Python Libraries For Data Science 1679435534
Python Libraries For Data Science 1679435534
Libraries for
Data Analysis and
Machine Learning
Overview
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What is Anaconda?
The open‐source Anaconda is the easiest way to perform Python/R data science
and machine learning on Linux, Windows, and Mac OS X. With over 19 million
users worldwide.
It is the industry standard for developing, testing, and training on a single
machine, enabling individual data scientists to:
Quickly download 7,500+ Python/R data science packages
Analyze data with scalability and performance with Dask, NumPy, pandas,
and Numba
Visualize results with Matplotlib, Bokeh, Datashader, and Holoviews
Develop and train machine learning and deep learning models with scikit‐
learn, TensorFlow, and Theano
Anaconda Installation
Please follow the instruction here to install the Anaconda (for Python 3.7)
https://www.anaconda.com/distribution/#download‐section
•It provides different versions to suit different OS. Please select the one you are
using.
•Just install according to the default setting, and the environment variables will
be automatically configured after installation.
What is Jupyter Notebook?
•The Jupyter Notebook is an open‐source web application that allows you to
create and share documents that contain live code, equations, visualizations and
narrative text.
•It includes: data cleaning and transformation, numerical simulation, statistical
modeling, data visualization, machine learning, and much more.
provides vectorization of mathematical operations on arrays and matrices
which significantly improves the performance
many other python libraries are built on NumPy
Link: http://www.numpy.org/
Python Libraries for Data Scientists
SciPy:
collection of algorithms for linear algebra, differential equations, numerical
integration, optimization, statistics and more
part of SciPy Stack
built on NumPy
Link: https://www.scipy.org/scipylib/
Python Libraries for Data Scientists
Pandas:
adds data structures and tools designed to work with table‐like data
(similar to Series and Data Frames in R)
provides tools for data manipulation: reshaping, merging, sorting, slicing,
aggregation etc.
allows handling missing data
Link: http://pandas.pydata.org/
Python Libraries for Data Scientists
matplotlib:
python 2D plotting library which produces publication quality figures in a
variety of hardcopy formats
a set of functionalities similar to those of MATLAB
line plots, scatter plots, barcharts, histograms, pie charts etc.
relatively low‐level; some effort needed to create advanced visualization
Link: https://matplotlib.org/
Python Libraries for Data Scientists
Seaborn:
based on matplotlib
provides high level interface for drawing attractive statistical graphics
Similar (in style) to the popular ggplot2 library in R
Link: https://seaborn.pydata.org/
Python Libraries for Data Scientists
SciKit‐Learn:
provides machine learning algorithms: classification, regression, clustering,
model validation etc.
built on NumPy, SciPy and matplotlib
Link: http://scikit‐learn.org/
Loading Python Libraries
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Reading data using pandas
There is a number of pandas commands to read other data formats:
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Exploring data frames
Try to read the first 10, 20, 50 records
Try to view the last few records
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Data Frame data types
Pandas Type Native Python Type Description
object string The most general dtype. Will be assigned to your column
if column has mixed types (numbers and strings).
int64 int Numeric characters. 64 refers to the memory allocated to
hold this character.
float64 float Numeric characters with decimals. If a column contains
numbers and NaNs, pandas will default to float64, in case
your missing value has a decimal.
datetime64, N/A (but see Values meant to hold time data. Look into these for time
timedelta[ns] the datetime module in series experiments.
Python’s standard library)
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Data Frame data types
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Data Frames attributes
Python objects have attributes and methods.
df.attribute description
dtypes list the types of the columns
columns list the column names
axes list the row labels and column names
ndim number of dimensions
size number of elements
shape return a tuple representing the dimensionality
values numpy representation of the data
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Data Frames attributes
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Data Frames methods
Unlike attributes, python methods have parenthesis.
All attributes and methods can be listed with a dir() function: dir(df)
df.method() description
head( [n] ), tail( [n] ) first/last n rows
describe() generate descriptive statistics (for numeric columns only)
max(), min() return max/min values for all numeric columns
std() standard deviation
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Data Frames methods
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Data Frames methods
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Selecting a column in a Data Frame
Note: If we want to select a column
with a name as the attribute in
DataFrames we should use method 1.
E.G., Since there is an attribute – rank
in DataFrame, if we want to select
the column ‘rank’, we should use
df[‘rank’], and cannot use method 2,
i.e., df.rank, which will return the
attribute rank of the data frame
instead of the column “rank”.
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Selecting a column in a Data Frame
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Data Frames groupby method
Using "group by" method we can:
• Split the data into groups based on some criteria
• Calculate statistics (or apply a function) to each group
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Data Frames groupby method
Once groupby object is create we can calculate various statistics for each group:
Note: If single brackets are used to
specify the column (e.g. age), then
the output is Pandas Series object.
When double brackets are used the
output is a Data Frame (e.g. age &
balance)
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Data Frames groupby method
groupby performance notes:
‐ no grouping/splitting occurs until it's needed. Creating the groupby object
only verifies that you have passed a valid mapping
‐ by default the group keys are sorted during the groupby operation. You may
want to pass sort=False for potential speedup:
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Data Frame: filtering
To subset the data we can apply Boolean indexing. This indexing is commonly
known as a filter. For example if we want to subset the rows in which the age
value is greater than 50:
Any Boolean operator can be used to subset the data:
> greater; >= greater or equal;
< less; <= less or equal;
== equal; != not equal;
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Data Frames: Slicing
There are a number of ways to subset the Data Frame:
• one or more columns
• one or more rows
• a subset of rows and columns
Rows and columns can be selected by their position or label
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Data Frames: Slicing
When selecting one column, it is possible to use single set of brackets, but the
resulting object will be a Series (not a DataFrame):
When we need to select more than one column and/or make the output to be a
DataFrame, we should use double brackets:
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Data Frames: Selecting rows
If we need to select a range of rows, we can specify the range using ":"
Notice that the first row has a position 0, and the last value in the range is omitted:
So for 0:10 range the first 10 rows are returned with the positions starting with 0
and ending with 9
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Data Frames: method loc
If we need to select a range of rows, using their labels we can use method loc:
Recall that
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Data Frames: method iloc
If we need to select a range of rows and/or columns, using their positions we can
use method iloc:
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Data Frames: method iloc (summary)
df.iloc[0] # First row of a data frame
df.iloc[i] #(i+1)th row
df.iloc[-1] # Last row
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Data Frames: Sorting
We can sort the data by a value in the column. By default the sorting will occur in
ascending order and a new data frame is return.
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Data Frames: Sorting
We can sort the data using 2 or more columns:
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Aggregation Functions in Pandas
Aggregation ‐ computing a summary statistic about each group, i.e.
• compute group sums or means
• compute group sizes/counts
Common aggregation functions:
min, max
count, sum, prod
mean, median, mode, mad
std, var
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Aggregation Functions in Pandas
agg() method are useful when multiple statistics are computed per column:
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Basic Descriptive Statistics
df.method() description
describe Basic statistics (count, mean, std, min, quantiles, max)
mean, median, mode Arithmetic average, median and mode
var, std Variance and standard deviation
sem Standard error of mean
skew Sample skewness
kurt kurtosis
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Graphics to explore the data
Seaborn package is built on matplotlib but provides high level
interface for drawing attractive statistical graphics, similar to ggplot2
library in R. It specifically targets statistical data visualization
To show graphs within Python notebook include inline directive:
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Graphics
description
histplot histogram
barplot estimate of central tendency for a numeric variable
violinplot similar to boxplot, also shows the probability density of the
data
jointplot Scatterplot
regplot Regression plot
pairplot Pairplot
boxplot boxplot
swarmplot categorical scatterplot
factorplot General categorical plot
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Draw Histogram Using Matplotlib
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Draw Histogram Using Seaborn
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Draw Barplot Using Matplotlib
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Draw Barplot Using Seaborn
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Draw Barplot Using Seaborn
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Draw Scatterplot Using Seaborn
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Draw Boxplot Using Seaborn
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Python for Machine Learning
Machine learning: the problem setting:
In general, a learning problem considers a set of n samples of data and then tries to
predict properties of unknown data. If each sample is more than a single number and,
for instance, a multi‐dimensional entry (aka multivariate data), it is said to have several
attributes or features.
We can separate learning problems in a few large categories:
• Supervised Learning (https://sklearn.org/supervised_learning.html#supervised‐learning)
• Classification
• Regression
• Unsupervised Learning (https://sklearn.org/unsupervised_learning.html#unsupervised‐learning)
• Clustering
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Python for Machine Learning
Training set and testing set:
Machine learning is about learning some properties of a data set and applying
them to new data. This is why a common practice in machine learning to
evaluate an algorithm is to split the data at hand into two sets, one that we call
the training set on which we learn data properties and one that we call the
testing set on which we test these properties.
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Loading an example dataset
A dataset is a dictionary‐like object that holds all the data and some metadata
about the data. This data is stored in the .data member, which is a (n_samples,
n_features) array. In the case of supervised problem, one or more response
variables are stored in the .target member.
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Loading an example dataset ‐ digits
An example showing how the scikit‐learn can be used to recognize images of
hand‐written digits.
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Loading an example dataset ‐ digits
For instance, in the case of the digits dataset, digits.data gives access to the
features that can be used to classify the digits samples:
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Learning and predicting
In the case of the digits dataset, the task is to predict, given an image, which
digit it represents. We are given samples of each of the 10 possible classes (the
digits zero through nine) on which we fit a classifier to be able to predict the
classes to which unseen samples belong.
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Learning and predicting
For now, we will consider the classifier as a black box:
Choosing the parameters of the model
In this example, we set the value of gamma manually. To find good values for
these parameters, we can use tools such as grid search and cross validation.
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Learning and predicting
For the training set, we’ll use all the images from our dataset, except for the last
image, which we’ll reserve for our predicting. We select the training set with
the [:‐1] Python syntax, which produces a new array that contains all but the
last item from digits.data:
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Learning and predicting
Now you can predict new values. In this case, you’ll predict using the last image
from digits.data. By predicting, you’ll determine the image from the training set
that best matches the last image.
The corresponding image is:
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Model persistence
It is possible to save a model in scikit‐learn by using pickle:
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