Abstract:

Drawing inspiration from psychology, computer vision and machine learning, the team in the
Computer Laboratory at the University of Cambridge has developed mindreading machines –
computers that implement a computational model of mind-reading to infer mental states of
people from their facial signals. The goal is to enhance humancomputer interaction through
empathic responses, to improve the productivity of the user and to enable applications to initiate
interactions with and on behalf of the user, without waiting for explicit input from that user.

There are difficult challenges: Using a digital video camera, the mind-reading computer ppt
system analyses a person’s facial expressions in real time and infers that person’s underlying
mental state, such as whether he or she is agreeing or disagreeing, interested or bored, thinking
or confused.

Prior knowledge of how particular mental states are expressed in the face is combined with
analysis of facial expressions and head gestures occurring in real time. The model represents
these at different granularities, starting with face and head movements and building those in time
and in space to form a clearer model of what mental state is being represented. Software from
Nev envision identifies 24 feature points on the face and tracks them in real time. Movement,
shape and colour are then analysed to identify gestures like a smile or eyebrows being raised.

Combinations of these occurring over time indicate mental states.

INTRODUCTION:
BrainGate is a brain implant system developed by the bio-tech company‚ Cyber kinetics in
conjunction with the Department of Neuroscience at Brown University. The development of the
braingate system brain-computer interface is to enable those with severe paralysis and other
neurological conditions to live more productively and independently. The computer chip, which
is implanted into the brain, monitors brain activity in the patient and converts the intention of the
user into computer commands. Currently the chip uses about 100 hair-thin electrodes that sense
the electro-magnetic signature of neurons firing in specific areas of the brain.

The activity is translated into electrically charged signals and is then sent and decoded using a
program, which can move a robotic arm, a computer cursor, or even a wheelchair. Scientists are
developing the brain gate systems underlying core technology in the neuroport system to enable
improved diagnosis and treatment for a number of neurological conditions, such as epilepsy and
brain trauma. Brain gate will be the first human device that has been designed to record, filter,
and amplify multiple channels of simultaneously recorded neural activity at a very high spatial
and temporal resolution. When a person becomes paralyzed, neural signal from the brain no
longer reach their designated site of termination. However, the brain continues to send out these
signals although they do not reach their destination. It is these signals that the brain gate system
picks up and they must be present in order for the system to work.

It is found that people with long-standing, severe paralysis can generate signals in the area of the
brain responsible for voluntary movement and these signals can be detected, recorded, routed out
of the brain to a computer and converted into actions enabling a paralyzed patient to perform
basic tasks. Scientists are to implant tiny computer chips in the brains of paralyzed patients
which could ‘read their thoughts’. Brain gate consists of a surgically implanted sensor that
records the activity of dozens of brain cells simultaneously. The system also decodes these
signals in real time to control a computer or other external devices. The brain gate technology
platform was designed to take advantage of the fact that many patients with motor impairment
have an intact brain that can produce movement commands allowing the brain gate system to
create an output signal directly from the brain, bypassing the route through the nerves to the
muscles that cannot be used in paralyzed people.
APPLICATIONS
1. The brain gate neural interface system is an investigational medical device that is being
developed to improve the quality of life for physically disabled people by allowing them
to quickly and reliably control a wide range of devices by thought, including computers,
environmental controls, robotics and medical devices.
2. One of the most exciting areas of BCI research is the development of devices that can be
controlled by thoughts. Some of the applications of this technology may seem frivolous,
such as the ability to control a video game by thought. If you think a remote control is
convenient, imagine changing channels with your mind.
3. Once the basic mechanism of converting thoughts to computerized or robotic action is
perfected, the potential uses for the technology are almost limitless. Instead of a robotic
hand, disabled users could have robotic braces attached to their own limbs, allowing them
to move and directly interact with the environment. This could even be accomplished
without the “robotic” part of the device. Signals could be sent to the appropriate motor
control nerves in the hands, bypassing a damaged section of the spinal cord and allowing
actual movement of the subject’s own hands.
4. Cyberkinetics is also developing products to allow for robotic control, such as a
thoughtcontrolled wheelchair. Next generation products may be able to provide an
individual with the ability to control devices that allow breathing, bladder and bowel
movements.
5. The brain gate system has allowed people with paralysis to operate a computer in order to
read e-mail, control a wheelchair and operate a robotic hand.
6. The system will connect the brain gate sensor with functional electrical stimulation (FES)
system, which uses electrical impulses to trigger muscle and limb movement. The first
version will allow users to make simple movements that could be used to perform tasks
such as eating or drinking using their own arms and hands and under the natural control
of their own brains. The initial version of this FES system would use arm supports. Later
versions, however, wont require supports and will allow users to do activities that require
more dexterity, such as using cell phones or remote controls.
7. The device can be used in an interactive environment; activity surrounding the patient
will not affect the accuracy of the device.
ADVANTAGES
The brain crate system is based on cyber kinetics platform technology to sense, transmit analyze
and apply the language of neurons.

The Brain Gate Neural Interface System is being designed to one day allow the interface with a
computer and / or even faster than, what is possible with the hands of a person. The Brain Gate
System may offer substantial improvement over existing technologies.

Currently available assistive device has significant limitations for both the pers and caregiver.
For example, even simple switches must be adjusted frequent that can be time consuming. In
addition, these devices are often obtrusive and user from being able to simultaneously use the
device and at the same time contact or carry on conversations with others.

Potential advantages of the Brain Gate System over other muscle driven or brain computer
interface approaches include : its potential to interface with a compute weeks or months of
training; its potential to be used in an interactive environment userâ„¢s ability to operate the
device is not affected by their speech, eye movement noise; and the ability to provide
significantly more usefulness and utility than other approaches by connecting directly to the part
of the brain that controls hand gestures.
DISADVANTAGES:
• The switches must be frequently adjusted which is a time consuming process. As the
device is perfected this will not been issue.

• There is also a worry that devices such as this will “normalize” society.

• The Brain Gate Neural Interface System has not been approved by the FDA, but has
beenapproved for IDE status, which means that it has been approved for pre-market
clinical trials.

• Limitation in information transform rate. The latest technology is 20 bits/min.

CURRENT WORK PROGRESS

Brain Gate is currently recruiting patients with a range of neuromuscular and
neurondegenerativeconditions for pilot clinical trials being conducted under an Investigational
Device Exemption (IDE)in the United States.

Cyber kinetics hopes to refine the Brain Gate in the next two years to develop awireless device
doesn’t have a plug, making it safer and less visible.

And once the basics of brainmapping are worked out, there is potential for a wide variety of
further applications
CONCLUSION:
The idea of moving robots or prosthetic devices not by manual control, but by mere thinking
(i.e., the brain activity of human subjects) has been a fascinated approach. Medical cures are
unavailable for many forms of neural and muscular paralysis.

The enormity of the deficits caused by paralysis is a strong motivation to pursue BMI solutions.
So this idea helps many patients to control the prosthetic devices of their own by simply thinking
about the task.

This technology is well supported by the latest fields of Biomedical Instrumentation,

Microelectronics, signal processing, Artificial Neural Networks and Robotics which has
overwhelming developments. Hope these systems will be effectively implemented for many
Biomedical applications.

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