International University, Vietnam National University - HCMC 1

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REPORT
EXPERIMENT 1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Group: 4 Section: 1 Date: 15/07/2022

Group members:
% Contribution
Seq. Full name Student ID Signature Score
(total = 100%)
Ngô Hùng
1 IELSIU21167 100%
Minh Trí

2 Phạm Huỳnh IELSIU21168 100%

Minh Triết

3 Trần Kiết IELSIU21170 100%

Tường

4 Lý Mỹ Uyên IELSIU21172 100%

Nguyễn Lê
5 Hoàng Vy IELSIU21181 100%

Total score: /15

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I. Introduction:
Experiment 1 is aimed to test and observe the chemical changes of the reactants to form
chemical reactions among different solutions. Seven experiments will be conducted in this
experiment 1. The first is a process involving copper (Cu 2+), iron (Fe2+ and Fe3+), and aluminum
(Al3+). The reactions of silver halides, H2O2, and KMnO4 are the following. The flame test is the
final experiment.
II. Experimental:
1. Reactions of Cu2+:
a. Mix 10 drops of 0.5M CuSO4 with 10 drops of 2M NaOH → Observe
→ Add 10 drops of 2M NaOH → Observe.
b. Mix 10 drops of 0.5M CuSO4 with 10 drops of 2M NH4OH → Observe
→ Add 10 drops of 2M NH4OH → Observe.
2. Reactions of silver halides:
a. KCl: Mix and wait for 2 minutes: 10 drops of 0.5M KCl with 10 drops of 0.1M
AgNO3 → Observe.
Mix and wait for 2 minutes: 10 drops of 0.5M KCl with 10 drops of 0.1M
AgNO3 and 10 drops of 2M NH4OH → Observe.
b. KBr: Mix and wait for 2 minutes: 10 drops of 0.5M KBr with 10 drops of 0.1M
AgNO3 → Observe.
Mix and wait for 2 minutes: 10 drops of 0.5M KBr with 10 drops of 0.1M
AgNO3 and 10 drops of 2M NH4OH → Observe.
3. Reactions of H2O2:
a. Mix and wait for 2 minutes: 1 drop of 0.1M KMnO4 with 5 drops of 2M H2SO4
and 5 drops of 3% H2O2 → Observe.
b. Mix and wait for 2 minutes: 5 drops of 0.1M KI with 5 drops of 2M H2SO4
and 5 drops of 3% H2O2 → Observe.
c. Mix and wait for 2 minutes: 10 drops of 3% H2O2 with a pinch of MnO2
→ Observe.
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4. Reactions of KMnO4:
a. Mix 10 drops of 0.5M Na2SO3 with 5 drops of 2M H2SO4 and 5 drops of
0.1M KMnO4 → Observe.
b. Mix 10 drops of 0.5M Na2SO3 with 5 drops of 6M NaOH and 5 drops of 0.1M
KMnO4 → Observe.
c. Mix 10 drops of 0.5M Na2SO3 with 5 drops of distilled water and 5 drops of
0.1M KMnO4 → Observe.
5. Reactions of Fe2+ and Fe3+:
a. Reactions of Fe3+:
i. Mix 10 drops of 0.5M FeCl3 with 5 drops of 2M KOH → Observe.
ii. Mix 10 drops of 0.5M FeCl3 with 5 drops of 2M NH4OH → Observe.
b. Reactions of Fe2+:
i. Mix 10 drops of 0.5M FeSO4 with 5 drops of 2M KOH → Observe.
ii. Mix 10 drops of 0.5M FeSO4 with 5 drops of 2M NH4OH → Observe.
6. Reactions of Al3+:
a. Mix 10 drops of 0.5M Al2(SO4)3 with 5 drops of 2M NaOH
→ Observe → Add 20 drops of 2M HCl → Observe.
b. Mix 10 drops of 0.5M Al2(SO4)3 with 5 drops of 2M NaOH
→ Observe → Add 20 drops of 2M NaOH → Observe.
7. Flame test:
a. Light the Bunsen burner.
b. Clean the loop with distilled water.
c. Dip the loop into the tested solution.
d. Hold it in flame.
e. Record the dominant flame color.
f. Clean the loop for the next solution.
g. Repeat the same process for other tested solutions.
• Tested solution: LiCl, NaCl, KCl CaCl2, BaCl2.
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III. Results and discussion:

1. Reactions of Cu2+:
Table 1: Reactions of Cu2+
Reaction Observation Chemical Equation
0.5M CuSO4 Before adding NaOH to the CuSO4 (aq) + 2NaOH (aq)
+ 2M NaOH test tube, the solution has a → Cu(OH)2 (s) + Na2SO4 (aq)
blue color (CuSO4). After
adding NaOH, a pale blue
precipitate starts forming.

0.5M CuSO4 At first, the pale blue CuSO4 (aq) + 2NH4OH (aq)
+ 2M NH4OH precipitate of Cu(OH)2. → Cu(OH)2 (s) + (NH4)2SO4 (aq)
Then, on passing the Cu(OH)2(s) + (NH4)2SO4 (aq) + 2NH4OH (aq)
excess NH4OH, the pale → [Cu(NH3)4]SO4 (aq) + 4H2O (aq)
blue color precipitate will
turn into a deep blue
solution. This is due to the
formation of a soluble
complex tetra amine copper
[II] sulfate ([Cu(NH3)4]SO4)

Comments: In the first reaction, the precipitate is Cu(OH)2, it is a double displacement

reaction, and requires a precipitate in order to form a chemical reaction. In the second
reaction, first, it forms a dark blue precipitate Cu(OH)2, then the precipitate dissolves and
forms a dark blue solution is a complex salt [Cu(NH3)4]SO4.
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Figure 1.1: Reaction 1.1 Figure 1.2: Reaction 1.1 Figure 1.3: Reaction 1.2 Figure 1.4: Reaction 1.2

2. Reactions of silver halides:

Table 2: Reactions of silver halides
Reaction Observation Chemical Equation
0.5M KCl Forming a white
+ 0.1M AgNO3 precipitate (AgCl) from KCl (aq) + AgNO3 (aq) → KNO3 (aq) + AgCl (s)
two colorless solutions
(KCl and AgNO3)
0.5M KCl First, the reaction of
KCl (aq) + AgNO3 (aq) → AgCl (s)+ KNO3 (aq)
+ 0.1M AgNO3 KCl and AgNO3 form
AgCl (s) + 2NH4OH (aq) → [Ag(NH3)4]Cl (aq) +
+ 2M NH4OH white precipitate. Then
2H2O (aq)
the precipitate will turn
into a colorless solution
due to the soluble
complex [Ag(NH3)4]Cl

0.5M KBr Light yellow precipitate KBr (aq) + AgNO3 (aq) → AgBr (s) + KNO3 (aq)
+ 0.1M AgNO3 appears.
0.5M KBr First, the reaction of
+ 0.1M AgNO3 KBr and AgNO3 forms KBr (aq) + AgNO3 (aq) → AgBr (s) + KNO3 (aq)
+ 2M NH4OH light yellow precipitate.
Then the precipitate will
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remain stable since

AgBr does not form a
soluble complex.

Comments: Ion Ag+ can combine with halogens to form a precipitate with different colors.
Moreover, these precipitates are dissolved in NH4OH and form complex salts.
In the last picture on the right, we did not put enough NH4OH into the solution, so it is still
a little yellow in the solution.

Figure 2.1: Reaction 2.1 Figure 2.2: Reaction 2.1 Figure 2.3: Reaction 2.2 Figure 2.4: Reaction 2.2

3. Reactions of H2O2:
Table 3: Reactions of H2O2
Reaction Observation Chemical Equation
0.1M KMnO4 The purple of KMnO4 2KMnO4 (aq) + 3H2SO4 (aq) + 5H2O2 (aq)
+ 2M H2SO4 faded into a clear liquid and → K2SO4 (aq) + 2MnSO4 (aq) + 8H2O (aq) +
+ H2O2 released gas. 5O2 (g)

The orange liquid turned 2KI (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) + H2O2 (aq)
0.1M KI → K2SO4 (aq) + I2 (s) + 2H2O (aq)
into yellowish-brown liquid
+ 2M H2SO4 and after 2 minutes dark
+ H2O2 purple precipitate
appeared.
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The solution effervesces MnO2 (s) + H2O2 (aq)

H2O2 + MnO2 → MnO (s) + H2O (aq) + O2 (g)
and has black precipitate.

Comments: All 3 reactions are oxidation-reduction reactions because there is a change

in oxidize number in each reaction. O2 is the gas released in the first and last reaction. I2
is the dark purple precipitate. The yellow solution is the color of KI. The black precipitate
in the last reaction is MnO. We can conclude that H2O2 can be both the oxidation and
reduction chemical substance because it can raise its oxidization number in the first
reaction to become O2 or lower it in the second reaction to become H2O.
The dark purple of I2 was so dark that we consider it black.

Figure 3.1: Reaction 3.1 Figure 3.2: Reaction 3.2 Figure 3.3: Reaction 3.3

4. Reactions of KMnO4:
Table 4: Reactions of KMnO4
Reaction Observation Chemical Equation
The purple color of 5Na2SO3 (aq) + 3H2SO4 (aq) + 2KMnO4 (aq)
0.5M Na2SO3
potassium permanganate → K2SO4 (aq) + 2MnSO4 (aq)+ 5Na2SO4 (aq)
+ 2M H2SO4
was changed into a clear + 3H2O (aq)
+ 0.1M KMnO4
liquid (transparent).

Forming dark green 2KMnO4 + Na2SO3 + 2NaOH → K2MnO4 +

0.5M Na2SO3
precipitation. Na2SO4 + H2O + Na2MnO4
+ 6M NaOH
+ 0.1M KMnO4
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Forming a transparent 3Na2SO3 (aq) + H2O (aq) + 2KMnO4 (aq)

0.5M Na2SO3 liquid and brown → 3Na2SO4 (aq) + 2MnO2 (s) + 2KOH (aq)

+ H2O precipitation.
+ 0.1M KMnO4

Comments: KMnO4 can react with a salt such as Na2SO3 in many different conditions
like acid (H2SO4), base (NaOH), or even distilled water (H2O). Mangan (Mn) is an oxidized
substance as it reduces oxidation number from +7 to +2 or +4.
In the second reaction, the dark green was so dark that we consider it black. In the last
reaction, there should be some dark red precipitation of MnO 2 that appeared after the
solution turned transparent, but we put so little KMnO 4 and too much distilled water, so it
was quite difficult to see.

Figure 4.1: Reaction 4.1 Figure 4.2: Reaction 4.2 Figure 4.3: Reaction 4.3
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5. A. Reactions of Fe3+:
Table 5: Reactions of Fe3+
Reaction Observation Chemical Equation
0.5M FeCl3 FeCl3 (aq) + 3KOH (aq)
Forming brown-red
+ 2M KOH → Fe(OH)3 (s) + 3KCl (aq)
precipitation.

0.5M FeCl3 Forming yellow-brown FeCl3 (aq) + 3NH4OH (aq)

+ 2M NH4OH precipitation. → Fe(OH)3 (s) + 3NH4Cl (aq)

Comments: FeCl3 reacts with base compounds in order to create ion Fe3+, forming
brown precipitation Fe(OH)3.

Figure 5.A.1: Reaction 5.A Figure 5.A.2: Reaction 5.A

5. B. Reactions of Fe2+:
Table 6: Reactions of Fe2+
Reaction Observation Chemical Equation
0.5M FeSO4 Dark green precipitate FeSO4 (aq) + 2KOH (aq)
+ 2M KOH appears. → Fe(OH)2 (s) + K2SO4 (aq)

A yellow aqueous

0.5M FeSO4 solution of FeSO4 turn to FeSO4 (aq) + 2NH3 (aq) + 2H2O (aq)
+ 2M NH4OH dark green and appears → Fe(OH)2 (s) + (NH4)2SO4 (aq)
dark
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green precipitate.

Comments: FeSO4 reacts with base compounds in order to create ion Fe2+, forming
moss-green precipitation Fe(OH)2.

Figure 5.B.1: Reaction 5.B Figure 5.B.2: Reaction 5.B

6. Reactions of Al3+:
Table 7: Reactions of Al3+
Reaction Observation Chemical Equation
0.5M Al2(SO4)3 Form an opaque, white Al2(SO4)3 (aq) + 6NaOH (aq)
+ 2M NaOH precipitate Al(OH)3 → 2Al(OH)3 (s) + 3Na2SO4 (aq)
0.5M Al2(SO4)3 The precipitate Al(OH)3 Al2(SO4)3 (aq) + 6NaOH (aq)
+ 2M NaOH slowly disappears and → 2Al(OH)3 (s) + 3Na2SO4 (aq)
+ 2M HCl results in a clear liquid 2Al(OH)3 (s) + 6HCl (aq)
product → 2AlCl3 (aq) + 6H2O (aq)
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Al2(SO4)3 (aq) + 6NaOH (aq)

0.5M Al2(SO4)3 White precipitate appears,
→ 2Al(OH)3 (aq) + 3Na2SO4 (aq)
+ 2M NaOH and the precipitate
Al(OH)3 (aq) + NaOH (aq)
+ 2M NaOH dissolves.
→ NaAlO2 (aq) + 2H2O (aq)

Comments: The result of the reaction between aluminum sulfate Al2(SO4)3 and sodium
hydroxide is the white-colored precipitate aluminum hydroxide Al(OH)3 and sodium
sulfate Na2SO4. If using the products in the previous reaction as reactants and adding
hydrochloric acid HCl, the precipitate aluminum hydroxide Al(OH)3 dissolves and
aluminum chloride is the new product. Following the same procedure, but replacing
hydrochloric acid HCl with sodium hydroxide NaOH, the precipitate aluminum hydroxide
Al(OH)3 continuously accumulates and ultimately dissolves.

Figure 6.1.1: Reaction 6.1 Figure 6.1.2: Reaction 6.1

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Figure 6.2.1: Reaction 6.2 Figure 6.2.2: Reaction 6.2

7. Flame test:
Dominant Wavelength Frequency Photon
Solution
flame color (nm) (s−1) energy
(J)
LiCl red-orange 622 4.823x1014 3.196x10-19
NaCl orange 609 4.926x1014 3.264x10-19
KCl violet 423 7.092x1014 4.699x10-19
CaCl2 red-orange 622 4.823x1014 3.196x10-19
BaCl2 orange-yellow 597 5.025x1014 3.330x10-19

Comments: The purpose of this experiment is to show the differences displayed in

color of the flame when various salts and metals react with fire. By translating the flame
color into frequency, wavelength and energy per photon can be calculated by using the
correct formulas.
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Figure 7.1: Flame LiCl Figure 7.2: Flame NaCl

Figure 7.3: Flame KCl Figure 7.4: Flame CaCl2

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Figure 7.5: Flame BaCl2

IV. Conclusions:
After this experiment, we had the opportunity to do many types of reactions such as synthesis,
decomposition, single displacement, double displacement, combustion, acid-base, complex
compound formation, and oxidation-reduction. Following the preceding trials, we can distinguish
between several sorts of events such as color change, precipitation formation, and gas
formation. In addition, we saw the physical characteristics of various chemicals alter through a
flame test.