PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION MODELS OF COMMUNICATION

PRELIM REVIEWER ARISTOTLE MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

= SPEAKER-SPEECH-AUDIENCE-EFFECT
MODULE 1: INTRO TO COMMUNICATION - most common model of communication
- golden rule to excel in public speaking,
COMMUNICATION
seminars, lectures etc.
- transmission of thoughts from one mind to
others. LASSWELL’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
- a process in which people share thoughts, = WHO-SAYS WHAT- IN WHICH CHANNEL-
ideas, feelings TO WHOM- WITH THE EFFECT
- is a dual or two-way process of - first popular communication
transmitting messages - 5W
5 FACTORS SHANNON AND WEAVER MODEL OF
Sender (encodes)- speaker of the COMMUNICATION
communicator = SENDER-ENCODER-CHANNEL-DECODER-
Message (idea, opinion)- the idea being RECEIVER
transmitted - one directional
Channel (radio, tv, magazine, ftf)- the - describe the process on how various
medium communication technologies like telephone
Receiver (decodes)- the target of the transmitted
communication
Feedback- reaction given THE OSGOOD-SCHRAMM MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION
TURN TAKING- it is the turn where the = ENCODER/INTERPRETER/DECODER
receiver changes its role from decoder to MESSAGE
encoder. DECODER/INTERPRETER/ENCODER
MESSAGE
DIFFERENT STAGES OF COMMUNICATION
- outlines the basic component of
PROCESS
communication between two people
STIMULUS- perceived by our senses that - proposer the interpersonal
can trigger communication communication
IDEATION- your brain starts to process
BERLO’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
what you have perceived
= SOURCE-MESSAGE-CHANNEL-RECEIVER
ENCODING- you are now starting to
- operates the SMCR pattern
compose the message
TRANSMISSION- you delivered the thoughts 2 ASPECTS OF COMMUNICATION
RECEPTION- your friend received what you A. VERBAL OR LINGUISTIC ASPECT- used of
have communicated words
DECODING- the message will be processed B. NON-VERBAL OR EXTRALINGUISTIC
by the recipient of the message ASPECT- does not make use of words
UNDERSTANDING- the receiver will
interpret the message = NON LINGUISTIC ELEMENTS
ACTION- the receiver of the message will * Kinesics- body movements
react on the message received * Proxemics- distance
* Chronemics- time ETHICS OF ORAL COMMUNICATION
* Haptics- touch
1. Ethical communicators are respectful of
* Olfactics- smell
their audiences
* Oculesics- eye movement
2. Ethical communicators consider the
* Gustatory- taste
consequences of their communication
* Physical Appearance- how the person
3. Ethical communicators respect truth
appears
4. Ethical communicators use information
= PARALINGUISTIC ELEMENTS properly
* Vocal Quality- quality of voice 5. Ethical communicators do not falsify
* Pitch- highness/lowness information
* Tempo- speed 6. Ethical communicators respect the rights
* Volume- loudness of others to information
* Juncture- pauses
BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION
1. ETHNOCENTRISM- when people believes
INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION that their way of doing and seeing things
- communication within yourself are the right and only way
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION 2. STEREOTYPING- when people
- communiation between one person to oversimplified clichés about people from
another person different cultures.
PUBLIC COMMUNICATION 3. PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS- undermining
- communication from one person to a huge of one’s confidence
group 4. LANGUAGE BARRIER- which means the
MASS COMMUNICATION team may not get all the input it needs
- involves the mass media 5. CONFLICTING VALUES- Culture is like an
ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION iceberg: what you see are the behaviors.
- takes place inside the organization
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
- involves person to person, person to
group, group to group
TECHNOLOGY-MEDIATED
COMMUNICATION
- used technology
PRINCIPLES FOR EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATIONS
1. Accesible
2. Actionable
3. Credible
4. Relevant
5. Timely
6. Undestandable
MODULE 2: LISTENING 8. More importantly, it decreases the
tensions of life
Hearing- unintentional and involuntary
Listening- purposeful and focus
- Listening is a primary means through
TYPES OF LISTENING
which we learn new information
- Listening is the learned process of A. DISCRIMINATIVE LISTENING
receiving, interpreting, recalling, evaluating, - identifying the difference between tones
and responding to verbal and nonverbal and sounds
messages.
B. INFORMATIONAL LISTENING
REASONS FOR LISTENING - entails listening with the goal of
- Listening to what others say about us comprehending and retaining information
helps us develop an accurate self-concept
- it can help us more strategically C. CRITIC LISTENING
communicate for identity needs in order to - it requires you to listen to a message and
project to others our desired self. assess whether the message and the
speaker are trustworthy
PURPOSE OF LISTENING ACCORDING
OWEN HARDIGE D. EMPATHETIC LISTENING
- most challenging form of listening and
1. to focus on messages sent by other occurs when we try to understand or
people or noises coming from our experience what a speaker is thinking or
surroundings feeling
2. to better our understanding of other
people’s communication TYPE OF LISTENERS
3. to critically evaluate other people’s A. PEOPLE-ORIENTED LISTENERS
messages 4. to monitor nonverbal signals - concerned about the emotional states of
5. to indicate that we are interested or others and listen with the purpose of
paying attention offering support in interpersonal
6. to empathize with others and show we relationships.
care for them B. ACTION-ORIENTED LISTENERS
7. to engage in negotiation, dialogue, or - focus on what action needs to take place
other exchanges in regards to a received message and try to
IMPORTANCE OF LISTENING formulate an organized way to initiate that
action.
1. Stimulates better communication C. CONTENT-ORIENTED LISTENERS
between the parties involved - listen to complex information and
2. Facilitates the meeting of minds evaluate the content of a message
3. Gives pleasure and even comfort D. TIME-ORIENTED LISTENERS
4. Assists in understanding of what is being - more concerned about time limits and
said 5. Enables to react to what is said timelines
6. Enlarges one’s experience
7. Corrects problems of vocalization THE LISTENING PROCESS
A. THE PHYSICAL OR ATTENTION STAGE or delivery
- the listener is readying himself/herself to 5. JUMPING TO CONCLUSIONS- Be patient
listen. 6. INTERRUPTING- Interrupting someone is
B. THE LOGICAL OR AUDITORY an almost certain sign that you don’t know
DISCRIMINATION STAGE or care about what the other person is
- the listener is choosing which among saying.
those information he/she heard will be 7. OVERREACTING TO EMOTIONAL
processed. WORDS- We will react from time to time to
C. THE SEMANTIC OR COMPREHENSION certain words or phrases that push our “hot
- the listener understands the information buttons
heard.
D. THE RETENTION STAGE
- the listener will remember or retain the
information heard
LEVELS OF LISTENING
1. IGNORING- listener does not show
interest to listen
2. PRETENDING- listening on the eye level’
listener only just pretends to listen
3. SELECTIVE LISTENING- listener choose
only the person who wants to listen.
4. ATTENTIVE LISTENING- listening from the
ears to process it in the mind.
5. SYMPHATETIC LISTENING- listening from
the ears to heart.
6. EMPHATIC LISTENING- more than just
listening to others
WAYS ON HOW TO BE AN ETHICAL
LISTENER AND SPEAKER
1. TURNING OUR DULL TOPICS- listeners
decide early on what topic is simply not
interesting
2. FAKING ATTENTION- we pretend to pay
attention though our minds are a thousand
miles away.
3. YIELDING TO DISTRACTIONS- outside
noises or movements often affect our
concentration
4. CRITIZING DELIVERY OR PHYSICAL
APPEARANCE- people abandon their good
listening habits when they become overly
critical of the speaker’s physical appearance
MODULE 3: INTERNATIONAL - social practices are constantly examined
COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION: and reexamined in the light of incoming
CONTRADICTION AND DIRECTIONS information
GLOBALIZATION OF COMMUNICATION 3. DISEMBEDDEDNESS
- implies the freedom of movement of - the “lifting out” of human interactions
ideas, information, images, and reporters from local contexts and restructuring them
- Globalization is a process that influences across time and space
and is influenced by many aspects of 2 DISEMBEDDING MECHANISMS
contemporary life, including the economy, = SYMBOLIC TOKENS
international relations, society, politics, - media of interchange which can be passed
and religion around, used to connect people across
large distances
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION
- examines how information is exchanged = DISEMBEDDING MECHANISM
across geographical and social divides - is the expert systems
EXPERT SYSTEMS- consist of people with
3 INTERRELATED AND INTERESTING
specialized knowledge and expertise in the
THEORETICAL CLAIMS
use of knowledge repositories and networks
a. material exchanges localize
that can be used to distribute knowledge
b. political exchanges internationalize
worldwide
c. and symbolic exchanges globaliz
CONTRADICTIONS AND DIRECTIONS
- GLOBALIZATION has negative as well as
THREE DYNAMIC PROCESSES
positive features
1. TIME AND SPACE COMPRESSION
- GLOBALIZATION influences are fracturing
- to recognize our place in the world
as well as unifying
- the when and where is connected
- GLOBALIZATION implies greater
- began in 18th century w/invention of
connectedness and de-territorialization
mechanical clocks and the global time zones
SEQUENTIALITY- succession of events over
time
SIMULTANEITY- 2 or more events that
occur at the same moment
SYNCHRONICITY- 2 or more events that
unfold together
2. GLOBAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND
REFLEXIVITY
= GLOBAL CONSCIOUSNESS
-“the scope and depth of consciousness of
the world as a single place”
= REFLEXIVITY
- represents the idea that knowledge spirals
in and out of the universe of social life
universe as an integral part of that process
MODULE 4: LANGUAGE AND position among languages
GLOBALIZATION: ITS IMPLICATION IN THE - ENGLISH has become the LINGUA FRANCA
WORKPLACE of the global network
- ENGLISH is the PROTOCOL for oral and
RELATIONSHIP OF LANGUAGE AND
written communication across national
GLOBALIZATION
frontiers
- GLOBALIZATION is readily increasing in
- ENGLISH LANGUAGE has continued to
today’s world
enjoy unique ascendancy
- LANGUAGES the lifeline of globalization
= without LANGUAGE there would be NO
GREEN (2011)
GLOBALIZATION
- ENGLISH LANGUAGE has been in
= without GLOBALIZATION there would be
widespread use around the world
no WORLD LANGUAGES
- ENGLISH has become even more of a
1. Language contributes to the formation of world languages
culture - He argues that GLOBALISTION pushes
2. Languages are the essential medium forward global English hegemony
3. Knowledge of one or several languages
MCKAY (2002)
4. Allowing languages and their cultures to
- Argued that factors such as colonialism,
spread
speaker migration, and new technology had
THE SPREAD OF ENGLISH AS AN greatly contributed to making ENGLISH an
INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE IN THE INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE and the major
WORKPLACE reasons for the initial spread of English

- GLOBALIZATION is making English CRYSTAL (1997)

especially important not just in - ENGLISH LANGUAGE has become the
universalities but also in the workplace language of international relations
- GLOBALIZATION has influenced the - It is the language of the press, advertising,
evolution of the English language the most and broadcasting
- ENGLISH is a world language now - It is the medium through which motion
- ENGLISH has a very large vocabulary and pictures are propagated
absorbs many words from other languages - International travel and tourism are
- ENGLISH SPEAKING WORKFORCE can help conducted in English
economies integrate - English plays a significant role in higher
- PROFICIENCY IN ENGLISH has become education in many countries
something of a commodity
GRADDOL (2001)
- MANY FIRMS have changed their
- Predicted that no other language will
corporate languages to the common tongue
appear within the next fifty years to replace
of English
English as the global lingua franca.
THE GLOBALISATION OF THE ENGLISH - ENGLISH LANGUAGE is for many people in
LANGUAGE the world today

HJARVARD (2003)
- ENGLISH has come to occupy a singular