The similarity and the differences between code-switching and code-mixing

The differences between code-switching and code-mixing, both of them have strong
similarities, even though so difficult to find the difference between them. According to Auliya et
al., (2017), The similarities between code-switching and code-mixing are just the function when
speaker use two or more languages as a variant language in speech community. The
occurrence of events carried out by speakers in mixing languages or changing communication
codes.
Many researchers have tried to define code-switching and code-mixing. Among them are
(Halliday, 1978), and (Muysken, 2000). For instance, Hymes (1974) defines only code-switching
as “a popular concept for substantial usage of two or more languages, diversities of a language
or even speech styles. “while (Bokamba, 1989) appointed both terms thus: “Code-switching is
the blending of words, phrases and sentences from two different grammatical (sub)systems
onto sentence limits within the same speech session … code-mixing is the installing of different
linguistic units such as affixes (bound morphemes), words (free morphemes), clauses and
phrases from a mutual event where the speakers, in order to denote what is meant, must
coincide what they hear with what they realize.“
According to (Al-Azzawi, 2018), code switching is not an exhibit of imperfect language
knowledge: a grammarless blending of two languages. Instead it is a phenomenon in which its
speakers speak a scope of meanings. By code switching, which happens generally in a
dialogue, the option of speech exhorts the speakers to the conversation of the context and
social proportion in which the interaction is happening. The event of code switching is inspected
from a perspective of conversation analysis, and as such is noticed as reactive turns among
participants of two languages speech community.
Frequently the concept code mixing is applied as equivalent with code switching and
denotes substantially intra-sentential code switching. Though, last survey has shown new
denotation to this concept. Maschler (1998: 125) shows that code mixing or a mixed code as
“speaking two languages and then a third, new code appears, in which different aspects of the
two languages are incorporated into a structurally assignable pattern”. In other words, the code-
mixing hypothesis presents that when two code switched languages comprise the emergence of
a third code it has structural features specific to this new code.
In addition to that, (Meyerhoff, 2006) says that code mixing " mostly points to shifting
between choices, or codes, within a phrase or clause. It frequently evolves mostly negative
estimations than variations or code switching onto clauses.
Thelander quoted by Chaer & Agustina (2004) tried to differentiate between code-switching
and code-mixing. He said that code-switching is a speech event is becoming there is a switch
from one clause of language to a clause of another language. While, when the speech event
becomes, the clauses or phrases consisting of hybrid clauses and hybrid phrases, and all of
they are not support each other is called as Code mixing.
While according to (Ayeomoni, 2006), code-switching is the mixing of words, phrases,
and sentences from two distinct grammatical (sub) systems across sentence boundaries within
the same speech event. While code-mixing is the embedding of various linguistic units such as
affixes (bound morphemes), words (unbound morphemes), phrases and clauses from a
cooperative activity where the participants, in order to infer what is intended, must reconcile
what they hear with what they understand.
 Furthermore, Bullock & Toribio (2009) state that code-switching refers to the capacity of
using, replacing, or switching two languages in use. In this case, the speaker at least has
proficiency in the second language in addition to the first language so that he or she might
switch from the first language to the second language and vice versa. While code-mixing
according to (Nababan, 1993) is found mainly in informal interactions. There are some reasons
why people make code-mixing. Firstly, in code-mixing, bilingual speakers seem to apply some
words or phrases from a foreign language (pieces of one language smaller than a clause), while
the other language (code) functions as the base language. Secondly, bilingual speakers mix
codes when there is no topic that changes, nor does the situation (Gumperz, 1982).
The practice of alternately using two languages is called code-switching. Code-switching
is a linguistic the phenomenon commonly occurring in bi- and multilingual speech communities
(Mahootian, 2006). People who switch the language should have purposes, such as to quote
someone, qualify message, amplify or emphasize, convey confidentiality, anger, and
annoyance, mark and emphasize group identity (solidarity), exclude someone from the
conversation, change the role of the speaker, rise status, add authority, show expertise, and
continue the last language used (Grosjean, 1982). While code-mixing is the change of one
language to another within the same utterance or in the same oral or written text(Nababan,
1993). The use of code-mixing reflects the idea that the alternation of the languages is not yet
constrained(Azuma, 1998).
In fact, some people have difficulty distinguishing between code-switching and code-
mixing. Code-mixing transfers elements of all linguistic levels and units ranging from a lexical
item to a sentence, so that it is not always easy to distinguish code-switching from code-mixing
(Grosjean, 1982). Code-switching is defined as the alternation of two languages within a single
discourse, sentence, or constituent. Intersentential alternations occur when the switch is made
across sentence boundaries (Grosjean, 1982; Torres, 1989). DiPietro (1977) defines it as “the
use of more than one language by communicants in the execution of a speech act.” (as cited in
Grosjean, 1982). (Poplack, 2000) states that code-switching is the alternation of two languages
within a single discourse, sentence or constituent. According to Clyne (2000), code-switching is
the alternative use of two languages either within a sentence or between sentences. Also, this
contrasts with transference, where a single item is transferred from languages B to A (or vice
versa), whether integrated into the grammatical and /or phonological system of the recipient
language or not.
When bilinguals switch or mix two languages, there might be motivations and reasons
for code-switching and code-mixing. Grosjean (1982) suggests some reasons for code-
switching. For example, some bilinguals mix two languages when they cannot find proper words
or expressions or when there is no appropriate translation for the language being used. Also,
their interlocutors, situations, messages, attitudes, and emotions generate code-mixing.
According to (Grosjean, 1982)code-switching can also be used for many other reasons, such as
quoting what someone has said (and thereby emphasizing one’s group identity), specifying the
addressee (switching to the usual language of a particular person in a group will show that one
is addressing that person), qualifying that has been said, or talking about past events. On the
basis of a number of factors such as with whom (participants: their backgrounds and
relationships), about what (topic, content), and when and where a speech act occurs, bilinguals
make their language choice (Bhatia & Ritchie, 2004).
 According to Bhatia and Ritchie (2004), the vast majority of bilinguals themselves hold a
negative view of code-mixed speech. They consider language mixing/switching to be a sign of
“laziness”, an “inadvertent” speech act, an “impurity,” and instance of linguistic decadence and a
potential danger to their own linguistic performance. However, Zentella (1999) claims that code-
switching is more common during informal interpersonal interactions, including those that take
place between family members in natural contexts.
From the explanation above, the difference between code mixing and code switching
can be inferred. First, in the code mixing, bilingual speakers seem to apply some foreign words
or phrases (pieces of one language smaller than clause) while the other language (code)
functions as the base. Second bilingual speakers are said to code-mixing (but not switch from
one to another) when there is no topic that changes, nor does the situation.
Fasold (1996:192) explains one the criterion to different code-switching and code-
mixing. One creation that is sometimes offered to distinguish switching from mixing is that the
grammar of the clause determines the language. By this criterion, if a person uses a word or a
phrase from another language, he has mixed, not switched. But if one clause has the
grammatical structure of one language and the next is constructed according to the grammar of
another create a code.
According to Arya, code-switching and code-mixing living in a bilingual (or multilingual)
community forces people to be able to speak in at least two different languages. We will take
Javanese as a case in point. Javanese people can speak Javanese, and their mother tongue,
and Indonesian as their secondary or national language at a minimum. It is possible to find them
speaking foreign languages too. As people have to speak different languages (or follow different
speech levels; i.e. ngoko or krama in the Javanese language) for different reasons, the so-
called linguistic phenomena of code-switching (you call it "alih kode" and code-mixing (campur
kode) will inevitably occur. When you alternate between two (or more) languages during your
speech with another bilingual person that means you have code-switched. Now we can see the
difference between code-switching and code mixing. When you change language intentionally
and you do it because of specific purposes (e.g. the presence of the third person that does not
share the same language or the change of topic or situation), in other word the switch is
functional, that means you code-switch. When you insert a piece of the word other than that of
your language, and you have no specific purpose or the intention when doing that means you
code-mix.
Code-switching is a term in linguistics referring to using more than one language or
variety in conversation. While other experts stated that code-switching is the mixing of words,
phrases, and sentences from two distinct grammatical (sub) systems across sentence
boundaries within the same speech event. Code mixing the term refers to the use of one or
more languages for the consistent transfer of linguistic units from one language into another,
and by such a language mixture developing a new restricted or not-so-restricted code of
linguistic interaction. The teacher makes code-switching in the class to make meaning clear and
to transfer the knowledge to students in an efficient way. Yet, it should be kept in mind that in
long term, when the students experience interacting with native speakers of the target language;
code-switching may be a barrier that prevents mutual intelligibility.
In conclusion, in sociolinguistic, there is language variation include code. Code refers to
a language or a variety of languages. It is a system that is used by people to communicate with
each other. When people want to talk to each other, they have to choose a particular code to
express there is a symbol of the nationalism that is used by people to speak or communicate in
a particular language for different purposes of communication (both spoken and written). Code
is divided into two, namely code-switching and code-mixing. Code switching and code-mixing
living in a bilingual (or multilingual) community forces people to be able to speak or
communicate in at least two different languages. Code-switching is switching the situation from
one code to another. If a speaker first uses code A (language) then she/he changes the code to
code B (another language). While code-mixing is mixing two languages or using both languages
together in single utterance. Related to the topic and concept, we can see that both code
switching and code mixing can be seen both in written and spoken/oral language. In written
language, can be found in newsletters, magazines, novels, short story etc. While in spoken/ oral
language, we can find in a TV programs, radio, song, movie, teaching, and learning process etc.
In these activities, the person as a bilingual or multilingual and use two or more languages, for
example: Indonesian, English, and regional language. Even, code-switching and code mixing
many used in technology, for example on internet, in social networking (Facebook and
Blackberry Messenger).
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