing partition wall
tension rod for uplift
screws in element tension rod for uplift
screws in element CLT load-bearing external wall

CLT load-bearing external wall
EPDM rubber sealant
joint sealing tape
HD03 Re-entering corner
HD02
CLT load-bearing partition wall
screws in element
CLT load-bearing external wall
80m² 59m² 80m²
48m²
EPDM rubber sealant
80m² 54m² 80m²
tension rod for uplift
joint sealing tape
HD01

6 Transportation and instructions
for on-site assembly

6.1 Transportation of modular elements • Once it is ensured that the place and position of the modular element is within toler-
ance, it can be permanently fastened. Fastening of concealed steel parts should be
• Finished modular elements are protected in factory with plastic outer cover and then documented during installation.
lifted to truck. • After the installation of adjacent modular elements, joints must be sealed.
• Modular elements are fastened to the trailer during transport in order to prevent move- • Once all modular elements of one floor are erected, other structural elements such
ment and damage. as beams, posts and CLT slabs which are not included in modular elements can be
• Elements are transported from the factory to the building site for the installation. Before installed.
transportation, it has to be made sure that the transportation route is suitable (checking • Visual check of the whole floor should be carried out before moving on with the installa-
for low bridges or tight corners on the route). tion.
• Local traffic legislation may limit the size of modular units according to maximum width • The structure must be stabilized before starting installation of the next floor.
and height of transportation loads.
6.3 Protection on-site

6.2 Principles of erection
6.3.1 Moisture control
6.2.1 General • Moisture control takes part in every phase of the project from beginning to end in order
• An erection scheme must be made and approved according to the local building regu- to produce a healthy and safe building.
lations before starting erection.
• Before beginning, ensure that lifting equipment, space and weather conditions on site
are sufficient for the erection period. 6.3.2 Persons in charge of the moisture control
• The erection scheme should specify which lifting equipment is needed on site.
Depending on the project this will include for instance a mobile crane or tower crane, • An expert and other persons in charge of the moisture control will be assigned to the
lifting slings or chains, eyebolts, etc. project. Their task is to monitor and control moisture through every phase of the pro-
• Modular elements may be lifted from 4, 6 or 8 lifting points depending on the element. ject.
• Lifting points must be planned so that they can carry the weight of the modular ele-
ment.
• Lifting points must be planned to keep the module balanced while it is lifted. 6.3.3 Moisture control plan and employee engagement
• Modules with large openings need to be reinforced before lifting to prevent deformation
and damage. • A moisture control plan should include an estimation of possible risks caused by mois-
• Safety precautions must be considered for lifting and working at height. ture, plans for measuring and monitoring moisture levels and a scheme for controlling
• During construction the platform must not be overloaded with construction materials moisture on-site as needed.
beyond its live load capacity. • The whole staff on-site should be trained to take into account the basic demands of the
• Typically the erection speed of modular units is 6 units/shift. moisture control in their work and commit to following the requirements for moisture
control from beginning to end of the project.
6.2.2 Installation of modular elements • The demands of the moisture control plan will be taken into account in requests for
estimates, quotes, contracts and site meetings if required.
• The erection surface must be checked before starting erection — straightness, toler-
ances, etc. should be confirmed.
• Modular elements should be unloaded in order of assembly or installed directly from 6.3.4 Assurance of moisture technical quality in
the truck. case of moisture damage
• Modular elements are prepared for lifting (plastic covers are removed from the area
where they are not needed). Before installation a visual check should be done to verify • All moisture damage will be documented and the necessary actions
quality of the elements. required to dry out any moistened structures will be defined.
• Each modular element is lifted on its spot. Guiding steel parts should be used to get the • Drying out any moistened structures must be monitored with mois-
modular element to the right spot and to stay within installation tolerances. ture measurements and results must be documented.

6.4 Protection of structures and material on-site Joints between roof modules
need to be sealed.
• All modules should be entirely protected during the transportation and installed Joints between modules
Temporary roof modules for need to be sealed.
as they arrive on site or stored without direct contact to the ground. covering. Lifted on modules to
• All modules will be inspected from outside before erection. Any damages conclude the erection day.
cover plate or
incurred will be documented and repaired immediately. tarpaulin
channels in roof modules
• The erection sequence of modules will be planned so that modules can be pro- for controlled dewatering
tected after erection. All modules under one roof module should be erected at
one time (Fig. 1).
6.4.1 Protection of walls in modular elements

• At the factory, modular elements are covered with a plastic coating which is
partly removed on-site before erection.
• The connections between modules on external walls of the building are pro-
tected by taping the joints with applicable tape and installing a divider plank on
façade boarding.
• External walls of the modular elements that are not a part of the building
façade have to be protected until adjacent modular elements are installed. Fig. 1: Protection of modular elements
during erection
6.4.2 Protection of roofs in modular elements

joint sealing tape + divider plank
• Modular elements are protected on top with temporary roof modules (Fig. 1),
which can cover one or multiple apartments.
• The roof modules are equipped with a beam for lifting.
• The roof elements are often made of gang nailed timber trusses, chipboard and a
bitumen layer.
• Joints of the roof modules are protected by overlapping the bitumen with the
adjacent roof module.
• Sides of the roof modules are protected with boards or plastic covers so that
rainwater will not leak into the module structures.
• The roof modules can be equipped with channels for controlling drainage.
• Cantilever modular elements that are not protected by roof modules need to be pro-
tected with a tarpaulin or other protective material.

6.4.3 Management of the indoor conditions
• The management of indoor conditions will begin when load-bearing structures are
erected and openings in external envelope have been covered.
• The heating system is set to every space enclosed by load-bearing walls, in order to dry
structures.
• It is recommended to use two recording condition loggers (to measure relative humidity
and temperature of the air). This is to ensure drying of the structures in every separate
space. Data collected from condition loggers should be unloaded every week and
management of indoor conditions will be proceeded based on the information from
this data. During site assembly, it is recommended that the relative humidity of the air
is kept under 75%. After installation of thermal insulation, the relative humidity of the
indoor air should be under 45–55%, with a temperature higher than +10 °C in order for
structures to dry effectively.
6.4.4 Inspections to be made before installation of finishes

These principles are applied to areas that are not prefabricated modular elements.
• The moisture content of all internal structures should be inspected before installation of
internal coatings begins.
• The condition of all internal wood surfaces should be checked with appropriate instru-
ments.
• The moisture content of all internal wood surfaces should be measured and charted.
• Using data from these moisture measurements, estimates for coating can take into
account the quality required for the specific conditions.
• Criteria for coatings will be determined by the types of structures and the moisture
control plan.
• Damaged materials must be replaced before installation of internal materials can begin.
• Confirmation of moisture measurements, if necessary, can be made by drying and
weighing measurements as well as by measurements of the relative humidity of the
pore-air of the timber.

7 Sustainability

7.1 Stora Enso building solutions for sustainable
homes
Sustainable homes aim at balancing the needs of today and those of future generations;
they are built without depleting natural resources and without other harmful environ-
mental and social impacts. Today, sustainable homes mostly aim at reducing carbon
emissions, and at providing healthy and comfortable living conditions for occupants,
considering the whole building life cycle including the production of construction mate-
rials. These aspects of sustainability are increasingly subject to tightening legislative
requirements and voluntary third-party verification. In relation to the latter, many build-
ing rating systems exist and provide viable tools for the communication of a building’s
sustainability credentials.
Stora Enso building solutions help designers, contractors, owners and tenants achieve
compliance and address their sustainability ambitions.
7.1.1 Responsibly sourced renewable wood for low carbon
building solutions
Stora Enso’s construction materials and building solutions are based on low environ-
mental impact, renewable wood from sustainably managed forests. Wood for Stora
Enso’s wood products and building solutions originates from semi-natural, sustainably
managed European forests, which grow by area and by volume. The European forests
contribute to the social welfare and livelihood of local communities and regions with
16 million forest owners. Parallel multiple uses of these forests for recreation and nature
conservation are integral parts of sustainable forestry practices.
Stora Enso promotes third-party certification of forest management, with demands that
go beyond legal requirements. In 2015, already 80% of all wood that was used by Stora
Enso’s mills originated from PEFC™ or FSC® (C125195) certified forests. For verification
of the responsible and legal wood origin, Stora Enso applies PEFC and FSC Chain of
Custody certified wood traceability systems.
In the production of wood based building solutions, Stora Enso’s mills apply ISO and
OHSAS based management systems to ensure responsible, efficient, clean and safe
working environments. Energy is mostly produced using biomass generated from saw-
mill residues, avoiding fossil carbon emissions. High yields and efficiencies in the use of
wood ensure that no wood goes wasted.

Wood construction plays an increasing role in global warming mitigation and adaptation 7.2 Occupant health and wellbeing — Indoor climate
strategies as it helps to reduce the fossil carbon emissions. Sustainable, growing forests
store carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Wood construction materials store an amount
and thermal comfort
of carbon equal to approximately half of their dry weight and wooden buildings are carbon
storages during their lifetime. At end of their useful life, wood products can be re-used, Thermal ‘sensation’ is a parameter that reflects the thermal comfort in a building. Cold sur-
recycled or used as none fossil fuels for energy production. faces can cause the feeling of draught even though the building envelope is airtight, as the
human body radiates heat towards colder surfaces of a room. Optimised thermal insula-
tion guarantees suitable surface temperatures of walls and the roof of a building to mitigate
7.1.2 Energy efficient and low carbon homes uncomforting indoor conditions.
Buildings use approximately 40% of total EU energy consumption 1. Reduction of energy Moisture damages in building structures are one of the critical causes of poor quality of
use in buildings is one of the most economical ways to mitigate carbon emissions. The indoor air and associated health problems such as asthma and respiratory disorder 6.
Energy Performance of the Buildings Directive (EPBD) 2 is the main policy tool by the Euro-
pean Union to reduce energy use in buildings within the EU member states. Furthermore, There are several classifications that help define good indoor air quality, e.g. the Finnish
the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) 3 aims at increasing the share of renewable energy Classification of Indoor Environment 2008. It is a voluntary system for setting target values
in supply to buildings, herewith further driving down carbon emission from the use of for the indoor environment in new buildings. Highly insulated CLT based structures contrib-
buildings. ute to indoor climate in varying means, for example:
The EPBD is driving the constant improvement of energy performance of buildings, build- • good thermal insulation enables even temperatures in a room 7
ing elements and technical systems. The performance is defined and updated in national • natural wooden materials have low emissions during the use of a building
building regulations. According to the EPBD, as of the beginning of 2021, all new buildings • use of wood as an interior design element can contribute to pleasant living and working
will need to be nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB) in the EU member states. nZEBs are environment 8
buildings with very high energy performance and their energy requirements are covered by
renewable energy sources to a significant extent. In each EU member state energy perfor- Comfort and indoor air quality are becoming increasingly important criteria to customers
mance levels and nZEB are defined differently using a methodology considering associated when renting or buying their home. Stora Enso building solutions promote good and healthy
life cycle costs. Stora Enso wood based building solutions offer a wide range of proper- indoor climate.
ties that fit the nZEB definition well in the Central and Northern European countries. CLT
structures for use in the Nordic climates have been analysed for their building physical and
energy performance. Insulated CLT and other wooden structures can have U values down
to 0.1 W/m²K and even below without any moisture risks and associated risks to the indoor
climate.
With energy use in buildings heavily regulated and quickly approaching nZEB, efforts to
lower the environmental impact of buildings are now focusing more and more on lower-
ing energy consumption and carbon emissions associated with the production of building
materials and the construction of buildings. The use of Stora Enso low carbon building solu-
tions help lower environmental impacts relative to existing homes and construction prac-
tices 4, 5.
1 http://ec.europa.eu/research/press/2013/pdf/ppp/eeb_factsheet.pdf
2 Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the energy 6 European Respiratory Journal. 2007 March, 29(3):509-15
performance of buildings. 7 Holopainen, R. A human thermal model for improved thermal comfort. Dissertation. Espoo 2012. VTT
3 Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources. Science 23. 141 p.
4 Environmental Improvement Potentials of Residential Buildings (IMPRO-Building) 2008 8 Nyrud A, Bringslimark T, Bysheim K, Health benefits from wood interiors in Hospitals. Norwegian
5 Wood in Carbon Efficient Construction — ECO2. http://www.eco2wood.com/ Institute of Wood Technology.

7.3 Elements of life cycle design in CLT and LVL 1
based buildings
Life cycle design refers to a structured co-operation between designers, contractors, mate- Sustainability information on verification and certification:
rial suppliers and possibly other project stakeholders. Life cycle design aims to achieve
building solutions that consider life cycle costs and contribute to higher construction qual- • Chain of Custody certificates (PEFC™ and FSC®) for responsibly sourced wood from
ity, longer service times, good indoor environment, low energy demand as well as carbon sustainable and legal sources available at
emissions, and hence life cycle design helps the delivery of sustainable homes. http://www.storaenso.com > Sustainability > Certificates
• Wood from sustainably managed certified forests
New buildings are typically designed for a service life of 50–100 years. Longer service • Ask for our PEFC™ or FSC® (C125195) certified products
life using wood construction has been proven throughout history. Components such as • Certificates for responsible, efficient and safe manufacturing processes available at
fans, pumps, piping, surface coatings, waterproofing, façades, window frames, however, http://www.storaenso.com > Sustainability > Certificates
have a typical service life of 25–50 years. Therefore, a long service life requires a life cycle • ISO 9001 quality certificate
approach that addresses: • ISO 14001 environmental certificate
• ISO 50001 energy efficiency certificate
• shorter life time components are designed for replacement • OSHAS safety certificate
• long-term maintenance • Carbon footprint and Life Cycle Assessment
• maintenance, periodic condition surveys and timely repairs • case specific carbon footprint calculations available upon request
• load-bearing CLT structures located on the inside of the thermal insulation layers and • Product environmental information and Life Cycle Assessment
thus protected from outdoor climate impacts • product specific Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) soon available at
• high quality construction of the building, building elements and components http://buildingandliving.storaenso.com > Sustainability
• product specific indoor air emission declarations available upon request
Stora Enso building solutions are prefabricated building elements produced in tightly con- • product specific chemicals declarations, etc. available upon request
trolled factory conditions that improve the quality and ease of construction.
High quality construction and a long service life of a building drives a reduced demand for
renovation and refurbishment, and herewith reduces material use, waste generation, and
energy use in the production of materials, transport and construction, further enhancing a
building’s sustainability performance.
7.4 Certification of sustainable and low carbon

homes
Dependent on the market conditions and customer awareness, the use of certification sys-
tems may provide good marketing and communication tools towards customers, authorities
and/or investors and may in some markets help increase market value. There are a number
of different certification systems that provide third-party validation of building performance
for sustainable homes, such as (but not limited to) BREEAM, LEED, DGNB, HQE, Miljöbyg-
gnad and Minergie. These systems typically stress the energy efficiency and low carbon
emissions, indoor climate and thermal comfort, low material emissions, life cycle design
and assessment, and construction process procedures, etc. in grading for certification.
1 Commercial production of LVL will start end of quarter 2, 2016.

8 Stora Enso

8.1 Stora Enso
Stora Enso is a leading provider of renewable solutions in paper, packaging, biomateri-

als, wood products and wood constructions on global markets. Our customers include
publishers, retailers, brand owners, print and board producers, printing houses, mer-
chants, converters and joineries and construction companies.
Our aim is to replace fossil based materials by innovating and developing new products
and services based on wood and other renewable materials. We believe that everything
that is made with fossil fuels today can be made from a tree tomorrow. Our focus is on
fibre-based packaging, plantation-based pulp, innovation in biomaterials, and sustain-
able building solutions.
Stora Enso recorded sales of €10 billion in 2015 (with an operational EBIT of €915 mil-
lion) and it employs some 26,000 people in more than 35 countries around the world.
Stora Enso shares are listed on the Helsinki and Stockholm stock exchanges.
We use and develop our expertise in renewable materials to meet the needs of our cus-
tomers and many of today’s global raw material challenges. Our products provide a
climate-friendly alternative to many products made from non-renewable materials, and
have a smaller carbon footprint.
Being responsible — doing good for the people and the planet — underpins our thinking
and our approach in every aspect of business.

Stora Enso Published 26 December 2016
Division Wood Products Version 4.0
Subject to typographical or
Building Solutions printing errors
Email: buildingsolutions@storaenso.com
www.storaenso.com
www.clt.info

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Building Systems

6 Transportation and instructions for on-site assembly ................................................................... 86

2 BUILDING SYSTEMS BY STORA ENSO | 3 – 8 STORE Y MODUL AR ELEMENT BUILDINGS

3 BUILDING SYSTEMS BY STORA ENSO | 3–8 STOREY MODULAR ELEMENT BUILDINGS

4 BUILDING SYSTEMS BY STORA ENSO | 3 – 8 STORE Y MODUL AR ELEMENT BUILDINGS

For owners and occupants, it provides:

For developers, it provides:

5 BUILDING SYSTEMS BY STORA ENSO | 3 – 8 STORE Y MODUL AR ELEMENT BUILDINGS

6 BUILDING SYSTEMS BY STORA ENSO | 3–8 STOREY MODULAR ELEMENT BUILDINGS

central corridor (assembled on site)

HVAC installations / vertical shafts

additional elements (balcony zone)

concrete ground floor / basement / foundation

7 BUILDING SYSTEMS BY STORA ENSO | 3 – 8 STORE Y MODUL AR ELEMENT BUILDINGS

module roof slab (CLT)

surface structure (wall)

MAXIMAL REPETITION OPTIMAL VARIATIO

TYPICAL EXAMPLES: TYPI

8 BUILDING SYSTEMS BY STORA ENSO | 3 – 8 STORE Y MODUL AR ELEMENT BUILDINGS

Building components Prefabrication Dimensions Complexity Construction

Benefits of massive wood structure

9 BUILDING SYSTEMS BY STORA ENSO | 3 – 8 STORE Y MODUL AR ELEMENT BUILDINGS

10 BUILDING SYSTEMS BY STORA ENSO | 3–8 STOREY MODULAR ELEMENT BUILDINGS

Possibilities and benefits of the system related to repetition and variation

Massing strategy and building volume

Variations in unit types and distribution

Case study example:

Case study example:

12 BUILDING SYSTEMS BY STORA ENSO | 3 – 8 STORE Y MODUL AR ELEMENT BUILDINGS

Variable and additional elements (on site)

fully equipped floor plan

VERTICAL SHAFTS / INSTALLATIONS

13 BUILDING SYSTEMS BY STORA ENSO | 3 – 8 STORE Y MODUL AR ELEMENT BUILDINGS

standard modules cantilevered / cantilevered balconies

balcony zone suspended balconies recessed balconies free standing

Upper floor — roof structures

flat roof pitched roof shed roof rooftop terrace

14 BUILDING SYSTEMS BY STORA ENSO | 3 – 8 STORE Y MODUL AR ELEMENT BUILDINGS

15 BUILDING SYSTEMS BY STORA ENSO | 3 – 8 STORE Y MODUL AR ELEMENT BUILDINGS

cross-section b-b cross-section c-c cross-section d-d

16 BUILDING SYSTEMS BY STORA ENSO | 3 – 8 STORE Y MODUL AR ELEMENT BUILDINGS

17 BUILDING SYSTEMS BY STORA ENSO | 3–8 STOREY MODULAR ELEMENT BUILDINGS

Max. width: Max. width:

open modular element requires

18 BUILDING SYSTEMS BY STORA ENSO | 3 – 8 STORE Y MODUL AR ELEMENT BUILDINGS

19 BUILDING SYSTEMS BY STORA ENSO | 3 – 8 STORE Y MODUL AR ELEMENT BUILDINGS

separated layer structures

Direct sound path

Sound flanking path

floating surface structure

20 BUILDING SYSTEMS BY STORA ENSO | 3 – 8 STORE Y MODUL AR ELEMENT BUILDINGS

Principles concerning how to provide fire resistance with layups based

21 BUILDING SYSTEMS BY STORA ENSO | 3 – 8 STORE Y MODUL AR ELEMENT BUILDINGS

Reference walls calculated in this manual

Note: These are sample calculations and must be confirmed in a com-

Total fire design load (kN/m) 117 217 194 357

2. Define the fire resistance of protective layers. concrete

horizontal fire barrier

4. Load-bearing capacity of the residual cross-section with loads

6 Transportation and instructions for on-site assembly ................................................................... 86

standard modules cantilevered / cantilevered balconies

2. Define the fire resistance of protective layers. concrete

4. Load-bearing capacity of the residual cross-section with loads

• timber moisture content changes between 7–13% E = 12,500 MPa

E. Wood cladding, insulation, visible CLT

4 floors 7 floors 4 floors 7 floors Inner Outer

B.2 180 mm wood based panel 449 mm — — — — 0.152 — — 54 (−1; −3)

4 floors 7 floors 4 floors 7 floors

4 floors 7 floors 4 floors 7 floors

B.0 — CLT 140 mm — D-s2, d0 — 36 (−1; 4)

C.0 — concrete 200 mm — — — 59 (−2; −5)

4 floors 7 floors 4 floors 7 floors