AP Lab Reviews

Half Hollow Hills High School Ms.
Foglia
AP Biology
Lab 1: Diffusion & Osmosis
AP Biology
Lab Review
AP Biology 2004-2005 AP Biology 2004-2005
Lab 1: Diffusion & Osmosis Lab 1: Diffusion & Osmosis

Description Concepts
dialysis tubing filled with starch- semi-permeable membrane
glucose solution in beaker filled with diffusion
KI solution osmosis
potato cores in
solutions
sucrose solutions
hypotonic
hypertonic
isotonic
water potential
Lab 1: Diffusion & Osmosis Lab 1: Diffusion & Osmosis

Conclusions ESSAY 1992
A laboratory assistant prepared solutions of 0.8 M, 0.6 M, 0.4 M, and
water moves from high concentration of 0.2 M sucrose, but forgot to label them. After realizing the error, the
assistant randomly labeled the flasks containing these four unknown
water (hypotonic=low solute) to low solutions as flask A, flask B, flask C, and flask D.
concentration of water (hypertonic=high Design an experiment, based on the principles of diffusion and osmosis,
solute) that the assistant could use to determine which of the flasks contains
each of the four unknown solutions.
solute concentration & Include in your answer:
size of molecule a. a description of how you would set up and perform the experiment;
affect movement b.the results you would expect from your experiment; and
c. an explanation of those results based on the principles involved.
through
Be sure to clearly state the principles addressed in your discussion.
semi-permeable
membrane
2004-2005
1
Half Hollow Hills High School Ms. Foglia
AP Biology
Lab 2: Enzyme Catalysis Lab 2: Enzyme Catalysis

Description
measured factors affecting enzyme
activity
H2O2 ⎯⎯⎯→ H2O + O2
catalase

measured rate of O2 production
Lab 2: Enzyme Catalysis Lab 2: Enzyme Catalysis

Concepts Conclusions
substrate enzyme reaction rate is affected by:
enzyme pH
enzyme structure temperature
product substrate concentration
denaturation of protein enzyme concentration
experimental design
calculate rate?
rate of reactivity
reaction with enzyme vs. reaction without enzyme
optimum pH or temperature
test at various pH or temperature values
Lab 2: Enzyme Catalysis Lab 3: Mitosis & Meiosis

ESSAY 2000
The effects of pH and temperature were studied for an enzyme-catalyzed
reaction. The following results were obtained.
a. How do (1) temperature and (2) pH affect the activity of this enzyme? In
your answer, include a discussion of the relationship between the
structure and the function of this enzyme, as well as a discussion of ho
structure and function of enzymes are affected by temperature and pH.
b. Describe a controlled experiment that could have produced the data
shown for either temperature or pH. Be sure to state the hypothesis that
was tested here.
2004-2005
2
AP Biology
Lab 3: Mitosis & Meiosis Lab 3: Mitosis & Meiosis

cell stages of mitosis mitosis
exam slide of onion root tip interphase
prophase I P M A T
count number of cells in each stage to
determine relative time spent in each stage metaphase
anaphase
crossing over in meiosis
telophase
farther gene is from centromere the greater
number of crossovers
meiosis
meiosis 1
observed crossing over in
meiosis 2
fungus, Sordaria
arrangement of ascospores crossing over
tetrad in prophase 1
Lab 3: Mitosis & Meiosis Sordaria analysis

Conclusions total crossover
Mitosis % crossover =
total offspring
longest phase = interphase
each subsequent phase is
shorter in duration % crossover
distance from
Meiosis =
centromere 2
4:4 arrangement in
ascospores
no crossover
any other arrangement
crossover
2:2:2:2 or 2:4:2
Lab 3: Mitosis & Meiosis Lab 4: Photosynthesis

ESSAY 1987
Discuss the process of cell division in animals. Include a description of
mitosis and cytokinesis, and of the other phases of the cell cycle. Do not
include meiosis.
ESSAY 2004
Meiosis reduces chromosome number and rearranges genetic
information.
a. Explain how the reduction and rearrangement are accomplished in
meiosis.
b. Several human disorders occur as a result of defects in the meiotic
process. Identify ONE such chromosomal abnormality; what effects does
it have on the phenotype of people with the disorder? Describe how this
abnormality could result from a defect in meiosis.
c. Production of offspring by parthenogenesis or cloning bypasses the
typical meiotic process. Describe either parthenogenesis or cloning and
compare the genomes of the offspring with those of the parents.
2004-2005
3
AP Biology
Lab 4: Photosynthesis Lab 4: Photosynthesis

determine rate of photosynthesis under photosynthesis
different conditions Photosystem 1
light vs. dark
NADPH
boiled vs. unboiled chloroplasts
chloroplasts vs. no chloroplasts chlorophylls & other
use DPIP in place of NADP+ plant pigments
DPIPox = blue chlorophyll a
DPIPred = clear chlorophyll b
measure light transmittance xanthophylls
paper chromatography to carotenoids
separate plant pigments experimental design
control vs. experimental
Lab 4: Photosynthesis Lab 4: Photosynthesis

Conclusions ESSAY 2004 (part 1)
A controlled experiment was conducted to analyze the effects of darkness and
boiling on the photosynthetic rate of incubated chloroplast suspensions. The dye
Pigments reduction technique was used. Each chloroplast suspension was mixed with
pigments move at different rates based on DPIP, an electron acceptor that changes from blue to clear when it is reduced.
Each sample was placed individually in a spectrophotometer and the percent
solubility in solvent transmittance was recorded. The three samples used were prepared as follows.
Photosynthesis Sample 1 — chloroplast suspension + DPIP

Sample 2 — chloroplast suspension surrounded by foil wrap to provide a
light & unboiled dark environment + DPIP
chloroplasts Sample 3 — chloroplast suspension that has been boiled + DPIP
produced Data are given in the table on the next page.

highest rate of a. Construct and label a graph showing the results for the three samples.
photosynthesis b. Identify and explain the control or controls for this experiment.
c. The differences in the curves of the graphed data indicate that there were
differences in the number of electrons produced in the three samples during
the experiment. Discuss how electrons are generated in photosynthesis and
AP Biology 2004-2005 why the three samples gave different transmittance results.
AP Biology 2004-2005
Which is the control? #2 (DPIP + chloroplasts + light)
Lab 4: Photosynthesis Lab 5: Cellular Respiration

ESSAY 2004 (part 2)
Time Light, Unboiled Dark, Unboiled Light, Boiled

(min) % transmittance % transmittance % transmittance
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3
0 28.8 29.2 28.8
5 48.7 30.1 29.2
10 57.8 31.2 29.4
15 62.5 32.4 28.7
20 66.7 31.8 28.5
2004-2005
4
AP Biology
Lab 5: Cellular Respiration Lab 5: Cellular Respiration

using respirometer to measure rate of respiration
O2 production by pea seeds experimental design
non-germinating peas control vs. experimental
germinating peas function of KOH
function of vial with only glass beads
effect of temperature
control for changes in pressure &
temperature in room
Lab 5: Cellular Respiration Lab 5: Cellular Respiration

The results below are measurements of cumulative oxygen consumption by
germinating and dry seeds. Gas volume measurements were corrected for changes in
↓temp = ↓respiration temperature and pressure.
Cumulative Oxygen Consumed (mL)
↑germination = ↑respiration Time (minutes) 0 10 20 30 40
Germinating seeds 22°C 0.0 8.8 16.0 23.7 32.0
Dry Seeds (non-germinating) 22°C 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1
calculate rate? Germinating Seeds 10°C 0.0 2.9 6.2 9.4 12.5
Dry Seeds (non-germinating) 10°C 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.2
a. Plot the results for the germinating seeds at 22°C and 10°C.
b. Calculate the rate of oxygen consumption for the germinating seeds at 22°C, using
the time interval between 10 and 20 minutes.
c. Account for the differences in oxygen consumption observed between:
1. germinating seeds at 22°C and at 10°C
2. germinating seeds and dry seeds.
d. Describe the essential features of an experimental apparatus that could be used to
measure oxygen consumption by a small organism. Explain why each of these
features is necessary.
Lab 6: Molecular Biology Lab 6: Molecular Biology

Description
Transformation
insert foreign gene in bacteria by using
engineered plasmid
also insert ampicillin resistant gene on same
plasmid as selectable marker
Gel electrophoresis
cut DNA with restriction enzyme
fragments separate on gel based
on size
2004-2005
5
AP Biology
Lab 6: Molecular Biology Lab 6: Transformation

transformation can insert foreign DNA using vector
plasmid ampicillin becomes selecting agent
selectable marker no transformation = no growth on amp+ plate
ampicillin resistance
restriction enzyme
gel electrophoresis
DNA is negatively
charged
smaller fragments
travel faster
Lab 6: Gel Electrophoresis Lab 6: Molecular Biology

The diagram below shows a segment of DNA with a total length of 4,900 base pairs.
The arrows indicate reaction sites for two restriction enzymes (enzyme X and enzyme Y).
Enzyme Enzyme Enzyme E

X Y X X
DNA = negatively DNA Segment
Length (base pairs)
charged 400 500 1,200 1,300 1,500
a. Explain how the principles of gel electrophoresis allow for the separation of DNA
fragments
b. Describe the results you would expect from electrophoretic separation of fragments from
the following treatments of the DNA segment above. Assume that the digestion occurred
correlate distance under appropriate conditions and went to completion.
to size I. DNA digested with only enzyme X
II. DNA digested with only enzyme Y
III. DNA digested with enzyme X and enzyme Y combined
IV. Undigested DNA
c. Explain both of the following:
smaller fragments
1. The mechanism of action of restriction enzymes
travel faster & 2. The different results you would expect if a mutation occurred at the recognition
therefore farther site for enzyme Y.
Lab 6: Molecular Biology Lab 7: Genetics (Fly Lab)

ESSAY 2002
The human genome illustrates both continuity and change.
a. Describe the essential features of two of the procedures/techniques
below. For each of the procedures/techniques you describe, explain
how its application contributes to understanding genetics.
The use of a bacterial plasmid to clone and sequence a human gene
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Restriction fragment polymorphism (RFLP analysis)
b. All humans are nearly identical genetically in coding sequences and
have many proteins that are identical in structure and function.
Nevertheless, each human has a unique DNA fingerprint. Explain this
apparent contradiction.
2004-2005
6
AP Biology
Lab 7: Genetics (Fly Lab) Lab 7: Genetics (Fly Lab)

given fly of unknown genotype use phenotype vs. genotype
crosses to determine mode of dominant vs. recessive
inheritance of trait P, F1, F2 generations
sex-linked
monohybrid cross
dihybrid cross
test cross
chi square
Lab 7: Genetics (Fly Lab) Lab 7: Genetics (Fly Lab)

Conclusions: Can you solve these? ESSAY 2003 (part 1)
In fruit flies, the phenotype for eye color is determined by a certain locus. E indicates the
dominant allele and e indicates the recessive allele. The cross between a male wild type fruit
fly and a female white eyed fruit fly produced the following offspring
Wild-Type Wild-Type White-eyed White-Eyed Brown-Eyed

Male Female Male Female Female
Case 1
F-1 0 45 55 0 1
The wild-type and white-eyed individuals from the F1 generation were then crossed to
produce the following offspring.
Wild-Type Wild-Type White-eyed White-Eyed Brown-Eyed

Male Female Male Female Female
F-2 23 31 22 24 0
a. Determine the genotypes of the original parents (P generation) and explain your reasoning. You
may use Punnett squares to enhance your description, but the results from the Punnett
squares must be discussed in your answer.
Case 2
b. Use a Chi-squared test on the F2 generation data to analyze your prediction of the parental
genotypes. Show all your work and explain the importance of your final answer.
c. The brown-eyed female of the F1 generation resulted from a mutational change. Explain what a
mutation is, and discuss two types of mutations that might have produced the brown-eyed
female in the F1 generation.
Lab 7: Genetics (Fly Lab) Lab 8: Population Genetics

ESSAY 2003 (part 2)
size of population & gene pool
Probability Degrees of Freedom (df)

(p) 1 2 3 4 5
.05 3.84 5.99 7.82 9.49 11.1
The formula for Chi-squared is: random vs. non-random mating
(observed – expected)2
Χ2 = Σ expected
2004-2005
7
AP Biology
Lab 8: Population Genetics Lab 8: Population Genetics

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
simulations were used to study effects p+q=1
of different parameters on frequency of p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
alleles in a population required conditions
large population
selection random mating
heterozygous advantage no mutations
no natural selection
genetic drift
no migration
gene pool
heterozygous advantage
genetic drift
founder effect
AP Biology 2004-2005 AP Biology
bottleneck 2004-2005
Lab 8: Population Genetics Lab 8: Population Genetics

Do the following with reference to the Hardy-Weinberg model.
recessive alleles remain hidden a. Indicate the conditions under which allele frequencies (p and q)
in the pool of heterozygotes remain constant from one generation to the next.
even lethal recessive alleles are not b. Calculate, showing all work, the frequencies of the alleles and
frequencies of the genotypes in a population of 100,000 rabbits of
completely removed from population which 25,000 are white and 75,000 are agouti.
(In rabbits the white color is due to a recessive allele, w, and agouti
know how to solve H-W problems! is due to a dominant allele, W.)
to calculate allele frequencies, use p + q = 1 c. If the homozygous dominant condition were to become lethal, what
would happen to the allelic and genotypic frequencies in the rabbit
to calculate genotype frequencies or how population after two generations?
many individuals, use, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
Lab 9: Transpiration Lab 9: Transpiration

Description
test the effects of environmental factors
on rate of transpiration
temperature
humidity
air flow (wind)
light intensity
2004-2005
8
AP Biology
Lab 9: Transpiration Lab 9: Transpiration

transpiration ↑transpiration
stomates ↑ wind
guard cells
↑ light
xylem
↓transpiration
↑ humidity
adhesion
cohesion
H bonding
Lab 9: Transpiration Lab 10: Circulatory Physiology

ESSAY 1991
A group of students designed an experiment to measure transpiration rates in a particular species of
herbaceous plant. Plants were divided into four groups and were exposed to the following conditions.
Group I: Room conditions (light, low humidity, 20°C, little air movement.)
Group II: Room conditions with increased humidity.
Group III: Room conditions with increased air movement (fan)
Group IV: Room conditions with additional light
The cumulative water loss due to transpiration of water from each plant was measured at 10-minute intervals
for 30 minutes. Water loss was expressed as milliliters of water per square centimeter of leaf surface area.
The data for all plants in Group I (room conditions) were averaged. The average cumulative water loss by the
plants in Group I is presented in the table below.
Average Cumulative Water Loss by the Plants in Group I

Time (minutes) Average Cumulative Water Loss
(mL H2O/cm2)
10 3.5 x 10-4
20 7.7 x 10-4
30 10.6 x 10-4
1. Construct and label a graph using the data for Group I. Using the same set of axes, draw and label three
additional lines representing the results that you would predict for Groups II, III, and IV.
2. Explain how biological and physical processes are responsible for the difference between each of your
predictions and the data for Group I.
3. Explain how the concept of water potential is used to account for the movement of water from the plant
stem to the atmosphere during transpiration.
Lab 10: Circulatory Physiology Lab 10: Circulatory Physiology

study factors that affect heart rate thermoregulation
body position endotherm
level of activity ectotherm
determine whether an organism is an Q10
endotherm or an ectotherm by measures increase in metabolic activity resulting from
measuring change in pulse rate as increase in body temperature
Daphnia can adjust their temperature
temperature changes to the environment, as temperature
Daphnia in environment increases, their
body temperature also increases
which increases their heart rate
2004-2005
9
AP Biology
Lab 10: Circulatory Physiology Lab 10: Circulatory Physiology

In mammals, heart rate during periods of exercise is linked to the
Activity increase heart rate intensity of exercise.
in a fit individual pulse & blood pressure are lower & a. Discuss the interactions of the respiratory, circulatory, and nervous
will return more quickly to resting condition after systems during exercise.
b. Design a controlled experiment to determine the relationship between
exercise than in a less fit individual intensity of exercise and heart rate.
Pulse rate changes in an ectotherm as external c. On the axes provided below, indicate results you expect for both the
control and the experimental groups for the controlled experiment you
temperature changes described in part B. Remember to label the axes.
Lab 11: Animal Behavior Lab 11: Animal Behavior

Description
set up an experiment to study behavior
in an organism
Betta fish agonistic behavior
Drosophila mating behavior
pillbug kinesis

Concepts Hypothesis development
innate vs. learned behavior Poor:
experimental design I think pillbugs will move toward the wet
control vs. experimental side of a choice chamber.
hypothesis
Better:
choice chamber If pillbugs prefer a moist environment,
temperature then when they are randomly placed on
humidity
both sides of a wet/dry choice chamber
light intensity
and allowed to move about freely for
salinity
10 minutes, most will be found on the wet
other factors
side.
2004-2005
10
AP Biology

Experimental design sample size ESSAY 1997
A scientist working with Bursatella leachii, a sea slug that lives in an intertidal
habitat in the coastal waters of Puerto Rico, gathered the following information
about the distribution of the sea slugs within a ten-meter square plot over a 10-
day period.
time of day 12 mid 4am 8am 12 noon 4pm 8pm 12 mid
average distance
between individuals
8.0 8.9 44.8 174.0 350.5 60.5 8.0
a. For the data above, provide information on each of the following:

Summarize the pattern.
Identify three physiological or environmental variables that could cause
the slugs to vary their distance from each other.
Explain how each variable could bring about the observed pattern of
distribution.
b. Choose one of the variables that you identified and design a controlled
experiment to test your hypothetical explanation. Describe results that would
support or refute your hypothesis.
Lab 11: Animal Behavior Lab 12: Dissolved Oxygen

ESSAY 2002
The activities of organisms change at regular time intervals. These changes are called Dissolved O2 availability
biological rhythms. The graph depicts the activity cycle over a 48-hour period for a fictional
group of mammals called pointy-eared bombats, found on an isolated island in the temperate
zone.
a. Describe the cycle of activity

for the bombats. Discuss how
three of the following factors
might affect the physiology and/or
behavior of the bombats to result in
this pattern of activity.
temperature
food availability
presence of predators
social behavior
b. Propose a hypothesis regarding the effect of light on the cycle of activity in bombats.
Describe a controlled experiment that could be performed to test this hypothesis, and
the results you would expect.
Lab 12: Dissolved Oxygen Lab 12: Dissolved Oxygen

Description
measure primary productivity by measuring O2
production
factors that affect amount of dissolved O2
temperature
as ↑water temperature, its ability to hold O2 decreases
photosynthetic activity
in bright light, aquatic plants produce more O2
decomposition activity
as organic matter decays, microbial respiration consumes O2
mixing & turbulence
wave action, waterfalls & rapids aerate H2O & ↑O2
salinity
as water becomes more salty, its ability to hold O2 decreases
2004-2005
11
AP Biology

dissolved O2
↑temperature = ↓dissolved O2

primary productivity
measured in 3 ways: ↑light = ↑photosynthesis = ↑O2 production
amount of CO2 used
rate of sugar (biomass) formation O2 loss from respiration
rate of O2 production
↑respiration = ↓dissolved O2
net productivity vs. gross productivity
respiration (consumption of O2)

ESSAY 2001 ESSAY 2004B
A biologist measured dissolved oxygen in the top 30 centimeters of a moderately In most aquatic environments, primary production is affected by light
eutrophic (mesotrophic) lake in the temperate zone. The day was bright and available to the community of organisms.
sunny and the wind was calm. The results of the observation are presented
below. Using measurements of dissolved oxygen concentration to determine
primary productivity, design a controlled experiment to test the
a. Using the graph paper provided, plot the results that were obtained. Then, using
the same set of axes, draw and label an additional line/curve representing the hypothesis that primary productivity is affected by either the intensity of
results that you would predict had the day been heavily overcast. light or the wavelength of light. In your answer, be sure to include the
b. Explain the biological processes that are operating in the lake to produce the following.
observed data. Explain also how these processes would account for your
prediction of results for a heavily overcast day. A statement of the specific hypothesis that you are testing
c. Describe how the introduction of high levels of nutrients such as nitrates and A description of your experimental design (Be sure to include a
phosphates into the lake would affect subsequent observations. Explain your
description of what data you would collect and how you would
predictions.
present and analyze the data using a graph.)
hour 6am 8am 10am noon 2pm 4pm 6pm 8pm 10pm mid A description of results that would support your hypothesis
[O2] mg/L 0.9 1.7 3.1 4.9 6.8 8.1 7.9 6.2 4.0 2.4
2004-2005
12

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Half Hollow Hills High School Ms.

Lab 1: Diffusion & Osmosis

AP Biology 2004-2005 AP Biology 2004-2005

Lab 1: Diffusion & Osmosis Lab 1: Diffusion & Osmosis

AP Biology 2004-2005 AP Biology 2004-2005

Lab 1: Diffusion & Osmosis Lab 1: Diffusion & Osmosis

Lab 2: Enzyme Catalysis Lab 2: Enzyme Catalysis

 measured rate of O2 production

AP Biology 2004-2005 AP Biology 2004-2005

Lab 2: Enzyme Catalysis Lab 2: Enzyme Catalysis

AP Biology 2004-2005 AP Biology 2004-2005

Lab 2: Enzyme Catalysis Lab 3: Mitosis & Meiosis

AP Biology 2004-2005 AP Biology 2004-2005

Lab 3: Mitosis & Meiosis Lab 3: Mitosis & Meiosis

Lab 3: Mitosis & Meiosis Sordaria analysis

Lab 3: Mitosis & Meiosis Lab 4: Photosynthesis

Lab 4: Photosynthesis Lab 4: Photosynthesis

Lab 4: Photosynthesis Lab 4: Photosynthesis

 Photosynthesis Sample 1 — chloroplast suspension + DPIP

produced Data are given in the table on the next page.

Lab 4: Photosynthesis Lab 5: Cellular Respiration

Time Light, Unboiled Dark, Unboiled Light, Boiled

5 48.7 30.1 29.2

10 57.8 31.2 29.4

15 62.5 32.4 28.7

20 66.7 31.8 28.5

AP Biology 2004-2005 AP Biology 2004-2005

Lab 5: Cellular Respiration Lab 5: Cellular Respiration

AP Biology 2004-2005 AP Biology 2004-2005

Lab 5: Cellular Respiration Lab 5: Cellular Respiration

Lab 6: Molecular Biology Lab 6: Molecular Biology

AP Biology 2004-2005 AP Biology 2004-2005

Lab 6: Molecular Biology Lab 6: Transformation

Lab 6: Gel Electrophoresis Lab 6: Molecular Biology

Enzyme Enzyme Enzyme E

Lab 6: Molecular Biology Lab 7: Genetics (Fly Lab)

AP Biology 2004-2005 AP Biology 2004-2005

Lab 7: Genetics (Fly Lab) Lab 7: Genetics (Fly Lab)

AP Biology 2004-2005 AP Biology 2004-2005

Lab 7: Genetics (Fly Lab) Lab 7: Genetics (Fly Lab)

Wild-Type Wild-Type White-eyed White-Eyed Brown-Eyed

Wild-Type Wild-Type White-eyed White-Eyed Brown-Eyed

Lab 7: Genetics (Fly Lab) Lab 8: Population Genetics

Probability Degrees of Freedom (df)

The formula for Chi-squared is: random vs. non-random mating

AP Biology 2004-2005 AP Biology 2004-2005

Lab 8: Population Genetics Lab 8: Population Genetics

Lab 8: Population Genetics Lab 8: Population Genetics

AP Biology 2004-2005 AP Biology 2004-2005

Lab 9: Transpiration Lab 9: Transpiration

AP Biology 2004-2005 AP Biology 2004-2005

Lab 9: Transpiration Lab 9: Transpiration

AP Biology 2004-2005 AP Biology 2004-2005

Lab 9: Transpiration Lab 10: Circulatory Physiology

Average Cumulative Water Loss by the Plants in Group I

Lab 10: Circulatory Physiology Lab 10: Circulatory Physiology

AP Biology 2004-2005 AP Biology 2004-2005

Lab 10: Circulatory Physiology Lab 10: Circulatory Physiology

AP Biology 2004-2005 AP Biology 2004-2005

Lab 11: Animal Behavior Lab 11: Animal Behavior

measured rate of O2 production

Photosynthesis Sample 1 — chloroplast suspension + DPIP