AP Statistics Name: __________________________________________ Per: ____

Review Unit 09

Directions: Show all your work. Indicate clearly the methods you use, because you will be graded on the
correctness of your methods as well as on the accuracy of your results and explanation.

____ 1. Which of the following is not a property of the t-distribution?

A) The t curve is centered at 0 and is bell-shaped.

B) The t curve is more spread out than the z curve.
C) The t curve tends to spread out as the degrees of freedom increase
D) The formula for the t-interval is  s 
x ± t * 
 n

____ 2. Which of the following is not true about constructing confidence intervals?

A) The value of the standard deviation of the sample mean (standard error) is determined partly by the
sample size.
B) The center of the confidence interval is the population parameter.
C) One of the values that affects the width of a confidence interval is the sample size.
D) If the value of the population parameter is known, it is irrelevant to calculate a confidence interval for
it.
E) The value of the level of confidence will affect the width of a confidence interval.

____ 3. A 95% confidence interval for the proportion of female athletes in college programs is constructed based
on sample data from 30 randomly selected coeducational colleges. If the confidence interval is (0.38, 0.52),
we can say

A) 95% of the time, colleges have between 38% and 52% female athletes.
B) If this procedure were repeated many times, about 95% of the resulting confidence intervals would
contain the proportion of female athletes in coeducational colleges.
C) If 100 samples were taken and a 95% confidence interval was computed for each, 5 of the intervals
would be between 38% and 52%.
D) If this procedure were repeated many times, 95% of the sample proportions would be between 38%
and 52%.
E) About 95% of colleges have an average of 45% female athletes.

____ 4. A recent article in the New York Times states that 58% of U.S. high school students enroll in their college of
first choice. The citizens in the town of Podunk fear that this proportion is even lower in their community. A
survey given to a random sample of students that graduated from PHS shows that only 47.8% of them are
attending their college of first choice. Which of the following alternative hypotheses addresses the citizens’
concerns?

A) Ha: p > 0.58 B) Ha: p < 0.58 C) Ha: p > 0.478 D) Ha: p < 0.478 E) Ha: p ≠ 0.478

____ 5. We test the hypothesis that p = 0.77 versus p > 0.77. We are not aware that actually p = 0.83. The power of
the test is largest when

A) a = 0.10, n = 330 B) a = 0.10, n = 480 C) a = 0.05, n = 330 D) a = 0.05, n = 480

6. Remember that the power of a test is defined as the probability of rejecting a false null hypothesis. Suppose
that the null hypothesis of a test is HO: p = 0.50.

i) Suppose HA: p > 0.50, and that HA is true. For a fixed sample size and significance level α, the power of the
test will be greatest if the actual proportion is which of the following?
a) 0.40 b) 0.48 c) 0.52 d) 0.60 e) 0.64

ii) Suppose HA: p < 0.50, and that HA is true. For a fixed sample size and significance level α, the power of the
test will be greatest if the actual proportion is which of the following?
a) 0.40 b) 0.48 c) 0.52 d) 0.60 e) 0.64

iii) Suppose HA: p ≠ 0.50, and that HA is true. For a fixed sample size and significance level α, the power of the
test will be greatest if the actual proportion is which of the following?
a) 0.40 b) 0.48 c) 0.52 d) 0.60 e) 0.64

7. A 98% confidence interval for the average adult male pulse rate is (68.76, 75.48).

a) Calculate the point estimate for this interval.

b) Calculate the margin of error for this interval.

8. The owners of a local footwear store wishes to know the mean amount of money spent on running shoes by
runners at Lady Bird Lake, to see if consumer spending habits have changed since the recent recession.
Previous corporate records indicate that the standard deviation for amount of money spent on running shoes
is $21. If the store owners wish to estimate the mean amount of money spent with 98% confidence and a
margin of error of no more than $10, what is the minimum number of customers that they should survey?

9. Attitudes The Survey of Study Habits and Attitudes (SSHA) is a psychological test that measures
students’ attitudes toward school and study habits. Scores range from 0 to 200. The mean score for U.S. college
students is about 115. A teacher suspects that older students have better attitudes towards school. She gives
the SSHA to an SRS of 45 of the more than 1000 students at her college who are at least 30 years of age. The
sample mean SSHA score was 125.7 and the sample standard deviation was 29.8. A significance test yields a P-
value of 0.0101. Interpret the P-value in context.

10. Anemia Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to body tissues. People
with less than 12 grams of hemoglobin per deciliter of blood (g/dl) are anemic. A public health official in Jordan
suspects that Jordanian children are at risk of anemia. He measures a random sample of 50 children. Their
sample mean hemoglobin level was 11.3 g/dl and the sample standard deviation was 1.6 g/dl. A significance test
yields a P-value of 0.0016. Interpret this P-value in context.
11. The manager at Air Express feels that the weights of packages shipped recently are less than in the past, when
packages had a mean weight of 37.5 lbs. A random sample of 18 recent shipments yielded a mean weight of 32.1
lb and standard deviation of 14.2 lb. Let µ represent the mean weight of packages shipped by this company.
The manager wishes to conduct a test of significance to see if the mean weight of packages shipped recently
has decreased from the past. Name the appropriate procedure that should be conducted and write the
appropriate hypotheses. Then write the formula for the t-statistic and fill in the appropriate values (but do
not actually complete the hypothesis test). You may assume that the conditions for inference have been
checked and verified.

12. Shut-ins are adults who are too ill to leave their homes on a normal basis. Researchers asked 12 randomly
selected shut-ins in the Dallas area about the number of hours of television they watched per week. The
sample mean number of hours of TV watched per week was 81.3, with a sample standard deviation of 10.26.

a) Calculate and interpret a 90% confidence interval estimate for the mean number of hours of television
watched per week by Dallas area shut-ins. You may assume that the conditions for inference have been
checked and verified.

b) Explain the meaning of 90% confidence level in the context of the shut-in data.
13. STEREOTYPE THREAT Back in the old days, one common stereotype was that boys are better at math than
girls*. But as a result of this “stereotype”, could asking a girl to specify her gender before taking a math test
negatively impact her performance on that test? A number of studies in the late 1990’s sought to address this
question.

Twenty female students that were taking the AP Calculus AB exam at Podunk High School were randomly
selected for this study. All 20 took the same test, but half of the girls were randomly assigned to identify their
gender before the exam, while the other half were asked to identify their gender after taking the test. The
tables below show the raw AP Calculus Exam scores for these 20 students.
(Note: Although AP scores are reported on a 1 – 5 scale, the raw score for an AP Calculus AB Exam can range from 0 – 108)

Group A (were asked to identify gender before the test)

Raw AP Exam Score 74 59 101 77 63 85 54 40 83 76
Mean Score: 71.2 Standard Deviation of Scores: 17.54

Group B (were asked to identify gender after the test)

Raw AP Exam Score 63 101 82 69 56 92 83 100 75 86
Mean Score: 80.7 Standard Deviation of Scores: 15.056

Do the data provide convincing evidence, at the α = 0.05 level, that the mean exam score for girls who are asked
to identify their gender before the exam are lower than girls who are asked to identify their gender after the
exam?

*For the record, your math teacher thinks that this is absolutely untrue.
14. E-Coli Investigators at the U.S. Department of Agriculture wished to compare methods of determining the
level of E. coli bacteria contamination in beef. Two different methods (A and B) of determining the level of
contamination were used on each of ten randomly selected specimens of a certain type of beef. The data
obtained, in millimicrobes/liter of ground beef, for each of the methods are shown in the table below.

Specimin
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A 22.7 23.6 24.0 27.1 27.4 27.8 34.4 35.2 40.4 46.8
Method
B 23.0 23.1 23.7 26.5 26.6 27.1 33.2 35.0 40.5 47.4

Is there a significant difference in the mean amount of E. coli bacteria detected by the two methods for this
type of beef? Provide a statistical justification at the α = 0.05 level to support your answer.
15. A high school guidance counselor wondered if Podunk University might admit people with lower ACT scores if
they also were athletes. Among the students who were admitted to Podunk U. last year, 8 were randomly
chosen from the athletes and another 8 were randomly chosen from the group of non-athletes. We will assume
that the distributions of ACT scores for both populations of students at PU are approximately normally
distributed.

For the 8 athletes, the sample mean ACT score was 21.625, with a sample standard deviation of 3.114.

For the 8 non-athletes, the sample mean ACT score was 25.75, with a sample standard deviation of 3.327.

a) Estimate the mean difference in composite ACT score between non-athletes and athletes at Podunk
University by using a 90% confidence interval.

b) At the 90% confidence level, does this interval provide evidence of a difference in true mean ACT scores
between athletes and non-athletes at Podunk University?

c) Interpret the meaning of the 90% confidence level in context.

16. A group of psychologists from Podunk University (our favorite place!) conducted a study to investigate
whether there is an association between being happy with your grades in school and eating breakfast on a
regular basis for the students who attend the local Podunk High School.

The Podunkian psychologists used two independent random samples of students from Podunk High School: 34
who reported that they choose to eat breakfast on a daily basis, and 33 who reported that they choose not to
eat breakfast regularly (if at all). 19 of the 34 that ate breakfast regularly stated that they were satisfied with
their grades, while 10 of the 33 that did not eat breakfast regularly reported satisfaction with their school
grades.

a) Suppose you wish to perform a test to see if these samples provide evidence that the proportion of
students who are satisfied with their school grades is greater for those who eat breakfast regularly than
for those who do not. What type of test would be appropriate for this problem? Write the hypotheses
for this test, then check the appropriate conditions for inference (but DO NOT perform the hypothesis
test).

b) Suppose that the probability of rejecting HO when HO is true is 0.10, and that the probability of failing to
reject HO when HO is false is 0.38. Calculate the power of this test, and explain clearly the meaning of this
value in context.

c) Suppose that the results of the hypothesis test that you performed in part (a) were statistically significant
(in other words, that the proportion of all Podunk students that are satisfied with their grades is higher
for those who eat breakfast regularly than for those who do not eat breakfast regularly). Based on this
study, can we state that eating breakfast causes a greater likelihood that a Podunk High student will be
satisfied with their grades? Clearly explain why or why not.