CONTENTS

 INTRODUCTION OF RECTIFIERS
 Definitions of transformer, Diodes, Resistors and CRO
 Types of Rectifiers
 Introduction to full wave rectifier
 Components used in full wave rectifier
 Working of full wave rectifier
 Circuit diagram
 Characteristics of wave forms
 Advantages and disadvantages of full wave rectifier
 Applications of full wave rectifier
 Precautions to be taken
 Working module pics with output
 Conclusion
 INTRODUCTION

RECTIFIER
A rectifier is an electrical device that (AC), which periodically reverses direction, to
(DC), which flows in only one direction. The process is known as rectification. Physically,
rectifiers take a number of forms, including Rectifiers have many uses, but are often found
serving as components of DC and power transmission systems. It is a combination of Diodes
and Resistors either in series or in parallel. It gives appropriate output to be used in DC
combination.

It is a combination of Diodes and Resistors either in series or in parallel. It gives

appropriate output to be used in DC combination.

TRANSFORMER

Transformer is used to convert high AC voltage to Low AC voltage. The

Transformer used in the full wave rectifier is step-down Transformer.

Diode

A diode is a semiconductor device that essentially acts as one-way switch for

current.
Resistor

A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical

current in an electronic circuit.

A Resistor can also be used to provide a specific voltage for an active device such
as transistor.

CRO:
The cathode ray oscilloscope is an electronic test instrument, it is used to obtain
waveforms when the different input signals are given. In the early days, it is called as an
Oscillograph. The oscilloscope observes the changes in the electrical signals over time, thus
the voltage and time describe a shape and it is continuously graphed beside a scale. By seeing
the waveform, we can analyze some properties like amplitude, frequency, rise time, distortion,
time interval, and etc.
Block Diagram of CRO

The following block diagram shows the general-purpose CRO contraction.

The CRO recruits the cathode ray tube and acts as a heat of the oscilloscope. In an oscilloscope,
the CRT produces the electron beam which is accelerated to a high velocity and brings to the
focal point on a fluorescent screen.
Thus, the screen produces a visible spot where the electron beam strikes with it.
By detecting the beam above the screen in reply to the electrical signal, the electrons can act as
an electrical pencil of light which produces a light where it strikes.

CRO Block Diagram

To complete this task we need various electrical signals and voltages. This
provides the power supply circuit of the oscilloscope. Here we will use high voltage and low
voltage. The low voltage is used for the heater of the electron gun to generate the electron
beam. A high voltage is required for the cathode ray tube to speed up the beam. The normal
voltage supply is necessary for other control units of the oscilloscope.

The horizontal and vertical plates are placed between the electron gun and
the screen, thus it can detect the beam according to the input signal. Just before detecting the
electron beam on the screen in the horizontal direction which is in X-axis a constant time-
dependent rate, a time base generator is given by the oscillator. The signals are passed from the
vertical deflection plate through the vertical amplifier. Thus, it can amplify the signal to a level
that will be provided the deflection of the electron beam.

If the electron beam is detected in the X-axis and the Y-axis a trigger
circuit is given for synchronizing these two types of detections. Hence the horizontal deflection
starts at the same point as the input signal.
 FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

While this method may be suitable for low power applications it is unsuitable to
applications which need a “steady and smooth” DC supply voltage. One method to improve on
this is to use every half-cycle of the input voltage instead of every other half-cycle. The circuit
which allows us to do this is called a Full Wave Rectifier.

Like the half wave circuit, a full wave rectifier circuit produces an output voltage
or current which is purely DC or has some specified DC component. Full wave rectifiers have
some fundamental advantages over their half wave rectifier counterparts. The average (DC)
output voltage is higher than for half wave, the output of the full wave rectifier has much less
ripple than that of the half wave rectifier producing a smoother output waveform.

Vs = Vmsinwt i.e sinusoidal input voltage

 Working of Full Wave Rectifier

In a Full Wave Rectifier circuit two diodes are now used, one for each half of the cycle.
A is used whose secondary winding is split equally into two halves with a common centre
tapped connection, (C). This configuration results in each diode conducting in turn when its
anode terminal is positive with respect to the transformer centre point C producing an 2 output
during both half-cycles, twice that for the half wave rectifier so it is 100% efficient as shown
below.

The full wave rectifier circuit consists of two power diodes connected to a single
load resistance (RL) with each diode taking it in turn to supply current to the load. When point
A of the transformer is positive with respect to point C, diode D1 conducts in the forward
direction as indicated by the arrows.

When point B is positive (in the negative half of the cycle) with respect to point C,
diodeD2 conducts in the forward direction and the current flowing through resistor R is in the
same direction for both half-cycles. As the output voltage across the resistor R is the phasor
sum of the two waveforms combined, this type of full wave rectifier circuit is also known as a
“bi-phase” circuit.
Circuit Diagram
CHARACTERISTICS OF WAVE FORMS OF FULL
WAVE RECTIFIER
 APPLICATIONS

 This rectifier is used to convert high input AC voltage to low DC voltage

 These types of rectifiers are used as basic components within the power supply units due
to their high efficiency.

 These are used to provide power to motors, LEDs, etc.

Thus, center tapped FWR is one kind of full wave rectifier that makes unidirectional
current flow through the load in the complete input voltage cycle. This rectifier uses two diodes
which are connected across the center-tapped transformer’s terminals. So once one diode
conducts mainly for +ve half cycle then another diode will conduct for a -ve half cycle of the
input supply. Consequently, a unidirectional current flow is maintained throughout the load
resistance.
 ADVANTAGES

 The rectification efficiency of full-wave rectifier is double of that of a half-wave rectifier.

 The ripple voltage is low and of higher frequency in case of full-wave rectifier so simple
filtering circuit is required.

 Higher output voltage, higher output power and higher Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF)
in case of a full-wave rectifier.

 In a full-wave rectifier, there is no problem due to dc saturation of the core because the dc
current in the two halves of the two halves of the transformer secondary flow in opposite
directions.

The DC load current & DC o/p voltage are double as compared to HWR.
 DISADVANTAGES

 These are expensive.

 Every diode uses simply one-half of the supply voltage which is developed within the
secondary of the transformer; thus the obtained DC o/p is small.

 For the tapping, it is not easy to place the center on the secondary.

 The diode utilized in the circuit should be capable of bearing high PIV (peak inverse
voltage) as PIV coming across every diode is double the highest voltage across the half of
the minor winding.
 PRECAUTIONS to be taken ..

 Keep safe yourself from high voltage.

 Solder the wire safetly.

 While soldering don’t touch the solder tip.

 CONCLUSION

 Center Tapped rectifier converts both halves of the AC input cycle into DC output

 The rectifier uses a tapped transformer and two diodes and the tapping is grounded

 The average output of the center-tapped rectifier is twice that of a half-wave rectifier

 The ripple voltage is less than that of a half-wave rectifier

 The output voltage can be controlled with a change in turn ratio