INTRODUCTION

In an internal combustion engine, a turbocharger (often called a turbo) is a forced induction device that
is powered by the flow of exhaust gases. It uses this energy to compress the intake gas, forcing more air
into the engine in order to produce more power for a given displacement. The current categorisation is
that a turbocharger is powered by the kinetic energy of the exhaust gasses, whereas a supercharger is
mechanically powered (usually by a belt from the engine's crankshaft). However, up until the mid-20th
century, a turbocharger was called a "turbosupercharger" and was considered a type of supercharger.
TURBOCHARGER CONSTRUCTION

• A turbocharger relies on the volume and velocity of exhaust gases to spin (spool) the turbine
wheel, which is connected to the compressor wheel via a common shaft.

• A smaller turbo will spool quickly and deliver full boost pressure at low engine speeds, but boost
pressure will suffer at high engine RPM.

• A larger turbo, on the other hand, will provide improved highrev performance at the expense of
low-end response
HOW TURBO CHARGER WORKS
 • exhaust gases will flow out directly to TURBINE WHEEL, at the same time its made
turbine wheel were spin in high revolution 240,000 rev/min

• The COMPRESSOR WHEEL is connected to TURBINE WHEEL with a SHAFT. In high

revolution, compressor wheel will draw air from outside to compress.

• This condition causes the air to be heated. This hot air will be directed to the intercooler
for cooling.

• high-pressure cold air to be channeled into the combustion chamber.

• after the combustion process, exhaust gases will be used to move the turbine wheel
before it is discharged through the exhaust muffler.
ADVANTAGES

In addition to the extra power, turbochargers are sometimes referred to as devices that offer “free
power” because unlike a supercharger, it does not require the engine’s power to drive it. The hot and
expanding gasses coming out of the engine are what power a turbocharger so there is no drain of the
engine’s net power. Turbocharged engines are also not affected in the same way as naturally aspirated
engines are when they go at higher altitudes. The higher in altitude a naturally aspirated engine climbs,
the harder it becomes for it to get oxygen due to the thinning atmosphere. A turbocharger gets around
this problem because it forces the oxygen into the engine’s combustion chamber, sometimes at 2 times
the pressure of the atmosphere.

Turbochargers also improve the fuel efficiency of a vehicle however there is a misconception when it
comes to turbocharged vehicles and fuel efficiency. Taking a naturally aspirated engine and slapping on
a turbocharger on it will not improve fuel efficiency. The way that manufacturers improve fuel efficiency
though turbocharging is by down-sizing an engine and then turbocharging it. For example, take a 2.5L
inline-4 cylinder naturally aspirated engine and decrease the displacement to 1.4L and then
turbocharger it. The smaller, turbocharged engine would still have the same performance figures (or
slightly better) but because of the smaller displacement, it would also use less fuel.

DISADVANTAGES

Turbochargers have 2 main disadvantages when compared to a naturally aspirated or supercharged

engine. Firstly is heat. Because a turbo is powered by hot exhaust gasses, it gets very hot. Sometimes
under certain engine conditions, the turbocharger itself could start glowing red but of course this
doesn’t happen in everyday driving conditions; it happens when the engine is pushed to its limits for a
continuous amount of time. This is why you see some turbocharged sports cars with vents in the hood
or down the side, it’s to try to get air moving through the engine bay and keep things cool.

The other big disadvantage of a turbocharger is something called turbo lag. Under certain conditions,
whenever you put your foot down on the throttle, there is a delay between the time you demand power
from the engine and the moment you actually start to feel it. That is turbo lag. When the engine’s speed
is low, there isn’t a lot of exhaust gasses passing through the turbocharger so when you do demand
power from the engine, the turbocharger turbine needs time to start spinning at an optimal speed. The
effects of this can be reduced by downshifting to a lower gear but keen drivers can still sometimes
notice the split delay in response.

So the next time you’re in a GM showroom, don’t overlook the turbocharged vehicles. They offer the
same or more power as V6 or sometimes even V8 counterparts and they usually have better fuel
economy due to the smaller displacement engine and less weight.
WASTE GATE

A wastegate is a valve that controls the flow of exhaust gases to the turbine wheel in a turbocharged
engine system.

Diversion of exhaust gases regulates the turbine speed, which in turn regulates the rotating speed of the
compressor. The primary function of the wastegate is to regulate the maximum boost pressure in
turbocharger systems, to protect the engine and the turbocharger. One advantage of installing a remote
mount wastegate to a free-float (or non-WG) turbo includes allowance for a smaller A/R turbine
housing, resulting in less lag time before the turbo begins to spool and create boost.

TYPES OF WASTE GATE

- INTERNAL - EXTERNAL
BLOW OFF VALVE
Blow off valves function to stop compressor surge. Compressor surge happens with the lifting the
throttle off a turbocharged vehicle that either doesn't have a bypass valve or has one that doesn't work
properly.

INTERCOOLER

An intercooler’s purpose is to cool air that has compressed in either a turbo or supercharger.When air is
compressed its temperature rises drastically and becomes less dense and less oxygen rich. An
intercooler is an essence a heat exchanger
SUPERCHARGER
In an internal combustion engine, a supercharger compresses the intake gas, forcing more air into the
engine in order to produce more power for a given displacement.

The current categorisation is that a supercharger is a form of forced induction that is mechanically
powered (usually by a belt from the engine's crankshaft), as opposed to a turbocharger, which is
powered by the kinetic energy of the exhaust gasses.
HOW SUPERCHARGER WORKS

Supercharges usually run off of a pulley that is connected to the engine like the alternator or power
steering pump. They force the air into the combustion chamber by compressing the air via a turbine or
screws

TYPES OF SUPERCHARGER

1- POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT 2- DYNAMIC COMPRESSION

POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT

Positive Displacement superchargers produce a fixed amount of pressure that doesn't increase much as
the engine increases RPM's. That means the added benefit decreases at higher RPM's
ROOTS
The Roots Supercharger (or Blower) uses a pair of meshing lobes. They trap air in pockets surrounding
the lobes and then the air is forced from the intake side of the supercharger to the exhaust side.

The Roots Supercharger was patented in the 1860's by the brothers Francis Marion and Philander Roots
of India.

Lysholm Screw

The Lysholm Screw aka Twin Screw Supercharger works by pulling air through a set of counter rotating
screws that resemble worm gears. These screws are high tolerance and have low leak levels compared
to the Roots-Type superchargers.Lysholm Supercharges are named after Alf Lyshom whom invented
them.
ADVANTAGES OF SUPERCHARGER

• no lag time to build pressure because the compressor is always spinning proportionally to the
engine speed.

• able to produce the same boost pressure at every engine speed.

• Less parts (components)

DISADVANTAGES OF SUPERCHARGER

• Need more space to installation of superchargers.

• More expensive than Turbochargers.

Electric turbo
Electric Turbo System that uses electricity for spin the turbine. The system is no
longer dependent on exhaust gases to operate, instead it uses electricity that
stored in a fairly large battery system. Other than that the system is quite
complex when it needs to be 48 volt electrical wiring system, turbo compressor
system with 7kW power, and a 3kW generator system. 48Volt battery systemThis
is an additional battery system separate from the 12 volt battery system. Among
the cars that use this concept is the Audi SQ7 SUV with a V8 engine. This system is
able to directly eliminate the problem turbo lag, the turbo system can act to
produce electricity for the 48 volt battery and produce boost at all RPM.
How electric turbo works

electric turbo uses an electric motor and an electric compressor. When you step
on the gas pedal, the motor activates the compressor. The compressor forces cool
air into the engine without any turbo lag. Once the turbo spins fast enough, the
motor and compressor automatically turn themselves off to save energy. The
turbo continues to rotate for a while even after the motor is turned off due to the
exhaust gases and the inertia of the wheels.
ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRIC TURBO

The advantage of an electrically assisted turbocharger is that the electric motor

can not only be used to drive the turbocharger shaft, but it can also be used to
brake it: the electric motor then becomes a generator and creates electricity. In
situations where there is too much power available for the turbocharger shaft,
the electrically assisted turbocharger is able to generate useful energy and can
thus lower the fuel consumption and emissions of a vehicle. In addition, the
electric motor is integrated into the turbocharger, so it is a compact and easy-to-
install solution.
The advantage of an electric compressor is that it can work in parallel with the
turbocharger compressor. In this way, the pressures from both compressors can
add up to a greater pressure which may be a benefit for downsizing. Moreover,
the electric compressor can be placed at any position in the engine bay.
Up until now, 12V hybrid systems were not able to provide enough power to
utilize electric boosting systems. However, with the growing market of 48V hybrid
vehicles, electric boosting systems are expected to become widely implemented
in the coming years.
REFERENCES

• https://www.turbocharger.mtee.eu/what-is-an-electric-turbocharger/

• https://www.google.com/search?q=electric+turbocharger&hl=en-
US&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjridOsyrj9AhWyglYB
HSRKDIwQ_AUoA3oECAEQBQ&biw=1366&bih=568&dpr=1#imgrc=stw
pKx5hzaVJMM

• https://www.google.com/search?q=electric+turbocharger&hl=en-
US&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjridOsyrj9AhWyglYB
HSRKDIwQ_AUoA3oECAEQBQ&biw=1366&bih=568&dpr=1

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbocharger

• https://www.motortrend.com/how-to/turbocharger-vs-supercharger-
whats-difference-types-explained/
DISCUSSION
1. Check the black oil every morning to ensure the content black oil is sufficient.
do not let the oil reach the oil dry black. Make sure to use black oil grade
according to for example.. 15W 40 or 10W 40. the base for the oil must be thick
and quite viscous because if using base engine oil low for example 0W 30 or 5W
55, this will be indirect will corrode your turbine wall when shooting or overrev.
2. Coolant is also important for engines that use this turbo system. consciously or
unconsciously, in fact, in addition to engine oil, water is also used to cool the
turbine. therefore, the coolant is not less important. make sure the coolant
content is sufficient. there is a few keta turbo owners install an oil cooler system
on their vehicle, this method is also effective to ensure the temperature the
turbine is controlled but the maintenance cost is quite expensive

CONCLUSION
This turbo system is a forced ventilation system to be fed to the combustion
chamber in the engine. Turbo system designed to increase VE (volumetric
efficiency) or the volume efficiency of an engine is 120% compared to a normal
engine without a turbo only achieves VE as much 70% only. With this turbo
system, the engine can increasing its horsepower by 30% compared to normal
engine tapa turbo. Turbo can also perform deceleration for vehicles such as buses
and trucks with exhaust brakes serves to close the carbon monoxide gas flow
valve out on the turbo exhaust.