Physical Education and Health: Learner's Material

Physical Education
and Health
Learner’s Material
This learning resource was collaboratively developed

and reviewed by educators from public and private schools,
colleges, and/or universities. We encourage teachers and
other education stakeholders to email their feedback,
comments, and recommendations to the Department of
Education at action@deped.gov.ph.
We value your feedback and recommendations.
Department of Education
Republic of the Philippines
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LESSON 1: A WAY TO GET FIT...............................................................................................................

LESSON 2: ENERGY SYSTEMS...............................................................................................................
LESSON 3: LET’S BE HEALTH AWARE!...................................................................................................
LESSON 4: EAT RIGHT FOR A HEALTHY LIFE........................................................................................
All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means - electronic or
mechanical including photocopying – without written permission from the DepEd Central Office. First Edition, 2016.
LESSON 5: MANAGING STRESS THROUGH PHYSICAL ACTIVITY...........................................................
LESSON 6: SELF-TESTING ACTIVITY FOR A HEALTHY ME!.....................................................................
LESSON 7: FITNESS GOALS.................................................................................................................
LESSON 8: EXERCISE FOR FITNESS......................................................................................................
LESSON 9: EXERCISE FOR FITNESS......................................................................................................
LESSON 10: EXERCISE FOR FITNESS....................................................................................................
LESSON 13: VALUE OF PARTICIPATING IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES.........................................................
LESSON 14: CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN HEALTH AND FITNESS...........................................................
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All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means - electronic or
mechanical including photocopying – without written permission from the DepEd Central Office. First Edition, 2016.
Lesson 1: A Way to Get Fit
Activity 1: Let Me Think

Directions: Complete the table below by listing all physical activities you have engaged
in before and activities you are engaged in at present.
When I was a kid, I used to… Now I’m a young adult, I do…
What is physical activity? It is any movement made by the muscles of the body
that requires exertion of energy such as running, swimming, dancing, etc. Exercising is
considered physical activity but more structured and planned. Regular physical activity
promotes a healthy lifestyle as it improves our health and helps lower risks to illnesses
like cancer, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. It is necessary for us
to engage in physical activities to enhance our level of fitness.
Many of us exercise and do physical activities at home, in school, and at the

gym. Some of these include aerobic, muscle strengthening, and bone strengthening
activities, all of which are good for body composition. It is important to know the nature
of these physical activities for a better understanding of what it does to our body.
Aerobic, Muscle Strengthening, and Bone Strengthening Activities: How Do They

Work and Differ?
Aerobic Activities
Aerobic activities are also called “cardio” exercises. Normally, these activities
increase our heart and breathing rate. These activities cause us to sweat profusely,
and breathe harder. Our heart pumps blood more vigorously, causing oxygen to
circulate throughout our body. This allows us to sustain our aerobic exercise for a few
minutes. Such activities like jogging, running, swimming and dancing are some
examples of aerobic exercises which improve our cardiorespiratory fitness. It also helps
us to prevent disease like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and osteoporosis. Most
aerobic activities can be done on a daily basis. To be physically fit, it is important to
engage in aerobic activities.
Guidelines for Aerobic Exercise

• Frequency - Always consider the number of aerobic exercise sessions per
week. When doing cardio exercises, especially to lose weight, frequency is an
important factor to make it more effective. Start cardio exercises for at least 3
days a week for the first few weeks, with not more than 2 days’ rest between
sessions. Afterwards, we can gradually increase the frequency of exercise to 5
days a week.
1
All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means -
electronic or mechanical including photocopying – without written permission from the DepEd Central Office. First Edition, 2016.
• Intensity – To be effective, aerobic exercises should be done in moderate
intensity, that is, our heart rate should be 60 to 80% of our maximum heart rate.
First, determine the target heart rate by getting the maximum heart rate and the
recommended heart rate range. This will then tell how hard we should exercise
during our training.
• Time – More time spent doing aerobic exercises means more calories burned
and an increase in endurance. We can at least do 20 minutes per session at
first, then gradually increase it to 60 minutes.
• Type - Running, jogging, sprinting, swimming, and playing contact sports such
as basketball are some activities that we can do to improve our heart rate. It is
also important to try different exercises and activities to avoid boredom.
Muscle Strengthening Activities
Muscle strengthening activities are exercises in which groups of muscles work or hold
against a force or some weight. Muscle strengthening activities help build good muscle
strength. When muscles do more work, it becomes stronger. Therefore, having strong
and healthy muscles enable us to perform everyday physical tasks. With strong and
capable muscles, we can rearrange the furniture in our living room and carry heavy
grocery bags from the market to our home.
During muscle strengthening activity, muscle contraction occurs. The repetitive

contractions during exercise can cause damage to the muscle fibers. Our body repairs
these muscle fibers when they get damaged. The repair happens after exercise while
muscles are at rest. New muscle fibers are produced to replace or repair those that
were damaged. The muscles in our body then start to grow larger and stronger. This
stimulation and repair process is called muscle hypertrophy. It is important to note that
these muscle-strengthening activities—short high intensity exercises—should be
alternately scheduled in a week allowing rebuilding of muscles during rest periods.
Ideally, one to two days of rest lets our muscles rest and recover.
Exercises like push-ups, sit-ups, squats, and lifting weights are some examples of
muscle strengthening activities that you can do if you want to have strong and lean
muscles. Remember that before you start doing these activities, be sure to do dynamic
warm-up to avoid injury.
Bone Strengthening Activities
Bone growth is stimulated by physical stress brought about by physical activity.

As skeletal muscles contract, they pull their attachment on bones causing physical
stress. This consequently stimulates bone tissue, making it stronger and thicker. Such
bone strengthening activities can increase bone density throughout our skeletal
system. This is called bone hypertrophy.
Many forms of physical activity like running, skipping rope, and playing
basketball help keep our bones fit. Bones also support groups of muscles to reduce
risk of falling. It is important to understand that bone-strengthening exercises do not
only focus on bone health, it also focuses on improving muscle strength, coordination,
and balance.
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Each strengthening activity mentioned works differently from the other as each
focuses on different target areas in the body. But each contributes to the ultimate goal
of being fit. Being fit is important and requires a proper plan and much effort and
discipline. If we want to live healthy, we need to optimize our daily physical activities to
achieve our desired level of fitness.
Activity 2: Question Time!

Directions: Answer the following questions below.
1. Differentiate aerobic, muscle strengthening and bone strengthening activities?
2. How do these activities contribute to your overall health? Cite at least 5

benefits.
3. Explain the importance of Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type (FITT) in doing
exercise?
Summary
Bone Strengthening
Aerobic Activities Muscle Strengthening Activities
Activities
During aerobic Muscle contraction occurs during Bone growth is stimulated
activity, oxygen is a muscle strengthening activity. by physical stress. As
delivered to the The repetitive contractions during skeletal muscles contract,
muscles in our exercise cause damage to muscle they pull their attachment
body allowing us to fibers. However, these muscle on bones causing physical
sustain the
fibers are ready to be repaired stress. This consequently
physical activity for
once they get damaged. The stimulates bone tissue,
few minutes.
repair of muscle fibers happens making it stronger and
after exercise while muscles are thicker. Such bone
at rest. There will be new muscle strengthening activities
fibers produced to replace and can increase bone density
repair those fibers that were throughout our skeletal
damaged. The muscles in the system.
body then start to grow larger and
stronger.
3
References
Bone Hypertrophy. (2016). Retrieved from

http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095517493
Factors Affecting Bone Development, Growth and Repair. Retrieved from

http://www.our-sma-
angels.com/crystal/web%20pages/a%20&%20p/bonefacts.htm
Glass, S., Hatzel, B. and Albrecht R. 2 Ways Bone Modeling Occurs Throughout Life:
Hypertrophy and Atrophy.http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/2-
waysbone-modeling-occurs-throughout-life-hypert.html
http://www.medicinenet.com/aerobic_exercise/article.htm
Quinn, Elizabeth. (2016. May 25). 4 Basic Strength Training Principles to Build
Muscles. Retrieved from https://www.verywell.com/basic-strength-
trainingprinciples-3120727\
Quinn, Elizabeth. (2016. May 9). What is the Definition of Muscle Hypertrophy? .
Retrieved from https://www.verywell.com/muscle-hypertrophy-definition3120349
Strengthening Muscles and Bones. Retrieved from

https://www.presidentschallenge.org/motivated/strengthening.shtml
Weil, Richard (MEd,CDE). (2016. Jan 1). Aerobic Exercise. Retrieved from
What is Aerobic Exercise? - Definition, Benefits and Examples. (2016). Retrieved from
http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-aerobic-exercise-definitionbenefits-
examples.html
“What is Physical Activity?” as retrieved from

https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/healthtopics/topics/phys
Lesson 2: Energy Systems
Activity 1: Let’s Find Out

Directions: Can you tell what they are doing? Can you identify what these two pictures
have in common?
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Our body needs specific amount of energy when we do physical activities.
When we exercise, a low or high amount of energy is supplied to muscles depending
on the duration, intensity, and nature of the exercise. Activities like sprinting and
jumping require a large amount of energy used in short a period of time. On the other
hand, marathon running and long-distance swimming require low but steady amount of
energy over a longer period of time. It is important for our body to get the energy it
needs to effectively perform these physical activities.
The food that we eat is a source of energy. Eating before doing exercise can
contribute to performance. There is a complex chemical process called cellular
respiration in which our body takes in food and uses it to convert and produce
adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP supplies energy to muscle cells for muscular
contraction during physical activity. Creatine phosphate (CP), like ATP, is stored in
muscle cells. When it is broken down, a large amount of energy is released. Three
energy systems work together as we exercise. However, a specific energy system can
dominate depending on the intensity and of type of activity that is being done.
What Are The Three Energy Systems?
Anaerobic A-Lactic (ATP-CP) Energy System

Anaerobic A-Lactic or ATP-CP is a dominant source of muscle energy for high
intensity physical activities. It provides high bursts of start up energy that lasts
around ten seconds or less. ATP-CP provides immediate energy without requiring
any oxygen (anaerobic) and does not produce lactic acid (a-lactic). Many athletes
who participate in sports competitions require short amounts of acceleration.
Athletic events like the shot put, weight lifting, and 100-meter sprint are examples
of physical activities that utilize the ATP-CP energy system. However, the ATP-CP
system will not supply ATP again until the muscles have rested and have been
able to regenerate.
Anaerobic Lactic (Glycolytic) Energy System

Anaerobic Lactic is also known as the glycolytic energy system, an energy system
that supplies energy for medium to high intensity physical activities. These high
intensity activities usually last from ten seconds to two minutes. When an athlete
sprints for 400 meters, lactic acid builds up in blood and muscle cells. Normally,
there is a shortness of breath, and a burning sensation in the muscles once lactic
5
acid is produced. Same as with ATP-CP, the anaerobic lactic system does not
require oxygen but is capable of supplying energy for high intensity activities. The
difference between the two systems is amount of time that the system can work.
Thus, if an athlete exceeds ten seconds while sprinting, the anaerobic lactic system
kicks in to provide energy.
Aerobic Energy System

Most of sports and activities use aerobic energy system. Aerobic energy system
provides energy for low intensity physical activities that last from two minutes to a
few hours. Aerobic energy system, compared to ATP-CP and glycolytic energy
system, requires much longer oxygen in muscles in doing physical activities like
long distance swimming running and playing sports (e.g. basketball, soccer, futsal).
If a person exercises for 8 minutes, aerobic energy system will become a dominant
source of that person’s energy. Aerobic energy system continually produces ATP
energy to muscles as long as oxygen is available to muscles in the body. Unlike
anaerobic lactic system, aerobic energy system does not produce lactic acid since
oxygen is available to the muscles.
Most sports and physical activities use these energy systems. Though there are
times when one energy system dominates during a specific type of physical activity,
it is important to understand that all energy systems are active. Each energy
system changes during the activity depending on its duration and intensity.
Therefore, once we engage in physical activities or sports, all three energy systems
may be in use but in varying degrees.
Activity 2: Let’s Get Energized

Directions: Divide yourself into 5 groups. Think of and list down physical activities that
use three energy systems. Perform these activities.
Anaerobic A-Lactic Anaerobic Lactic System Aerobic Energy System

System
Activity 3: Let’s Reflect

Directions: After doing Activity 2, answer the following questions below.
1. How will you differentiate anaerobic a-lactic and anaerobic lactic system? What
do they have in common? Explain.
2. How does the aerobic energy system work in our body? How does it differ from
2 anaerobic systems? Explain.
Summary
Energy Intensity Duration Lactic Acid Oxygen Examples
System Production Requirement
Anaerobic High Lasts 10 Does not Does not Shot put, 100-
A Lactic seconds produce require meter sprint
6
or less lactic acid oxygen
Anaerobic Medium to Lasts 10 Produces Does not 400 to

Lactic High seconds lactic acid require 800meter
to 2 oxygen sprint
minutes
Aerobic Low Lasts 2 Does not Requires 3-km run,
Energy minutes to produce oxygen long distance
System a few lactic acid swimming,
hours playing
sports (e.g.
basketball,
soccer,
futsal)
References
Rogers, Paul. (2010. Nov 8). All About Energy Systems For Physical Activity.
Retrieved from http://foodfithealth.com/blog/energy-systems-physical-activity/
Muscle Metabolism: Synthesis of ATP (2016). Retrieved from

http://study.com/academy/lesson/muscle-metabolism-processes-to-
generateatp.html
Namblar, Bindu. (2011. Oct 6). 3 Basic Energy Systems To Perfect Goal Oriented
Exercise. Retrieved from http://www.bodybuilding.com/fun/3-energy-
systemshelp-trainer.htm
Exercise Energy Systems. (2016). Exercise Energy Systems. Retrieved from

http://www.shapesense.com/fitness-exercise/articles/exercise-
energysystems.aspx
Sports and Nutrition: Fueling You Performance. (2015. July 13). Retrieved from
http://youngwomenshealth.org/2013/07/23/sports-nutrition/
Lesson 3: Let’s Be Health Aware!
Activity 1: Describe Me in My Picture

Directions: Describe the picture below. Can you tell what causes this person to act this
way? Write your thoughts about it in the space provided.
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Many of us try to live a healthy lifestyle. We do various things to become fit and
to achieve our desired physique — oftentimes without first knowing and understanding
the consequences. Our health becomes at risk and prone to different risks that can
affect our capacity to do daily physical activity. We need to realize that there are some
common health practices — particularly when dealing with stress— that need to be
corrected right away, especially among the young ones. Some stress-coping measures
affect or show in a person’s eating or sleeping habits.
Eating Habits, Sleep, and Stress Management: What Goes Wrong?
Eating Habits
We can always eat the food that we want. There is nothing wrong with eating. It
only goes wrong if we consume less or more than what our body needs; also when
we eat unhealthy food. This can lead to being underweight, overweight, or even
obese. It is alarming to see that many are suffering from malnutrition, overweight,
and obesity.
Underweight people are often found to suffer from malnutrition due to lack of
adequate nutrients in the body. Many of them do not get the right amount of
calories to fuel their bodies thus, they tend to lack the energy to do regular tasks at
home, school, and work. Their immune system also gets weak and compromised,
making them prone to health risk issues such as anemia and osteoporosis.
Anorexia (an-o-REK-see-uh) nervosa is an eating disorder wherein a person is abnormally
underweight, has an intense fear of gaining, and an abnormal understanding of body weight, often
due to coping with emotional problems stemming from self-worth.
People with anorexia use extreme efforts to prevent weight gain and keep on losing weight by
restricting food intake, exercising excessively, or misusing diet aids, diuretics, and laxatives. These
tend to significantly interfere with activities in their lives.
(http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anorexia/home/ovc-20179508)
8
Overeating is also found to be one of the leading causes of overweight and
obesity. Eating too much, especially processed food and sugary drinks, coupled
with a sedentary lifestyle contribute significantly to weight gain. The calories
consumed, particularly from fats and sugars, have to be burned off through physical
activity or exercise. Otherwise, these calories will be just be stored in the body as
fat.
Overweight and obese people often encounter a lot of physical and

emotional struggles in their daily lives. They often have a hard time doing simple
tasks such as tying their shoelaces or walking up a short flight of stairs. They also
find themselves the subject of bullying. Furthermore, they are also at risk of
developing other health conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes,
among others.
Sleep Management
Sleep is essential to everyone’s health. Normally, we need about 6 to 8
hours of night sleep everyday to allow the body to rest and regenerate. When we
wake up in the morning after a good night’s sleep, we feel fresh and energetic. We
become effective and productive in our daily activities. However, a lot of people, in
particular teens, practice bad sleeping habits such as the following:
1. Staying up all night - This is the most common bad sleeping habit of most
people. In order to submit a project, a paper, or some other work at the last
minute, they cram to finish it, staying up all night until they are done. Some
people just spend the night reading or doing other stuff that they just do not
want to postpone for another time.
2. Internet Addiction - Social media is massively addictive. Many people would

spend a lot of their time browsing social media sites such as Facebook and
YouTube. They are awake all night to converse and play with their friends and
forgo sleeping on time. This results in tiredness and unproductiveness in work,
in school, and even at home.
3. Eating Before Sleeping - Eating could be one of the things we do that give us
comfort—but should be discouraged just before bedtime. Eating before sleeping
can cause discomfort preventing us from falling asleep easily. When we eat too
close to our bedtime, it means that we go to our bed while digesting. This can
cause acid reflux which makes a person lose sleep. It is best to eat 4 hours
before falling asleep so we can be sure that our digestive system has done its
job.
Stress Management
We need to deal with the fact that stress is part of our lives. Stress
happens for many reasons – environmental factors, fatigue, too much work,
illness, and loneliness. It is inevitable; hence, needs to be handled properly.
Handling stress seems to be tough to do but we need to learn how to cope with
it the right way. If not properly dealt with, it can lead to many health concerns—
difficulties in sleeping, poor immunity, hypertension, and even heart disease.
One may also perform poorly in physical activities because of stress. However,
while some may be able to deal with stress, others may not and resort to
ineffective—or worst, unhealthy—means of dealing with stress.
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Examples of such means that can be detrimental to health are the following:
1. Smoking
2. Bad Eating Habits – Skipping meals and/or overeating
3. Excessive alcohol intake
4. Excessive sleeping
5. Procrastinating – Trying to hide and escape the problem using delaying
tactics rather than facing the problem
According to the World Health Organization, in 2012, out of 56 million

deaths worldwide, 38 million were due to cardiovascular diseases. Knowing this,
making the decision to be aware of our health and to change to a healthier lifestyle
—through balanced diet, regular physical activity, and enough sleep— would be to
our advantage.
Activity 2: “Let’s Be Health Aware” Essay

Directions: Imagine that you are writing an article for a health magazine. Your task is to
write a persuasive essay about health awareness. Remember to point out the best
practices on how to maintain good health and bad health habits. Your essay should be
brief and easy to read.
Summary
Skipping meals, overeating, too much intake of processed food, lack of sleep, staying
up late, and the inability to cope with highly stressful environment are all part of having
an unhealthy lifestyle. This can lead to the failure to perform daily tasks as these affect
the physical and even emotional state of a person. Chronic conditions such as cancer,
diabetes, cardiovascular diseases may also develop and even compromise your
immune system. It is therefore a wise decision as early as now to be aware of your
health, and to correct bad health practices, rather than to suffer the consequences later
on.
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References
9 Bad Eating Habits and How To Break Them. (2014. Jan 13). Retrieved from
http://www.everydayhealth.com/diet-and-nutrition-pictures/bad-eating-habits-andhow-to-break-
them.aspx
Martinez, Eliza. What Are The Dangers of Being Underweight?. Retrieved from
http://healthyliving.azcentral.com/dangers-being-underweight-8137.html
What are the Health Risks of Overweight and Obesity?. Retrieved from
https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/obe/risks
Obesity and Overweight. (2015. Jan). Retrieved from

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/
Causes of Obesity. (2016. Jun 15). Retrieved from

http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Obesity/Pages/Causes.aspx
Five Bad Sleeping Habits That You Should Stop Doing Right Now. (2014. July 14) Retrieved
from https://salemph.wordpress.com/2014/07/14/five-bad-sleeping-habits-you-
shouldstop-doing-right-now/
Stress Management: Unhealthy Ways of Coping Stress. (2015). Retrieved from

https://stress.knoji.com/stress-management-unhealthy-ways-of-coping-with-stress/
Healthy Ways To Gain Weight If You’re Underweight. (2011. Sep). Retrieved from
http://familydoctor.org/familydoctor/en/prevention-wellness/food-nutrition/healthyfood-
choices/healthy-ways-to-gain-weight-if-youre-underweight.html
What is Anorexia Nervosa?. (2016). Retrieved from

http://www.bulimia.com/topics/anorexia/
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anorexia/home/ovc-20179508
Balentine, Jerry R. (DO, FACEP). Obesity. (2015. Dec 9). Retrieved from
http://www.medicinenet.com/obesity_weight_loss/page3.htm
Consequences of Obesity. (2014). Retrieved from https://www.morelife.co.uk/Default.aspx?

PageName=Consequences+of+Obesity
Eikermann, Doug. Twenty Disadvantages to Being Overweight. (2013). Retrieved from

http://slingingthebull.com/twenty-disadvantages-to-being-overweight/
Cline, John D. (Ph.D).Sleep and the Internet Addict. (2011. Sep 11) Retrieved from
https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/sleepless-in-america/201109/sleep-and-
theinternet-addict
Elgan, Mike. Social Media Addiction Is A Bigger Problem Than You Think. (2015. Dec 14).
Retrieved from
http://www.computerworld.com/article/3014439/internet/social-media-addiction-is-
abigger-problem-than-you-think.html
World Health Organization Fact Sheet (2014, May) retrieved from

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/index2.html
11
Lesson 4: Eat Right for a Healthy Life
Activity 1: 4 Pics 2 Words

Directions: Can you tell what these 4 pictures have in common? Answer the problem
below by filling in the correct letters in the blank.
_A___G
__B__
Eating is part of our daily routine. We eat food to increase our energy, to
replenish our strength, and to power our minds to think more clearly to handle
problems. In our country, it has been tradition to prepare delicious food during
celebrations—which happens several times in a year. During these times, most of us
would pile up our plate with every type of food we see, and will not realize until later
that we have already consumed a large amount of food. This shows that we usually
don’t mind the amount of food that we eat. Some people choose to eat only a certain
food group. Vegetarians, for example, choose to eat only fruits and vegetables. Others
vary the food they eat and how they eat according to factors such as culture, location,
age, and/or state of fitness or health. Each of us has preference in the type of food we
12
chose and the way we eat. There are four types of eating we should know of and
understand.
Four Types of Eating That You Should Know
Fueling for Performance

Before heavy training, an athlete needs the right kind of food that can
provide the proper fuel for his or her energy requirement. There should be a
balance among all food groups: carbohydrates, protein, fats, minerals, vitamins,
and water that will provide the body what it needs for an effective and optimum
performance. Athletes usually practice this sort of structured diet for good body
composition, athletic performance, and recovery. In addition, athletes need to eat a
variety of food to stabilize the condition of the body. They need to eat regular meals
and snacks and get enough calories to fuel the body for training and athletic events.
Athletes also need to drink more fluids as compared to nonathletes. This helps
them to avoid dehydration which can cause dizziness, muscle cramps, and
lightheadedness.
Emotional Eating
Emotional eating is the practice of consuming large amounts of food in response to
emotions instead of hunger. Many people turn to food as a source of comfort, a
stress reliever, or as a reward. Eating as a coping mechanism is unhealthy
because the problem is not addressed. Eating makes someone feel better for a
while but the emotion (or its cause) remains unaddressed. Overcoming this
unhealthy habit means teaching an emotional eater healthier ways to deal with
stress and to develop better eating habits. If it is not resolved, emotional eating can
lead to obesity and weight gain.
Social Eating
Many times in our lives, we get invited to partake of all the scrumptious food on the
table during celebrations. Oftentimes, we indulge even if we are not hungry for the
sake of being sociable and to not offend the host or the group. This is called Social
Eating. Sometimes, peer pressure is the reason why one feels compelled to
consume more calories than planned. Social eating can directly affect a person’s
health, leading to obesity and other health-related problems. While most of us try to
maintain a good eating habit, attending social events with lots of eating can get in
the way. This only makes a healthy eating habit difficult to maintain.
Distracted Eating
Have you tried eating while watching your favorite show or sports team on TV?
Eating while watching TV for extended periods of time poses a serious risk to your
health. Many do not pay attention to their meal as they are distracted with what
they are watching, thus they tend to eat more. Others spend time eating junk food,
sweets and soft drinks while watching TV. This type of diet leads to overweight,
obesity, and even increased risk to diseases like diabetes and hypertension. Aside
from consuming too much food, it promotes an unhealthy lifestyle—leading a
sedentary lifestyle rather than going out and doing physical activities.
Eating is important but we must learn to manage it properly. Too much or too little
food consumed is unhealthy. It is better to maintain a balanced diet and healthy
lifestyle to prevent illness. No one have control our eating habits except ourselves.
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Activity 2: Self-Check
Directions: Do you have a healthy eating habit? Answer the table below by writing
“Yes” or “No” in each situation given.
My Eating Habits Yes/No

1. I go to the party and eat a lot with my family or friends.
2. I don’t mind if I eat a lot.
3. I make sure that I don’t eat before doing my exercise
4. Food is my stress reliever
5. Whenever I’m happy, I love to eat.
6. I eat less when I am depressed.
7. I feel compelled to eat every time we have a celebration.
8. I don’t eat food when I’m watching TV or any sport event.
9. I eat my meals regularly. I make sure that I don’t skip any meal.
10. I eat more than three meals in a day.
Activity 3: I Realize
Directions: Answer the following questions.
1. Do you have a healthy eating habit? Why did you say so? Explain.
2. In your self- check, what are some eating habits that you think should change?
Why?
3. What eating habits should you continue? Why?
14
Activity 4: My Weekly Meal Planner
Directions: Have you scheduled what food you should eat for this week? Your task in
this activity is to make weekly meal planner by completing the chart below.
Time Monday Tuesday Wednesda Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

y
Breakfast
Lunch
Snacks
Dinner
Summary
Eating is important. We need to eat for us to perform well. In this lesson, we have
learned that people have different eating habits.
• Fueling for Performance – Athletes follow a structured diet for good body
composition, athletic performance and recovery. They eat a balanced diet of
carbohydrates, protein, fats, minerals and vitamins to be effective in their
performance.
• Emotional Eating – It is habitually consuming large amount of food in response
to emotions instead hunger. Food is seen as a comfort, stress relief, or reward
to make them feel better.
15
• Social Eating - This is eating with peers just for sake of being sociable. Peer
pressure is the main reason why one feels compelled to consume more
calories than what it is planned.
• Distracted Eating – People who spend more time eating while watching TV is
prone to being overweight, obese and contract diseases like diabetes and
hypertension. Watching TV and make it as part of lifestyle is unhealthy as it
makes person spend less time in doing physical activities.
References
9 Bad Eating Habits and How to Break Them. (2014. Jan 13). Retrieved from
http://www.everydayhealth.com/diet-and-nutrition-pictures/bad-eating-habits-andhow-to-
break-them.aspx
Berger,Vincent. (2005). Emotional Eating. Retrieved from

http://www.psychologistanywhereanytime.com/weight_and_eating_disorders/psychol
ogist_weight_emotional_eating.htm
Causes of Obesity. (2016. Jun 15). Retrieved from

http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Obesity/Pages/Causes.aspx
Edwards, Roxanne D. (MD).Emotional Eating. (2016. Apr 1). Retrieved from

http://www.medicinenet.com/emotional_eating/article.htm
Franklin, Lauren. (2013. Sep 29). Social Eating Poses Serious Problems for College
Students. Retrieved from
http://www.dailytexanonline.com/opinion/2013/09/29/socialeating-poses-serious-
problems-for-college- students
LeWine, Howard (M.D). (2013. Mar 29). Distracted Eating May Add To Weight Gain.
Retrieved from http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/distracted-eating-may-add-
toweight-gain-201303296037
Nordqvist, Christian. (2015. Oct 1). The Eight Most Popular Diets Today. Retrieved from
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/5847.php#vegetarian_diet
Ovuorie, Tobore. (2014. Sep 5). Watching TV While Eating Bad for Health- Nutritionist.
retrieved from http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/167760-watchingtv-
while-eating-bad-for-health-nutritionist.html
Sheehan, Krista. What Does a Vegetarian Diet Consist Of?. Retrieved from
http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/vegetarian-diet-consist-of-2568.html
Smith, M., Segal, J., and Segal R. (2016. Apr). Emotional Eating VS Mindful Eating. Retrieved
from http://www.helpguide.org/articles/diet-weight-loss/emotional-eating.htm
Social Eating. (2012. Feb 27). Retrieved from http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?

term=social+eating
Sports and Nutrition – Fueling Your Performance. (2015. Jul 13). Retrieved from
http://youngmenshealthsite.org/guides/sports-nutrition/
Study Suggests TV Watching Lowers Physical Activity. (2006. Jul 31). Retrieved from
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/07/060731165525.htm
What Are the Health Risks of Overweight and Obesity?. (2012. Jul 13). Retrieved from
https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/obe/risks
16
Lesson 5: Managing Stress through Physical Activity
Pre-Activity: What bothers you?

Directions: List down experiences from the previous week that made you feel
uncomfortable and describe your coping technique
Places Uncomfortable / Actions you made to

Demanding Situation feel better
Home
School
Community
Stress and its Characteristics
In the daily challenges of life, individuals often encounter discomfort—

circumstances and events that disturb one’s physical, mental, and emotional states.
The body’s response to the discomfort it experiences is called stress. Stress is the
body’s way of reacting to an external stimulus such as a discomfort. It activates the
sympathetic nervous system, which brings about a fight or flight response wherein
cortisol and adrenaline is released into the bloodstream. These hormones stimulate
your heart to pump faster, making your blood pressure rise. Your muscles start to
contract, your breathing quickens, and your senses become more sensitive. These
changes in your body caused by stress increases your stamina and strength, makes
you react quickly, and keeps you more focused.
Stress affects all—it is part of one’s life. The human body and its system are
equipped to respond to stress. Most of the events that happen to you and around you
contribute stress to your body.
The effects of stress differ for each individual, based on their ability to adjust to
certain changes from the environment and the people around them. Some are able to
cope easily, but others have hard time.
On the one hand, stress can be helpful for it can keep a person alert and set to
avoid vulnerability. On the other hand, it becomes detrimental when a person is
subjected to stress without relief or relaxation between situations. Stress-related
tension may build up and consume the person. A negative stress reaction is referred to
17
as distress. Distress triggers mental, emotional and physical problems and, even
worse, certain symptoms or diseases.
Symptoms of Stress
Emotional
• Nervousness, gets easily upset, moody
• Overwhelming feeling and sometimes uncontrollable experience in
relaxing the mind
• Low-self esteem, loneliness and the feeling of being worthless
Mental
• Lack of focus
• Disturb mind setting
Physical
• Weak and lesser strength, easily gets cold and infection
• Headache
• Upset stomach, including diarrhea and constipation
• Loss of appetite
• Aches, pains, tense muscles
• Sleeplessness
Coping with Stress through Physical Activity
Stress is inevitable and eliminating it entirely from one’s life is impossible.

Changes in daily events are beyond any person’s capacity. However, one’s reaction to
stressful changes can be managed. Regular exercise is sometimes done to cope with
stress. Spending time with friends or family, sleeping, watching movies, as well as
listening to music, also work. These coping techniques are said to be of help but most
health professionals recommend participation and engagement in physical activity and
exercise as preferred strategy.
Many of the physical symptoms of stress can be managed through physical

activity. Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement that works your skeletal
muscles and physical skills, that requires strength and energy expenditure. This
includes any motion performed throughout the day. Walking, running, dancing,
swimming, yoga, and gardening are a few examples of physical activity.
Types of Physical Activity
1. Aerobic - light to moderate-intensity physical activity that requires more

oxygen than sedentary behavior, and thus promotes cardiovascular fitness
and other health benefits (e.g., weight bearing exercises like jumping rope,
cycling, swimming, running playing football, basketball, or volleyball).
2. Anaerobic - high-intensity physical activity that is done in a short duration of
time requiring high energy. Anaerobic activities are strength-base activities
in the absence of oxygen (e.g., sprinting during running, swimming, or
cycling) requires maximal performance during the brief period.
18
3. Lifestyle - physical activities which have been a part of our daily routine
(e.g., walking, climbing stairs, sweeping or raking the yard), which is usually
light to moderate in intensity.
4. Physical activity play - an intense play activity that requires substantial
energy expenditure (e.g. playing tag, jumping rope).
5. Play - simple and self-reflected activities with flexible rules for the purpose
of enjoyment.
6. Sports - a physical activity requiring skill and physical prowess that is
governed by set of rules and regulations that is often done in a competition.
There are two categories of sports: individual and team.
Physical Activities Mechanism in Coping with Stress
Keeping your body physically active can help improve overall disposition,
increase the release of endorphins and offer meditation-like qualities. Exercise
can also reduce the fight or flight response often triggered by stress.
Mood Booster
Engaging in physical activity can improve moods and make us feel better,
increasing self-confidence, thus reducing stress. Exercise can also improve our quality
and ability to sleep, resulting in a fully rested body which can definitely have a positive
impact on our overall disposition and cognitive function.
Endorphin Release
Participating in physical activity can result in an increase in endorphin levels.

Endorphins are chemicals or neurotransmitter hormones that are secreted from the
brain and nervous system. It activates the body’s opiate receptors thus it has analgesic
properties that can make you feel good. It also gives a person the feeling of
achievement and being in control.
Mind Stimulator
Exercise can be a form of meditation. While involved in an engrossing physical

activity, we may find that we are concentrating strictly on the physical work. We tend to
forget the problems and worries you have at present. With this, our mind is somehow
freed and stimulated to work and find solutions to our stress.
Reduction of Fight or Flight Response
Stress, either big or small, activates our flight or fight response and in doing so,
deluges our body with different hormones including cortisol, adrenaline, and
noradrenaline. Over-secretion of these hormones is brought about by stress, thus must
be controlled and returned to normal state. Otherwise it could interfere with body
functions leading to adrenal fatigue. Physical activity or movement metabolizes the
hormones triggered by stress, processing these chemicals and returning them to
normal levels. Once these hormones have been metabolized, the level of homeostasis
improves, regulating the internal conditions of the body, thus bringing in a state of
balance and stability. In this manner, we feel calm and ready to gear up and face the
world once again.
Activity 1: Be a stress manager!
19
Directions:
1. With your partner, interview 15 other classmates and asks them their sources of
stress, and of what they do to cope with it.
2. Make graphs, tables, and charts to help you interpret your data. Present your
findings in an oral report and give recommendations for plans to manage stress
through physical activity.
3. Produce your own information sheet to be given to your peers.
Activity 2: Checking what’s on your mind.

Directions: Complete the sentences
1. Participation in physical activity helps in managing stress by
2. Why is the release of hormones and its processes important to stress

response?
3. Therefore, if I am in a stressful situation, I’ll find time to _______________

___________________________________________________________
because ___________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________.
Summary
Engaging in physical activity and participating in sports has significant benefits

for health. It is recommended to be one of the best strategies for managing stress.
Living an active life through physical activity can help in elevating your mood
and activating the body parts resulting to improvement in overall disposition. The body
systems functions to increase release of endorphins also known as the ‘natural pain-
killer’. Also, concentrating on the physical activity offer meditation-like qualities where
your focus is on the movement giving you a sense of relief, free from worries and
stress.
Physical activity and movement metabolizes and processes stress-generated

returning it to normal level reducing the fight and flight response of a person.
References:
Physical Activity Reduces Stress (April 17,2016) retrieved from

http://www.adaa.org/understanding-anxiety/related-illnesses/other-
relatedconditions/stress/physical-activity-reduces-st
What is Physical Activity retrieved (April 17,2016) from

https://www.kstate.edu/kines/kineseducation/whatispa.html
Stress Management Health Centre. Retrieved (April18,2016)

http://www.webmd.boots.com/stress-management/physical-stresssymptoms
White, Mary Gormandy, M.A., SPHR - Corporate Trainer & Consultant “Physical
Activity and Stress Management” (April 17,2016) retrieved from
http://stress.lovetoknow.com/physical-activity-stress-management
20
What is stress? Retrieved ( April 18,2016) from
http://www.helpguide.org/articles/stress/stress-symptoms-causes-
andeffects.htm
Exercise for Stress and Anxiety retrieved (April 18,201) from http://www.adaa.org/living-
with-anxiety/managing-anxiety/exercise-stressand-anxiety
Lesson 6: Self-testing Activity for a Healthy Me!
Keeping the body physically active enables the body systems to function
properly with vigor and alertness. Staying in shape allows the individual to perform
daily task efficiently and effectively resulting to better output and performance.
Pre-activity: Getting ready for Physical Activity

Directions: Prior to any physical activity, it is just right to assess your general health
through the PAR–Q & YOU questionnaire. Fill up the PAR-Q as pre-requisite to check
readiness for physical activity. Please fill-up and answer the questions honestly.
Regular physical activity is fun and healthy and increasingly more people are starting
to become more active every day. Being more active is very safe for most people.
However, some people should check with their doctor before they start becoming
much more physically active.
If you are planning to become much more physically active than you are now, start
by answering the seven questions in the box below. If you are between the ages of
15 and 69, the PAR-Q will tell you if you should check with your doctor before you
start.
Common sense is your best guide when you answer these questions. Please read
the questions carefully and answer each one honestly: check YES or NO.
YES NO
1. Has your doctor ever said that you have a heart condition and that
you should only do physical activity recommended by a doctor?
2. Do you feel pain in your chest when you do physical activity?
3. In the past month, have you had chest pain when you were not
doing physical activity?
4. Do you lose your balance because of dizziness or do you ever lose
consciousness?
5. Do you have a bone or joint problem (for example, back, knee or
hip) that could be made worse by a change in your physical
activity?
6. Is your doctor currently prescribing drugs (for example, water pills)
for your blood pressure or heart condition?
7. Do you know of any other reason why you should not do physical
activity?
Source: http://www.furman.edu/sites/live well/getmoving/pages/par-q.aspx
Physical Fitness Testing
21
Assessing one’s health status will help the person know about one’s strengths
and weaknesses. Awareness of individuals’ health-related fitness and its relevant
interpretations will aid the person to efficiently create an action plan in observing a
healthy lifestyle and selecting appropriate activities for areas that need improvement.
Activity 1: Self –testing Activities for Health-related fitness
I. Anthropometric Measurements
Purpose: To measure body composition.
Equipment needed: weighing scale, tape measure
Goal: Take body measurements.
Preliminary: Prepare needed materials.
Procedure:
1. Height. Stand with trunk straight. Measure the distance from the floor to
the top of the forehead. Record the score in centimeters (cm).
2. Weight. Stand on a weighing scale free from any object for weight
accuracy. Record in kilograms (kg).
3. Waistline. Locate your upper hipbone. Find the proper spot by placing your
hands around your waist, squeezing slightly, and then moving your fingers
downward until you feel the top curve of your hips. Place a tape measure
around your bare stomach just above the upper hipbone. Record in
centimeters (cm).
4. Hipline. Place tape measure in the widest part of hip in line with the pubis.
5. Computation/s
a. BMI- Body Mass Index - measure of body mass based on height and
weight that aid in determining weight categories.
BMI = Weight in kg
(Height in m) x (Height in m)
b. Waist to Hip Ratio - measure stored body fats percentage by the

relative measurement of waist and hip
WHR = Waist Circumference (cm)

Hip Circumference (cm)
II. 3 – Minute Step Test
Purpose: Test for Cardiovascular Endurance level based on how quickly your
heart rate will come back down after a physical activity
Equipment needed: stopwatch, 12-inch bench box, a metronome
Goal: In a constant pace, step on and off the bench for 3 minutes straight
22
Procedure:
1. Stand close to the 12-inch bench box while partner will set the metronome
in 96 beats per minute (bpm).
2. When ready to begin, start the stopwatch, step one foot at a time to the beat
(up, up, down, down). When 3 minutes is up, stop immediately get your
pulse rate.
3. Record the Exercise Heart Rate: _______bpm
III. Hamstring and Hip Flexor Test
Purpose: To test flexibility of the Hamstring and

hips
Equipment needed: protractor
Goal: Keeping both legs straight, lift one leg to
the maximum angle with other leg remain
flat on the floor.
Preliminary: Illustrate angles on a poster board
and paste it on the wall.
Procedure:
1. Lie on your back on the floor beside a wall.

2. Slowly lift one leg off the floor. Keep the other leg flat on the floor.
3. Keep both legs straight.
4. Continue to lift the leg until either leg begins to bend or the lower leg begins
to lift off the floor.
5. Place a yardstick against the wall to mark the spot to where the leg was
lifted. Lower the leg.
6. Using a protractor, measure the angle created by the floor and the yardstick.
The greater the angle the better your score.
7. Repeat with other leg.
IV. Zipper Test
Purpose: Test for the shoulder flexibility
Equipment needed: tape measure
Goal: Raise one arm across back with bent

elbow reaching down fingers of the other hand
Preliminary: Prepare needed materials
Procedure:
1. In standing position, raise one arm across you back, bend the elbow and
reach down as far as possible, simultaneously, bring other arm down
and behind the back trying to cross fingers over those with the other
hand.
23
2. Measure the distance of overlapped fingers in cm. If they fail to meet
score as a minus or <0. Write zero if the fingertips just touched with no
overlap.
3. Repeat the procedure with the
other hand. Record the score.
V. Curl – up (Dynamic)
Purpose: Test abdominal muscles

strength and endurance
Equipment needed: mat, adhesive tape

Tape marks, 4 ½ inches apart
Goal: Perform curl-up with proper pacing http://www.mansionathletics.com/us -games-curl-up-
(3 seconds per curl) mat-1388274-exercise-fitness-coaching-
Preliminary: Prepare the mat. Place two tape marks 4 ½ inches apart on the
floor.
Procedure:
1. Sit on a mat in a long sitting position. Bend your legs more than 90
degrees with feet remaining flat on the floor.
2. Lay down with arms extended at the sides, palm facing down with
fingers extended touching the 1st tape mark.
3. From that position, curl your trunk up with heels in contact with the floor
until your fingers reach the 2nd marker.
4. Upon reaching, lower back to the starting position. Repeat one-curl up
every 3 seconds.
5. Continue the curl-ups and stop when you are unable to keep the pace.
Record the number of repetitions
VI. 90-degree Push–up (Dynamic)
Purpose: Test for the muscles of the upper arm strength and endurance
Equipment needed: mat
Goal: To perform a proper push–up
Preliminary: Prepare needed material
Procedure:
1. From prone lying position, place the hands just outside the shoulders
with elbows bent.
2. Men: Support the body in a push-up position from the toes with back, hip
and legs align.
Women: Support the body in a push–up position from the knees instead
of toes, with back, hip, and legs aligned.
3. Lower the body until the upper arm is parallel to the floor or a 90
degrees angle of the bent elbow.
4. Repeat as many times as possible.
24
VII. Flexed-Arm Support (Static)
Purpose: Test the muscular strength of the shoulder and upper arm.
Equipment needed: mat, stopwatch
Goal: Hold the push-up position not more than 35 seconds

Procedure:
1. Use the Push-up procedure 1 & 2 for preparatory position.

From the starting position, lower the body until the upper
arm is parallel to the floor and elbow flexed at 90 degrees
(see illustration above).
2. Hold the position as long as possible. 3. Record the
obtained holding position.
Measuring your fitness level is one way to find out your level of physical fitness. Below are
references for interpretation.
BMI Categories: Waist to Hip Men Women

Underweight = <18.5 Ratio
Normal weight = 18.5–24.9 Ideal 0.8 0.7
Overweight = 25–29.9 Low risk <0.95 <0.8
Obesity = BMI of 30 or greater Moderate Risk 0.96 – 0.99 0.81 – 0.84
High Risk >1.0 >0.85
Rating Scale for Dynamic Muscular Endurance

Age16-26 Male Female
Curl-ups Push-ups Curl–ups Push-ups
High Performance Can do more Can do more Can do more Can do more
Zone than 35 than 29 than 25 than 17
Good fitness zone 24-34 20-28 18-24 12-16
Marginal Zone 15-23 16-19 10-17 8-11
Low Zone 14 and below 15 and below 9 and below 7 and below
Rating Scale for Static Endurance

Classification Score in seconds
High- performance zone 30 and above
25
Good fitness zone 20 – 29
Marginal Zone 10 - 19
Low Zone 10
Rating Scale for Flexibility

Classification Men Women
Shoulder Flexibility Hamstring & Hip Shoulder Flexibility Hamstring & Hip
(inches) Flexor Flexibility (inches) Flexor Flexibility
(degrees) (degrees)
High R L5 111 & above R L 111 & above
Performance + 4+ 6+ 5+
Good Fitness 1-4 1-3 80-110 2-5 2-4 80-110
Zone
Marginal Zone 0 0 60-79 1 1 60-79
Low Zone <0 <0 <60 <1 <1 <60
Activity 2: Self – Assessment Card: Health – related fitness status
1. Body Composition
Test BMI Result Analysis
Interpretation
BMI
Waist to hip Ratio
2. Cardiovascular Endurance
3- minute Step Test Recovery PR & Implications
Interpretation
3. Muscular Strength, Endurance, Flexibility

High My strongest HRF
component:
Good ______________________
My weakest HRF
Marginal component:
_____________________
Low
Realization/Conclusion:
Push-up Curl-up Flexed- Flexibility ______________________
Arm Support
Health-related fitness components:
Cardiovascular endurance is the ability of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels to
supply oxygen to your body tissues during sustained physical activity. This allows
the body to endure physical movement for a period of time. Also, efficient delivery of
oxygen to its tissues will take place giving the person a lower breathing rate and the
ability to perform the task longer.
Muscular Strength is the maximum amount of force a muscle can exert in a single
effort. Achievement of muscular strength depends on factors like gender, age, and
26
inherited physical attributes. Having strong muscles is beneficial to everyday living.
The muscles support the skeleton enabling movement to occur and the strength to
support the body while standing up.
Muscular Endurance is the ability of the muscle to continue to perform without

fatigue.
Flexibility is the ability to bend and move the joints through the full range of
motion.
Body Composition is the percentages of fat, bone, water, and muscle in a human
body; it is often the ratio of lean tissue to fat tissue in the body.
Barriers to Physical Activity

(http://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/cur/physhlth/frame_found_gr11/rm/module_b_lesson_4.pdf)
Getting involved in physical activities can be attributed to personal and

environmental factors. A person may experience a variety of challenges along the way.
This hinders the person to be physically active, hence, referred to as barriers.
Personal barriers
With the current trends in technology and development, people’s lives have
become convenient and easier as well as less active. They may also have reasons
or own justifications of their inactivity that forms their attitude towards physical
movement, letting them live a sedentary life.
Some common explanations (barriers) that people cite for resistance to

exercise are:
• insufficient time to exercise
• inconvenience of exercise
• lack of self-motivation
• non-enjoyment, boredom of exercise
• lack of confidence in their ability to be physically active (low self-efficacy)
• fear of being injured or having been injured recently
• lack of self-management skills, such as the ability to set personal goals,
monitor progress, or reward progress toward such goals
• lack of encouragement, support, or companionship from family and friends
• non-availability of parks, sidewalks, bicycle trails, or safe and pleasant
walking paths close to home or the workplace
Environmental barriers
Some may not notice but the space and the setting where people live
greatly influence a person’s participation to physical activity. The constant exposure
and the daily interaction with the people and things around has a great impact on a
person’s preference towards bodily execution and movement.
The environment in which we live has a great influence on our level of

physical activity. Many factors in our environment affect us. Obvious factors include
the accessibility of walking paths, cycling trails, and recreation facilities. Factors
such as traffic, availability of public transportation, crime, and pollution may also
27
have an effect. Other environmental factors include our social environment, such as
support from family and friends, and community spirit. It is possible to make
changes in our environment through campaigns to support active transportation,
legislation for safer communities, and the creation of new recreation.
Activity 3: Lead me to where I am!

Directions: Listed below are examples of physical activity barriers. Draw a line
connecting its type whether PERSONAL or ENVIRONMENTAL barrier.
e.g. Lack of motivation

Accessibility of walking
pathways
Support from family and
friends
Personal Unavailability of Environmental
Barrier parks/grounds for activities Barrier
Fear of injury
Health considerations
Gadgets providing leisure
Use of elevators and
vehicles
Guide questions:
1. During the pre-activity on Par-Q & You, have you encountered any physical
activity barrier? Is there any personal or environmental barrier? If yes, please list
it down.
2. Cite some ways to overcome situations that hinders you to engage in physical
activity.
28
Activity 4: Diet and Nutrition Assessment
Directions:
1. Surf the net and open the site http://www.takingcharge.csh.umn.edu/enhance-
your-wellbeing/health/dietnutrition/diet-nutrition-assessment?
id=5717f623f2f95&step=0
2. On that site, undergo steps 1-3. Print the downloaded assessment results
reflecting your diet and nutrition.
3. Set at least 5 goals for the items that needs improvement.
Summary:
Fitness level assessment determines the current health status of an individual.

Assessing one’s health status will help a person be informed of his or her strengths
and weaknesses leading him/her to observe a healthy lifestyle and to select
appropriate activities for improvement.
To maintain general fitness, develop the health-related physical activities that include
cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility and body
composition.
References:
(http://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/cur/physhlth/frame_found_gr11/rm/module_b_lesson
_4.pdf)
Benefits of fitness testing. Retrieved from

http://www.topendsports.com/testing/guidebenefit.htm
http://www.teachpe.com/fitness/testing.php
Corbin, Charles B. et.al (2006) Concepts of Fitness and Wellness: A Comprehensive

Lifetyle Approach Sixth Edition,Mc-Graw Hill, USA.
Diet and Nutrition Assessment. Retrieved (April20,2016) from

http://www.takingcharge.csh.umn.edu/enhance-your-wellbeing/health/
dietnutrition/diet-nutrition-assessment?id=5717f623f2f95&step=1
Dr. Mercola. 3 Fitness Tests to Assess Your General Fitness and Health Risks.
February 14, 2014. Retrieved(April 20,2016) from
http://fitness.mercola.com/sites/fitness/archive/2014/02/14/3-fitnesstests.aspx
Fitness Homework What is a Muscular Strength Workout. Retrieved from

www.pecentral.org/.../FitnessHomeworkWhatisa%20MuscularStrengthWor...
Par – Q & You. Retrieved (April 19, 2016) from

http://www.furman.edu/sites/LiveWell/GetMoving/Documents/PAR-Q2.jpg
29
Smith, Craig. The Recovery Heart Rate Time After Cardio Exercise April 23,2015
retrieved from http://www.livestrong.com/article/260805-the-recovery-
heartrate-time-after-cardio-exercise/
The 3-minute step test retrieved (April 20, 2016) from

http://www.sparkpeople.com/resource/fitness_articles.asp?id=1115
Lesson 7: Fitness Goals
Improving fitness is an important goal for achieving optimum health. If carefully

planned, performed, monitored, and evaluated, positive health–related outcomes will
be achieved and that reduces their risks to acquiring health problems.
To maximize the results of a physical fitness program there is a need to be

acquainted with the Principles of Exercise and appropriate modification of the FITT -
Frequency, Intensity, Type, and Time.
The Principles of Physical Activity
Overload Principle. This is the most basic principle that indicates doing “more
than normal” for improvement to happen. In order for the skeletal muscles to get
stronger, additional load must be added and exerts greater than load what was used to.
Principle of Progression. It is a gradual increase in exerting effort or load that

is done not too slowly, nor too rapidly. This principle aids safe and effective results.
Principle of Specificity. This suggests that overloading must specifically train

a desired body part for it to improve. For example, cardiovascular fitness may only
improve flexibility to a small degree, and so jogging and running will not be a part of the
exercise program for developing flexibility. Instead, select exercises with emphasis on
stretching out the muscles and joints. Use the appropriate type of exercise that directly
improves your target muscles.
Principle of Reversibility. Development of muscles will take place if regular

movement and execution is done, and if activity ceases, it will be reversed. This shows
that benefit and changes achieved from overload will last only if training is continuous.
The training effect is lost if the training is discontinued.
The FITT Principle of Physical Activity
Frequency
The frequency of exercise refers to number of times a physical activity is done in each
week. According to the American College of Sports Medicine guidelines, it is
30
recommended to exercise 3-5 days per week and for more optimal results, exercise
can be done in most days of the week with a combination of lightmoderate-vigorous
activity.
Intensity
The rate at which the activity is performed is called Intensity. It is also

referred to as the magnitude of the effort required to perform an activity or exercise.
It describes how easy or how hard a person has to work in a certain activity, and it
varies from one person to another. The determination of intensity depends on some
individual factors such as exercise experience, relative level of fitness, and needs of
fitness.
The intensity level target may be determined by computing the target heart
rate (THR) range based on the results of an exercise stress test, considering the
resting and exercise heart rate, with 60% to 80% intensity level.
(Karvonen’s Formula)
Go over your recorded fitness results from the self-testing activity. Compute for your
THR following the procedure below.
Activity 1: My Target Heart Rate

Directions : Compute your Target Heart Rate Range in 4 steps. Fill in the blanks below.
1. Get the Maximum Heart Rate.
MHR = 220 - ________
(your age)
MHR =____________
2. Determine the Heart Rate Reserve.

HRR = MHR – ________________
(Resting Heart Rate)
(*Please refer to Self-testing activities)
HRR= _____________
3. Take 60% and 80% of the HRR

a. 60% x HRR = _________
b. 80% x HRR = _________
4. Add each HRR to Resting Heart Rate (RHR) to obtain the Target Heart Rate
(THR) range.
a. 60% HRR ___ + ______ = ______ beats per minute
(RHR)
b. 80% HRR ___ + ______ = ______ beats per minute (RHR)

Therefore, your target heart rate range is ______ to ______ beats per minute.
(4.a) (4.b)
(When performing physical activities, your heart rate is within the normal range
therefore you have to select moderate – vigorous activities that will make you
heart pump within the THR range.)
31
Type
The type of activity is determined by following the principle of progression and
specificity. To attain a higher level of fitness, select the type of physical activity that
challenges the body to accept an increase of work and that answers your need.
Activity 2:
Directions: Identify what HRF component these physical activities belong to. Choose
your answer from the word pool and write your answers on the table provided for.
Cardiovascular Fitness Flexibility Muscular Strength &
Endurance
Walking Jogging Lunges

Dynamic stretching Swimming Yoga
Squats Sit – ups
Stretching
Body – weight exercises Brisk walking Planks
Time
Time is the duration or the length of session of a physical activity. It is inversely

related to Intensity for the more intense a work is done, the shorter time it is
performed.
Here are some examples of physical activity and exercises that you may integrate in
your own fitness plan. Remember that the intensity of exercise as well as the type of
activity to be done will vary for each person, as it is based on the fitness level results
during self-testing.
32
Cardiovascular Fitness
Aerobic Exercises to improve
Cardiovascular Endurance
• walking
• jogging
• cycling/biking
• hiking
• skating
• rollerblading
• step aerobics
• cardio machines e.g.
treadmill
• sports e.g. football,
basketball, volleyball
http://slideplayer.com/slide/6826115/
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/461196818068514274/
33
Flexibility Fitness
https://www.washington.edu/wholeu/2015/02/09/week-five-dare-to-do/
Muscular Strength and Endurance Fitness
http://triathlete-europe.competitor.com/2013/10/30/get-peloton-strong
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/461196818068640351/
Activity 3: How intense are you?
34
Directions: Perform one activity at a time and supply the information by filling-up the
table.
Describe the activity
Walking around Brisk walking for 3-minute jump
based on the
for 5 minutes 4 minutes jacks
following:
How are you
feeling?
How is your
breathing?
How is your sweat?
How is your talking

ability?
Reflection:
1. Which among the three (walking around, brisk walking, 3-minute jump jacks) is
considered:
a) Light activity: ________________
Justification: _____________________________________
b) Moderate activity: _______________
Justification: ______________________________________
c) Vigorous Activity: _______________
Justification: ______________________________________
http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/physical_activity_intensity/en/
“MET” is another name for metabolic equivalent, a measure of exercise intensity based
on oxygen consumption. More specifically, a single MET is defined as the amount of
oxygen a person consumes (or the energy expended) per unit of body weight during 1
minute of rest. It is equal to about 3.5 milliliters (ml) of oxygen consumption per
35
kilogram (kg) of body weight per minute, or 1 kilocalorie (kcal) per kg of body weight
per hour.
Source: www.ideafit.com/fitness-library/using-mets-program-design
Activity 4: My Fitness Plan

Directions:
A. Determine your weakest component and strongest component. Refer to
your results obtained during the self-testing activities. Rank them by
writing 1- 4, where 1 is the weakest and thus, should be given top priority
in making your fitness plan.
__________ Cardiovascular Endurance (3-min step test)
__________ Muscular strength and endurance of arm (push-up/flexed)
__________ Muscular strength and endurance of abdominal (curl-up)
__________ Flexibility of the hamstring muscles (hamstring & hip flexor
test)
__________ Flexibility of the shoulder muscles and joints (zipper test)
B. Following the fitness plan design shown below, select activities guided by
the Principles of Exercise and the FITT goals.
FITT Goals Frequenc Intensity Type Time

y
(Total fitness
Parts of (Indicate Light, Form of exercises, plan not less
the days of the Moderate – selected physical than 60
Fitness week) Vigorous activities minutes)
Plan
Warm – up
(Prioritize the weakest

component based on data
in Activity 4A )
Work-out a._________
Activity/Exercises
b. _________
Activity/Exercises
c.__________
Activity/Exercises
d. __________
Activity/Exercises
e. __________
36
Cool-down
Activity 5: My Daily Fitness Record!

Directions: Fill in your data.
Schedule Resting Exercise Recovery Remarks
Week 1 Heart Rate Heart Rate Heart Rate
Day
1_______
Day
2_______
Day 3
______
Day 4
_______
Day 5
_______
SUMMARY
The Principles of Training suggest that overloading is the key to muscle development
and that it entails doing more than the body is used to. The benefit brought about by
overloading will only last if the overloading is continuous, otherwise, the muscle
development will go back to its original state.
It is important to take in consideration the FITT principle in achieving the optimum

fitness development. FITT stands for frequency, intensity, time, and type. FITT sets the
guidelines in your physical activity program and used as basis for your fitness routine
for better results.
The more frequent an activity is done, the greater chances of fitness development.
Exercise execution is also relative to Intensity.
How hard or how easy the task is accomplished defines the magnitude of work,
referred to as intensity. The intensity of your activity is determined by the body’s
response characterized by the number of times the heart pumps measured in beats per
minute. Computing the target heart rate (THR) range will give you an idea on your
workable heart rate according to your capacity.
Selection of appropriate activities will help you achieve the desired results by being
able to specify the target muscles for development.
37
Engaging in moderate to vigorous physical activity in different settings can help
avoid boredom, thus making activities more exciting and interesting.
References
Anspaugh, David J. et.al.Wellness; Concepts and Applications (1997), USA,Mc-

Graw-Hill Companies.
http://www.health.com/health/gallery/0,,20629237_6,00.html
http://www.topendsports.com/fitness/karvonen-formula.htm
Powers, Scott K. et.al.. Exercise Physiology Fourth Edition (2001), New York,
USA, Mc Graw-Hill Companies,Inc.
Salyer,Jessica The Top 5 Muscular Endurance Exercises November 15,2015.

http://www.healthline.com/health/fitness-exercise/muscularendurance-
exercises
Smith,Jessica, ME. Using METs in making a program design. February

1,2006. www.ideafit.com/fitness-library/using-mets-program-design
The F.I.T.T. Principle - Here's What You Need to Know for Great Workouts
retrieved (April23, 2016) from https://www.verywell.com/f-i-t-t-
principlewhat-you-need-for-great-workouts-1231593
What is Moderate-intensity and Vigorous-intensity Physical Activity?

http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/physical_activity_intensity/en/
38
Lesson 8: Exercise for Fitness
Warm-up Activity: Rank ‘Em!

Directions: Rank the following physical activities according to the level of effort you
would have to exert to accomplish them. Rank first (1st) the physical activity that
requires the most level of effort to accomplish and 10 th the physical activity least
requiring level of effort. Explain your rankings.
_____ competitive badminton for _____ volleyball spiking and blocking drills
30 minutes for 10 minutes
_____ running uphill for 5 minutes _____ 3-on-3 basketball for 30 minutes
_____ sprinting for 20 seconds _____ swimming 10 laps continuously
_____ climbing 1 flight of stairs _____ 3k fun run in 1 hour
_____ leisurely biking _____ walking in the mall
When you engage in physical activities for health and fitness improvements,
you need to monitor the effort you are giving. This is because the effort given in doing
physical activities contributes to the achievement of your fitness goals. By monitoring
your effort, you will be able to know if you are reaching at least a moderate intensity
level and at most a vigorous one.
Remember, it is important that your body is challenged to do more than what it

is used to for changes to occur. If the physical activity you do is too easy for your
body, changes (if any) would be minimal. Hence, your body should be challenged.
You need to sustain moderate to vigorous intensity of physical activity for your body to
be challenged.
You will be able to monitor your effort through physiological indicators. Physiological
indicators are those signs that are physiologic in nature or have to do with bodily
processes. These include heart rate, rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and pacing.
Each of these physiological indicators is important. However, depending on your
fitness goal and personal preference, each indicator has its own advantages.
Heart Rate. Also known as pulse rate, this is the number of times a person’s heart
beats per minute. It indicates the effort your heart is doing based on the demands you
place on your body. The more demanding your physical activity means that the heart
rate is faster.
Each time your heart beats, it pumps blood into the
arteries of your body. The surge of blood causes a pulse,
which is what you feel by holding your fingers against an
artery. The major arteries that are easy to
locate and frequently
used for pulse counts are
39
the radial artery (just below the base of the thumb) and the carotid artery (just below
the
sides of jaw). Some people find it easier to locate the carotid artery but locating the
radial artery is easier for others.
To determine your pulse rate, locate your Image taken from

pulse using your index and middle fingers. Press
http://mindly.osting_heart_raterg/tutorial/howto/lower_re
gently to feel the pulse. Count the number of beats in 10 seconds and multiply by 6 to
get your number of beats per minute. The 15-second count is also used by multiplied
by 4 to get the number of beats per minute..
The heart rate provides a good indicator of the relative challenge experienced
during physical activity. Using the heart rate as a physiological indicator, maximal heart
rate (max HR) is typically used. Recommendations for physical activity indicate that
physical activities used as exercises should be between 60 to 85 percent of your max
HR to maintain or improve cardiovascular fitness. This means that for each exerciser,
getting the max HR and the
High Too much heart rates equivalent to 60 to
85 percent of the max HR are
important in achieving your
Optimal fitness goals. Think of it as
level 60% heart rate is your
Amount moderate intensity and 85%
of heart is the limit of your
Activity Threshold of training vigorous intensity.
et al (2008)
Not
enough
Take note of the concepts

Inactivity
Low of threshold of training and target zone. The threshold Figure 2: Physical
activity target zone of training is the minimum amount of physical activity (frequency,
intensity, and time) necessary to produce benefits. The target zone, on the other hand,
begins at the threshold of training and stops at the point where the physical activity
becomes counterproductive.
You can think of threshold of training as American College of Sports Medicine’s

(ACSM) minimum recommendation of training intensity (60%) and the target zone
ranging from 65 to 85 percent training intensities. Hence, you need to reach these
training intensities to produce health, wellness, or fitness benefits. You can compute
your target heart rate for these training intensities by following several steps.
According to Hoeger and Hoeger (2011), research indicates a more favorable

prediction using the computation below than the equation 220 - age. Here are the steps
to get your target heart rate.
1. Estimate your maximal heart rate (max HR/MHR) according to the following
formula:
maxHR/MHR = 207 – (0.7 x age)
40
2. Check your resting heart rate (RHR) sometime in the evening after sitting quietly
for 15 to 20 minutes. You may take your pulse for 30 seconds and multiply by 2,
or take it for a full minute.
3. Determine heart rate reserve (HRR) using this formula:
HRR = MHR – RHR
4. Calculate the training intensity at 30, 40, 60, and 85 percent. Multiply HRR by the
respective 0.30, 0.40, 0.60, and 0.85, and then add the HRR to all four training
intensities. Example:
60% Training Intensity = HRR x 0.60 + RHR
Activity 1: My Target
Directions: Compute your threshold of training and target zones. Identify physical
activities that you could do to reach these zones.
Although counting the heart rate during exercise is quite difficult, it is still one of the
best ways to accurately count exercise heart rate values. To do this, while exercising,
continue moving while quickly locating the pulse, then stop and take a 10second count.
Multiply the number by 6 to convert the heart rate to beats per minute. This
measurement can be used to make necessary adjustments to reach your target zone.
Heart rate monitors can also be

used to get your heart rate during physical
activity. These monitors, which
are strapped on your chest, work along
with wristwatches that register the heart
rate. Since the wristwatch will show your
heart rate as you move, you can adjust the
level of effort accordingly. Most models of
heart rate monitors show the heart rate
along
with calories burnt, target zone, and time or Figure 3 Heart Rate Monitor duration of
exercise. However, more http://zenergysv.com/blog/detail/using_a_heart_rate_monitor sophisticated models
may feature other information.
Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE)

Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) This is an assessment of the intensity
Rating Description of exercise based on how you feel. It is
6 basically a subjective assessment of
Very, very light effort which ranges from 6 (very, very
7
8 light) to 20 (very, very hard) with 1 point
Very light increments in between. The target zone
9
10 for aerobic activity is from 12 to 16.
Fairly light
11
12 If you are engaged in physical
Somewhat hard activity, you rate your effort level based
13
14 on how light or how hard you perceive
Hard it. A rating of 6 means that your effort
15
16
Very hard
17 41
18
Very, very hard
19 including photocopying – without written permission from the DepEd Central Office. First Edition, 2016.
electronic or mechanical
20
level is “very, very light” while a rating of 18 means that your effort is more or less
“very, very hard.” Think of each rating in the RPE as a reflection of your heart rate
during the physical activity, that is, when multiplied by 10. This means that an RPE of 6
is about a heart rate of 60 while an RPE of 18 is about 180 beats per minute. Since an
RPE of 6 means your heart rate is
Source: Data from Borg from Corbin et al (2008) only at 60 beats per minute, your physical
exertion is very minimal,
while an RPE of 18 means that your heart is doing 180 beats per minute, pushing
yourself to the limit.
Activity 2: Rate it this time

Directions: Look at your answers in the warm-up activity. Now knowing about RPE,
rate the different physical activities according to your perceived exertion if you were to
accomplish those physical activities. Explain your answers.
A practical way to know your level of effort is to try singing or talking while
engaged in physical activity. If you are still able to sing during physical exertion, then
the RPE is probably just between 6 - 8. However, if you cannot hold a conversation,
then the level of effort is high and the RPE is probably between 14 - 17.
If you are jogging and are still able to sing, you could jog a bit faster to increase
RPE. However, if you cannot talk anymore, you could lower the effort level by jogging
slower or inserting brisk walks between jogs. Remember, the recommended target
level of effort is from 12 to 16 (120 to 160 beats per minute) for your health to improve.
So rate your physical exertion to be able to maximize the effects of your participation in
physical activity.
Using the RPE also avoids the need to stop and count the heart rate during
exercise. With practice, most people can recognize when they are in the target zone
using RPE. It now becomes easier to make necessary adjustments in the effort exerted
since you have perceived the physical exertion accordingly.
Pace and Pacing. These refer to the rate or speed of doing physical activities. This
means that a person can take it slow when engaged in physical activities or do them
quickly depending on the FITT Principle.
Pacing allows you to change the way you perform or complete an exercise or
physical activity so that you can successfully see changes. It regulates your
participation in physical activities through gradual and careful introduction of changes in
the physical activity, whether an increase in intensity, frequency, or participation.
Depending on the fitness level of an individual, pacing may be through

frequency, intensity, and time of doing physical activities. The normal frequency could
be 3 to 4 times a week which can be increased or decreased depending on the
changes done in intensity and time. If intensity is increased, frequency and time could
be decreased, or vice versa.
You must be able to pace your participation in physical activities well so that
you will benefit more and that you will not get injured. Remember to listen to your body,
so pace yourself if needed.
42
Activity 3: Pace Yourself
Directions: Look at your answers in Activity 3 and write them on the table below. If you
were to do the different physical activities, how will you pace yourself? Complete the
table below.
Physical Activity Frequency Intensity Time
When you make modifications or adjustments in your exercise program, you

have to take note of the principles of progression and adaptation. Increase elements in
your exercise program gradually so that your body can adapt accordingly. Take serious
note of the principle of overload as well. Too easy a load will not be beneficial to your
body in the long run.
If you have just started having a more active lifestyle, you may want to start with
physical activities of relatively moderate intensity. Performing this type of activity at
about 40 percent of your max HR or an RPE of 12 (somewhat hard) for several weeks
would be recommended for gradual adaptation. Time spent on physical activity may be
shorter than the recommended 30 minutes. However, as fitness improves,
accumulated minutes should at least account for 30 minutes a day, and the FITT
principle can be increased as well. The table below shows recommended progression.
Progression of Activity Frequency, Intensity, and Time Based on Fitness Level
(Corbin et al,2008)
Low Fitness Marginal Fitness Good Fitness
3 to 5 days a 3 to 6 days a
Frequency 3 days a week
week week
Intensity
Heart rate reserve (HRR) 40-50% 50-60% 60-85%
Maximum heart rate (maxHR) 55-65% 65-75% 75-90%
Relative perceived exertion 12-13 13-14 14-16
(RPE)
Time 10-30 min 20-40 min 30-60 min
It is important that you monitor your fitness improvements since these will
eventually dictate your progression. If your body has adapted to the demands you
place on it, then it would be best to progress to another level until you reach your
optimum level of overload. This is the principle of progression. Following this principle,
the load you place on your body should occur in gradual succession rather than in
major bursts for safe and effective results. The new challenge now posed on your body
is how to advance to another level.
However, as you become more fit, the rate of improvement levels off. As the
principle of diminishing returns indicates, once you get more and more fit, the benefit
you get for each additional amount of activity may not be the same as before. When
your physical activity level is high, you can expect to have lesser improvements despite
additional amounts of physical activity. When this happens, the challenge is on how to
maintain that level of physical activity.
References:
43
Corbin, C. B., Corbin, W. R., Welk, G. J., & Welk, Karen A. (2008). Concepts of
physical fitness: Active lifestyles for wellness (14th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Hoeger, W. W. K. & Hoeger, S. A. (2011). Fitness & wellness (9th ed.). Australia:
Wadsworth.
Images on how to get pulse rate retrieved from

http://mindly.org/tutorial/howto/lower_resting_heart_rate
Image of heart rate monitor retrieved from

http://zenergysv.com/blog/detail/using_a_heart_rate_monitor
As you engage in moderate to vigorous physical activity, you need to observe some
personal safety precautions to avoid certain conditions related to physical activity
participation. These conditions include dehydration, overexertion, hypothermia, and
hyperthermia.
Each of these conditions should be taken seriously for each poses health risks to you
as an exerciser. These conditions are usually associated with exercising in different
types of environment, like a hot or cold environment. However, dehydration and
overexertion may be experienced even when exercising in environments that do not
have extreme temperatures.
Each condition will be discussed with ample safety precautions to guide you as you
engage in moderate to vigorous physical activities.
Dehydration
This refers to excessive loss of water from the body, usually through perspiration or
sweating, urination, or evaporation.
During participation in physical activities, the body regulates its temperature depending
on the intensity of the activity. More frequently during moderate to vigorous physical
acitivities, the body perspires or sweats and you get thirsty.
Sweating. On a normal day, the body loses about 2.5 liters of water from the lungs
and skin, from urine and feces, and from perspiration. The body must replace this
through proper hydration. To offset fluid losses, it is suggested that 150 to 250ml of
fluid should be taken every 15 minutes.
Thirst. Thirst is a sensation of dryness in the mouth and throat associated with a
desire for liquids. Maintaining water balance is an important consideration during
exercise. Physical activity results in increased heat production, and evaporation of
sweat from the skin allows the body to dissipate this heat and maintain a normal body
temperature. The amount of fluid lost as sweat varies according to factors such as the
intensity and duration of activity and the air temperature or humidity.
44
Most of the time, an individual waits for thirst to kick in before replenishing lost water.
However, it is advisable to replenish lost fluids even before feeling thirsty. This is
especially important when an individual exercises in the heat or does so for an
extended period of time.
Activity 1: Analyzing fluid replenishment advertisement

Directions: Analyze the different sports-related advertisements on fluid replenishment
to be shown by your teacher. Take note of the claims presented in the advertisements
like replenishment information, effects of drinking the product, etc. Explain your
answers.
 What are the recommendations for fluid replacement during prolonged aerobic
exercise?
Adequate water replacement is the most important factor in preventing heat
disorders. Drinking about 6 to 8 ounces of cool water every 15 to 20 minutes
during exercise seems to be ideal to prevent dehydration. Cold fluids are
absorbed more rapidly in the stomach.
Commercial fluid replacement solutions or sports drinks that contain 6 to 8

percent glucose seems to be optimal for fluid absorption and performance in
most cases. These are recommended especially when exercise is strenuous
and is carried out for more than an hour. However, water is sufficient for
exercise lasting less than an hour. Palatability ensures greater fluid intake so
choose a drink that suits your taste as well.
Another condition that you need to be aware of is overexertion or overtraining. This

condition is actually independent of weather conditions, but you need to be aware of
the signs and symptoms.
Overexertion or Overtraining
This refers to the detrimental cause of excessive training.
Some individuals engage in too much physical activity. Some exercisers and athletes
often push themselves too hard in their pursuit of high-level performance. Thus, they
are susceptible to a variety of hyperkinetic conditions known as overload syndrome.
This condition is characterized by fatigue, irritability, and sleep problems, as well as
increased risks for injuries.
In an over-trained status, performance is known to decline sharply and this can cause
individuals to train even harder. This dip in performance may be mistaken for dip in
physical effort so the exerciser or athlete increases the effort to pull up the
performance.
A useful physical indicator of overtraining is a slightly elevated morning heart rate (4

or 5 beats more than normal values). Essentially, an elevated morning heart rate
reveals that the body has had to work too hard to recover from the exercise and is not
in its normal resting mode.
When doing resistance training, an individual is likely overtraining and may not reap
the full benefits of the program if the body is not allowed to recover completely in 2 or 3
days after maximal effort. Decrease in total number of sets or exercises, or both, is
recommended.
45
You also need to pace your workout properly to avoid staleness. Staleness, or getting
bored or uninterested, is usually a consequence of overtraining.
Activity 2: Identifying symptoms of overtraining

Directions: Answer the questions by placing a check (). Share your answers with your
seatmate.
_____ 1. Has your performance decreased dramatically in the last week or two?
_____ 2. Do you notice signs of unusual anxiety or anger?
_____ 3. Do you feel depressed?
_____ 4. Do you feel unusual fatigue?
_____ 5. Are you less energetic than usual?
_____ 6. Do you have trouble sleeping?
_____ 7. Do your arms and/or legs feel heavy?
_____ 8. Do you experience loss of appetite?
_____ 9. Do you lack interest in training?
Because the weather here in the Philippines is normally hot most of the year,
exercisers should be conscious about it when engaging in physical activity whether
indoors or outdoors. Since indoor conditions can easily be adjusted with cooling
mechanisms such as air conditioners and electric fans, outdoor conditions pose more
challenges to you as an exerciser. One of the things you need to be aware of is
hyperthermia.
Hyperthermia
This is an alarming rise in body temperature, which is an effect of exercising in

a very humid environment. It sets the stage for heat stress and even heat stroke, the
potentially fatal collapse of the temperature-regulating mechanism.
In hot environments, the body is able to maintain temporary thermal balance during
exercise through circulatory adjustments and evaporation of sweat. However, the body
responds differently in a hot, dry environment. The body actually gains heat when the
air temperature exceeds the temperature of the skin. Under these conditions, the
evaporation of sweat allows the maintenance of thermal equilibrium. When humidity is
also high and evaporation cannot take place, the body temperature continues to rise,
and performance is severely impaired.
 Is it safe to exercise in hot weather?
Prolonged, vigorous exercise can be dangerous in hot and humid weather.

Heat from exercise is released in the form of sweat, which cools the skin and
the blood circulating near the body surface as it loses evaporates. The hotter
the weather, the more water the body loses through sweat; the more humid the
weather, the less efficient the sweating mechanisms is at lowering body
temperature.
If you lose too much water or if your body temperature rises too high, you may
suffer from heat disorder such as heat exhaustion or heat stroke. Use caution
when exercising if the temperature is above 80F or if the humidity is above
46
60%. To exercise safely, watch for the signals of heat disorder, regardless of
the weather.
Activity 3: Donaire in Cebu

Directions: Analyze the case of Nonito Donaire, Jr.’s April 23, 2016 title defense fight
against Zolk Bedak in Cebu. Around that time, the Philippines was experiencing one of
the hottest temperatures. Explain what the two boxers needed to do to be able to give
out their best in such hot temperatures.
Heat Acclimatization. On the first day of vigorous exercise in hot weather, one may
experience near maximal heart rate, elevated skin and core temperatures, and severe
fatigue. But after a few days of similar exposure, the same task can be accomplished
with a reduced heart rate, made possible by improved blood distribution and increased
blood volume. Skin and core temperatures are lower, since sweating begins at a lower
temperature.
Highly fit individuals become acclimatized in 4 days while sedentary ones take about
8 days. The best way to get acclimatized is to work in the actual conditions
(temperature and humidity) one has to endure.
Tips when Exercising in the Heat/Hot Weather

• Slow down exercise and add rest breaks to maintain prescribed target heart rate.
As you become acclimatized, you can gradually increase intensity and duration.
• Drink 2 cups of fluids 2 hours before you begin exercising and drink 4-8 ounces of
fluid every 10-15 minutes during exercise (more frequently during high intensity
activities).
• Wear clothing that “breathes,” allowing air to circulate and cool the body. Wearing
white or light colors will help by reflecting rather than absorbing heat. A hat can
keep direct sun off your face. Do not wear rubber, plastic, or nonporous clothing.
• Rest frequently in the shade.
• Slow down or stop if you begin to feel uncomfortable. Watch for the signs of heat
disorders. If they occur, act appropriately.
When you exercise in hot environments, you need to be aware of heat disorders.
Heat Disorders
Problem Signs and Symptoms Treatment
Heat cramps – when • Stop exercising, drink fluids,
considerable salt is and massage or stretch
lost in sweat. Take History of exertion; muscle cramped muscles.
lightly salted cramps, usually in the • Cool the body. Stop
foods and massage to muscles used during exercising, get out of the
relieve cramps. exercise heat, remove excess clothing,
drink cold fluids, and apply
cool and/or damp towels to
Heat exhaustion – Fast, shallow breathing; the body.
47
when heat stress weakness; dizziness; • Get immediate medical
exceeds the capacity headache; moist or cool attention, and try to lower
of the skin or profuse sweating; body temperature.
temperatureregulatin pale face; normal or • Get out of the heat, remove
g mechanism. slightly elevated excess clothing, drink cold
temperature; weak pulse fluids, and apply cool and/or
damp towels to the body or
Noisy breathing; hot,
immerse in cold water, but not
flushed skin (may be dry
to induce shivering.
or sweaty); red face; chills
or shivering; • Person should be placed in
Heat stroke – the disorientation; erratic shock or recovery position. If
conscious, person may sip
temperatureregulating behavior; high body
water. Raise the legs.
mechanism has given temperature; no
perspiration; full, rapid • Fan person and use wrapped
up
pulse; altered cold packs in the armpits and
consciousness or groin.
unconsciousness;
convulsions
Cold temperatures do not pose a threat similar to that posed by hot, humid condition
because of the metabolic heat generated through exercise. In the Philippines, there are
only a number of places where cold temperatures can be experienced. Even so,
exercisers should be aware that severe exposure to low temperatures and high winds
can lead to frostbite, hypothermia, and even death.
Hypothermia
Excessively low body temperature, characterized by uncontrollable shivering, loss of
coordination, and mental confusion
This occurs when the body begins to lose heat faster than it can be produced.
Prolonged exertion leads to progressive muscular fatigue. As exposure continues and
additional body heat is lost, the cold reaches the brain. One loses judgment and the
ability to reason. Speech becomes slow and slurred and control of the hands is lost.
Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment of Hypothermia

Signs and Symptoms Treatment
Early signs • If the victim is unconscious, open
• Shivering airway and check for breathing.
• Pale, cold skin • If the victim is conscious, bring to
• Cold environment shelter or keep in warm room.
• Replace wet clothes with dry ones.
As the condition worsens • Give high energy foods and warm
• No shivering, even though the person drinks.
is cold • Cover the head, hands, and feet
• Increasing drowsiness because heat is lost through the
• Irrational behavior and confusion extremities.
• Slow, shallow breathing • Do not let the victim lie down and rest
since the core temperature is
• Slow, weak pulse
dropping. Without treatment, one
• Walking becomes clumsy and might lose consciousness and die.
tendency of wanting to lie down and • Transport the victim to a medical
rest escalates. facility as quickly as possible.
48
Constricting blood vessels (vasoconstriction) increases the stimulating capacity of the
skin, but it also results in a marked reduction in the temperature of the extremities.
Protective vasoconstriction often leads to discomfort in the fingers and toes. Blood is
rerouted to the deeper, more vital body organs.
To relieve pain, it is necessary to warm the affected area or raise the core
temperature. While shivering may cause some increase in temperature, gross
muscular activity is far more effective in restoring heat to the troubled area. Shivering is
the defense mechanism of the body against cold.
Core temperature is the temperature of the deep organs. The temperature of the body
is normally at 37 degrees Celsius or 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. It adjusts for enzyme
activity within the muscles. Changes in core temperature can be reflected in the skin.
Activity 4: Sports clothing modeling

Directions: Discuss and accomplish the given task for the assigned clothing to your
group: basketball clothing, running clothing, sports-appropriate cold weather clothing.
Identify common sports clothing specific to your group. What features are common in
the sports clothing that make them suited in Philippine weather? Assign 2-3 members
of your group as sportswear models and present these types of clothing in class.
 Is it safe to exercise in cold weather?
If you dress warmly in layers and do not stay out in very cold temperatures for
too long, exercise can be safe even in subfreezing temperatures. Take both the
temperature and wind-chill factor into account when choosing clothing. Cold
weather clothing provides an insulating barrier of air and can be peeled off as
temperature rises and put back on as it falls. Wool can be used as well as
windproof or rainproof ones.
Dress in layers so you can remove them as you warm-up and put them back
on if you get cold. A substantial amount of heat loss comes from the head and
neck, so keep these areas covered. In subfreezing temperatures, protect the
areas of the body most susceptible to frostbite – fingers, toes, ears, nose, and
cheeks – with warm socks, gloves, cap, or hood. Wear clothing that “breathes”
and will absorb or drain moisture away from your body to avoid being
overheated by trapped perspiration. Warm up thoroughly and drink plenty of
fluids.
Cold Acclimatization. This refers to the metabolic adjustments done as well as the
improved tissue insulation. Large body mass, short extremities and increased levels of
body fat help to get acclimatized to cold weather.
Others Concerns:
Heat Rash – also called prickly heat, is a benign condition associated with a red,
raised rash accompanied by sensations of prickling and tingling during sweating. It
usually occurs when the skin is continuously wet with un-evaporated sweat. It is
generally localized to areas covered by clothing.
Heat Syncope – heat collapse, is associated with rapid physical fatigue during
overexposure to heat. This results in dizziness or fainting. It is quickly relieved placing
the individual in a cool environment and replacing fluids.
49
Sun protection factor (SPF). Sunscreen applied to the skin can help prevent many of
the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation. A sunscreen’s effectiveness in absorbing
the sunburn-inducing radiation is expressed as the sun protection factor (SPF). An SPF
of 6 indicates that an individual can be exposed to ultraviolet light 6x longer than
without a sunscreen.
Activity 5: Safety features in school

Directions: Form a group of 3-4 members and visit the specific area in your school
assigned to your group (e.g. playground, gym, canteen, etc). Identify safety features in
your assigned area related to exercise- and weather-related conditions as discussed in
class. Examples of safety features like water fountains, wash areas like sinks and
faucets, exhaust fans, etc can be identified. Once identified, make recommendations to
improve the assigned area of the school.
References:
Clark, M. A., Lucett, S., & Corn, R. J. (2008). NASM Essentials of Personal Fitness
Training (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Corbin, C. B., Corbin, W. R., Welk, G. J., & Welk, Karen A. (2008). Concepts of
physical fitness: Active lifestyles for wellness (14th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Hoeger, W. W. K. & Hoeger, S. A. (2011). Fitness & wellness (9th ed.). Australia:
Wadsworth.
Kerwin-Nye, A. (2004). First aid handbook: A complete guide to emergency

procedures in the home, the workplace and outdoors. Manila: WS Pacific
Publications, Inc.
Marieb, E. N. (2002). Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology (6th ed.). Singapore:
Pearson Education Are Pte Ltd
50
As you participate in physical activities, whether in school or in the community, it is

good practice to know your school and community’s resources in case of injury or
emergency. Being familiar with it makes response to injuries or emergencies more
immediate and efficient, thus lessening the severity of the injury or emergency.
Resources refer to the supplies, equipment, facilities, and services that can be utilized
in case of a sports- or fitness-related injury or emergency. They include both material
and human resources such as safety supplies, equipment, facilities, qualified and
trained emergency personnel, as well as standard protocols set for such situations.
Emergency response begins with the preparation of both equipment and personnel.
When these have been prepared adequately, the school and community are deemed
ready for an injury or emergency.
It is important that you are able to identify these resources so that injuries or
emergencies will be addressed immediately and efficiently. These resources are
discussed here.
 First Aid Kit
First aid is the immediate care given to a person who

has been injured or suddenly become ill. First aid deals with
self-help and proper home care, especially if medical
assistance is not immediately available. The goal of first aid is
to alleviate suffering, prevent added/further injury or danger,
and prolong life.
The first aid kit is a set of supplies and equipment

used to administer first aid. In your school and community,
first aid kits should be available, visible, and readily
accessible in case of injuries or emergencies. It should also
be regularly checked for completeness and freshness of
supplies. Image taken from www.emedco.com
51
The usual supplies found in a first aid kit include the following:
• triangular bandage  rubbing alcohol  gloves  iodine
• tongue depressor  swabs  gauze  scissors
• wound dressings  athletic tape  cotton  penlight
• adhesive bandage  forceps
Other equipment that should be included to aid in first aid are the following:
• spine board  blankets
• sets of splints  short board/Kendrick’s extrication device

• wheelchair  poles
The first aid kit is usually located in strategic places in school like the clinic,
gym, playground, and security stations. In the community, first aid kits should be
located in the community centers like community hall or office and recreation centers. It
is advisable that a signage be placed where the first aid kit and equipment are located.
This can either be attached to a wall or post or suspended.
Activity 1: Search for it!
Directions: Do an ocular visit in your school gym, community hall, and
recreation center. Look for emergency response equipments and
supplies including first aid kits, spine board, etc. Note down if there are
signage for these and if they are accessible in case of injury or
emergency. Complete the checklist and write your observations.
First Aid kit sign (www.seton.ca)
School Gym Community Hall Recreation Center

First aid kit
Emergency
numbers and
phone
(List them here.)
Emergency
equipment
Visibility
Accessibility
Observations
52
 Emergency Numbers and Phone/Two-way Radio
Emergency numbers include police

department, fire department, Philippine Red
Cross (PRC), and other pertinent numbers.
These numbers are usually compiled per area
(i.e. locality, municipality, city) and written on a
calling card or bookmark or even larger. In
schools, emergency numbers could include the
clinic, security, and other offices. Image taken from
www.smartsign.com
Emergency numbers should also be posted near phones and inside offices. It is
advisable that in the gym and recreation centers, phones are visible so that school
personnel or other individuals can notify pertinent offices or departments in
case of injury or emergency.
 Emergency Response Procedure/Emergency Action Plan (EAP)
For schools and the community

(and in any other institution), the
presence of first aid kits, emergency
numbers and phones, and equipments
should not be the end of their
emergency response. They should set
procedures on how to response to
injuries or emergencies.
These procedures are standard ways of
responding to emergencies.
These procedures make up what is called an Emergency Action Plan (EAP). It is

a plan developed for immediate implementation whenever the need arises, providing
appropriate standards of emergency care to all present. The EAP usually include the
following:
1. Emergency Personnel – detailed First Aid arrangements for on-site emergencies;

may consist of teachers, physicians and nurses, athletic coaches, security and
maintenance personnel (for schools), or community leaders, homeowners’
association president, etc (for community)
2. Emergency Communication – emergency numbers, phones/two-way radio, public
announcement (PA) system
53
3. Emergency Equipment – first aid kit, wheelchair, spine board, stretcher, blankets,
poles, etc
4. Medical Transportation – confirmation of local ambulance (c/o PRC), Basic Life
Support, etc
5. Non-medical Transportation – wheelchairs, stretcher, etc
6. Emergency Contact List – clinic, local hospital, etc
7. Venue Information – transportations, identified entrance, exits, and access routes
School personnel (e.g. teachers, security and maintenance personnel) and

community leaders know, understand, and follow these procedures every time an
emergency happens because it is standardized. These procedures are usually laid out
in writing so that personnel crucial in the emergency response are notified and that
immediate attention is given.
In the community, it is advisable to form a community emergency response

team which will be the emergency personnel in your EAP. It is advisable that the
members of the community know who forms this emergency response team.
You may not know all the procedures of your school and community on
responding to emergencies. However, what is important is you know who to notify in
case an emergency happens. The most immediate personnel you need to notify in
case you are in your school especially in the gym are the PE teachers or any teacher
present, maintenance personnel, or security personnel.
Activity 2: And the procedures are…?

Directions: Interview school personnel and community leaders regarding the
emergency response procedures they follow. When interviewing school personnel, try
to target those who you think are unlikely to experience injuries or emergencies, to
know what procedures they know and follow.
In class, compare your answers with your classmates who interviewed school
personnel within the same office or nature of work (e.g. librarians, Math teachers, office
staff) and share with the class. For those belonging to the same community, compare
your answers and present commonalities with class.
Part of the services that the school and community should offer is training their
personnel and community leaders in emergency responses. This is expected since the
effectiveness of emergency response greatly relies on the knowledge and skills of
school personnel and community leaders in first aid and other emergency responses.
The Philippine Red Cross (PRC) is the national branch of the International Red
Cross that cares for the wounded, sick, and homeless and now, providing help during
and following natural disasters. PRC gives training on basic life support,
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), first aid, and many more. The school and
community should set a schedule with PRC volunteers who can impart the necessary
knowledge, training, and certifications to equip them in times of emergency and
disasters.
54
Red Cross volunteers during a Basic Training course (taken from
http://carmonagov.net/home/home/latestnews/303-carmona-forms-municipal-red-cross-143.html)
Once certified, school

personnel and community
leaders should be able to
respond to injuries and
emergencies. However,
certification should be renewed
yearly or every two years,
depending on the type of
certification.
 Entrance, Exit, and

Access Routes
Adequate entry and exit points should be available in all areas. Access
routes (paths of travel) going to the clinic, emergency exits, main gate, and others
should also be known. Visible and strategically located signages are
important so that these can easily be seen even from a distance. These
should
always be accessible and free Wheelchair ramp (Image taken from
from obstructions. Wide http://stlouis.101mobility.com/wheelchair-ramps-stlouis.php)
passageways are a must. A good estimate of the right width of the passageway is to
check if a wheelchair, spine board, or stretcher can be easily transported and still have
room for first aiders or rescuers to maneuver.
Ramps and elevators make access easier and these are necessary especially
for structures that are higher than three storey. These also make transport quicker.
Activity 3: Real life injury situation

Directions: Ara Galang, De La
Salle University volleyball
player, got injured in a match
versus National University in
March 7, 2015. She
was grimacing in pain and
crying, and was later reported
has suffered serious injuries to
her knees. What do you think
were the emergency
response procedures followed
by the emergency
personnel who attended to her?
55
Activity 4: Safety features in school
Directions: Review your answers to Activity 5 on “Safety features in school” from the
previous lesson. Based on the current lesson, analyze your answers if it reflects your
school as being equipped with necessary resources in case of injury or emergency.
Give special attention to entrances, exits, and access routes. Once identified, make
recommendations to improve each area of the school to make it emergency-ready.
Activity 5: Safety features in the community

Directions: Do the same activity as in Activity 3 in your community. Identify safety
features that are visible in the community and those that only community leaders have
access to. Make a short portfolio about your findings and make recommendations.
Activity 6: First Aid Certification and Basic Life Saving Course

Directions: Identify local Red Cross office near your school or community. Inquire
regarding necessary procedures to be able to have a first aid and basic life saving
course in your school and/or community. With your teacher’s help, coordinate with the
school administration and/or community leaders to have this arranged, if possible.
References:
Kerwin-Nye, A. (2004). First aid handbook: A complete guide to emergency procedures in the
home, the workplace and outdoors. Manila: WS Pacific Publications, Inc.
Image of first aid kit retrieved from http://shop.emedco.com/search?w=first%20aid%20kit%

20sign&af=cat1:workplacesafety
Image of hanging first aid kit sign retrieved from http://www.seton.ca/3-sided-hanging-first-

aidsigns-first-aid-kit-ac0499.html
Image of emergency sign retrieved from

http://www.smartsign.com/custom-sign/customemergency-and-fire-sign/sku-s-3484.aspx
Image of wheelchair ramp retrieved from http://stlouis.101mobility.com/wheelchair-

rampsstlouis.php
Warm-up Activity:
Directions: Identify the different types of equipment and facilities that are usually
found in a gym. How are they usually set up? Draw them and share your answers with
the class.
When you engage in aerobic, muscle-, and bone-strengthening activities, you are
likely to make use of different equipment and facilities. These resources help in your
enjoyment and participation so you have to care of them. As a courtesy to other
individuals who also make use of these equipment and facilities, you always need to
observe the proper manners or etiquette inside a gym.
Depending on the venue or facility, there is a specific decorum expected from those
who use them. The following are the different venues with its commonly expected
etiquette.
56
Playing court or field
A playing court or field may be found indoors or outdoors, depending on the

sport. Venues and facilities are usually ready-to-use where minimal setup is needed
since these are specifically catered to a certain sport (e.g. basketball, football).
However, some venues need to set up some equipment first, like volleyball, tennis,
badminton, table tennis, taekwondo, judo, etc.
Depending on the venue arrangements (i.e., rented or otherwise), those who

utilize and set up equipment are expected to properly fix, return, or store the
equipment after use. It is common manners to keep the venue clean and as orderly as
possible after use. Here are some examples:
 Wipe off wet spots caused by drinks and sweat
 Throw away used or unneeded supplies and equipment like empty water
bottles, athletic tapes, shuttlecock feathers in badminton, etc.
Activity 1: Your Own Design

Directions: Make a signage about appropriate etiquette in the court. Make sure to
think about the size, color, and contents of the signage. Think of strategic locations on
where you can post it, such as in school or in the community recreation center.
Dance areas or studios
These are either open or enclosed spaces

with full-sized mirrors on one or more sides. They
usually cater to different types of dancers, which is
why most have wooden or metal railings called
barres. Speakers and music players are usually
available for use and are set up in strategic locations
(i.e., at the corners or center).
Like in playing courts and fields, depending on

the venue arrangements, users of dance area or
studios are expected to keep music players after
use, turn off lights and ventilation when not in use,
and maintain the venue orderly for the next users.
The following are other expectations when using dance areas or studios:
 Keep footwear and other belongings on
the sides or designated spots (i.e. lockers,
benches, tables)
 Wipe off wet spots caused by drinks and
sweat on the floor.
 If it is an open area, keep music at
accepted volume so as not to disturb other users.
 Know the studio schedule every time so
that you will not be rushed to move out for next
users.
57
Gym or weights area
These are usually indoor facilities

with different types of equipment such as
machine weights, free weights, balls,
exercise machines (e.g. treadmill, stationary
bike, rower, stair climber), mats, etc. They
are strategically positioned to allow
maneuverability and easy access for all
those who work out.
The different equipment are also accessible to all because the gym or weights
area is accessible to everyone who works out. Hence, it is expected that you observe
proper behavior during and after working out. Here are some of them:
 Avoid monopolizing use of the equipment. Share it with others by taking
turns using them.
 Return equipment to its proper place.
 Do not slam or drop weights.
 Wipe off drinks and sweat off equipment and floor.
 Lower volume of music or wear earphones.
 Minimize grunting, refrain from yelling and using profanity.
 Wear appropriate clothes including footwear. Do not take them off to
look at your body in the mirror.
Some gyms or weights areas have some reminders posted on strategic locations so
that users will always be reminded. Read them and make sure to follow them to have a
worry-free time working out.
Image taken from https://www.fitneass.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Gym-Rules-Gym-Etiquette.png
Activity 2: Are There Any?
58
Directions: Visit gyms or weights areas in your community. Look for signage on the
rules of proper use and manners in the gym. Observe gym users if they follow these
rules. If you were the gym manager, what actions would you take for gym users to
observe proper gym etiquette? Share your answers with the class.
References:
http://dancewithmeusa.com/locations-2/dance-studio-glen-rock-nj/
https://www.fitneass.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Gym-Rules-Gym-Etiquette.png
Warm-up Activity: Name ‘Em!

Directions: List as many categories of health- and fitness-related events as you can.
Under these categories, name some local and national events related to it. Share your
answers with the class.
As you become more involved in physical activities, you can elevate your participation
by joining events that promote health and fitness as well as address health issues like
diabetes, obesity, nutrition, smoking, and many more. By joining events like these, you
can learn more about these health concerns, what is being done to handle these
concerns, and at the same time, you also get to increase your physical activity.
The usual objective of the organizers of these events is to raise funds for
awareness about these health issues. Depending on their advocacy, events may
range from fun-filled activities that can engage entire families, to more physically
demanding ones. Your participation in these events not only increases your activity
but also gives you an advocacy to work on. Your choice would depend on your
interests and preferences. Here are some viable options for you.
 Fun runs
These are usually

1day events that focus on
running various
59
distances (i.e., 3k, 5k, 10k, or longer). They cater to a wide variety of
participants – competitive or recreational runners, and even families. Whether you
are a recreational or
competitive runner, fun runs are good ways to elevate participation in physical
activities since some fun runs are held in different surfaces (e.g. concrete, off-road,
beach) and with different challenges posed on runners like an uphill run.
Other than the fitness benefits you would get from joining fun runs, you also
get to help out certain causes. Some organizations or associations, and companies
organize fun runs as one of their cause-oriented events.
Other benefits of joining fun runs are meeting new friends, enjoying the
outdoors, and bringing home participant race kits. Race kits, which usually include a
race bib or shirt and other items from sponsors, are good incentives for your effort and
you can get more freebies and giveaways depending on the event sponsors.
You can also use your

participation in fun runs as a
gauge of your physical fitness
by trying to beat your own
time, or setting new records,
or even aiming to finish
among the top participants. If
you do so, it is best that you
prepare properly for fun runs and scout for more opportunities to race.
 Dance events, competitions, or marathons
These events focus on

dance as the main activity,
whether as competition (e.g.
streetdance, dancesport) or as
recreation (e.g. aerobic dance
marathons, ZumbaTM events).
These may last for hours
depending on the event and
variety of dances,
intensity levels, and music
usually used, thus, elevating
participation.
Other than fitness

benefits, you can get a lot out from joining dance competitions and marathons. If events
are competition-based, usually cash prizes, trophies, and freebies are the main
incentives, along with bragging rights. However, if the events are recreationtype,
participant kits (e.g. event shirt, sponsor freebies) are the usual takeaway. However,
the enjoyment and fun of dancing are the main attraction in these types of events.
Many people are

getting into exercising because of
the popularity of some aerobic
forms of exercises particularly
ZumbaTM,. The
attractiveness of
physical activities like
60
ZumbaTM comes from the lively music and instructors, colorful vibe, and relatively easy
to follow dance routines. However, the most crucial effect that popular
exercises like Zumba have is
TM
the encouragement and support to participate in exercise, which in effect, makes

people more aware of their health and fitness. That is why some groups and
organizations choose ZumbaTM at their event to promote awareness for their various
causes. However, you can also engage in other aerobic exercises in the form of
dances such social dance, streetdance, etc.
 Sports tournaments
These are the most common

type of health- and fitness-related
organized events. They mainly focus
on sports in a tournament type of
play where individual players and/or
teams compete. These are usually
organized for school teams [(e.g. University Athletic Association of the Philippines
(UAAP)]. However, sports associations, cause-oriented groups, organizations, brands,
and companies also hold sports tournaments for various purposes, levels, and sports.
It may not be explicit that health and fitness are the
main highlights when joining such events because the
nature of such events is usually competitive. Athletes and
competitors treat their health and fitness seriously because
of this same nature. That is why they train not only for their
sports skills but also for their conditioning. Through sport
tournaments, athletes and competitors are actually good
role models of health and fitness.
You can join sports

tournaments of varying levels
of competition and different
sports. During summer, local
government units (LGUs) hold sports leagues especially
for basketball and volleyball. Several categories are
open for basketball based on age groups. For both
basketball and volleyball, teams usually represent
different barangays, sitios, purok, or subdivisions. Some
LGUs also hold sports programs or sports clinics for the
youth and other individuals. The Sangguniang Kabataan
(SK), the youth leaders of the community, commonly organize events like these.
In school, intramurals are the common sports competitions for students. Different
grade or year levels compete against each other in different sports. Games are usually
played after classes where semi-finals and championship games are usually the
highlights. Year levels are represented by team colors and are called by their common
year level labels (i.e., green for 1st year/freshmen, yellow for 2nd
year/sophomores, red for 3rd
year/juniors, blue for 4th year/seniors).
You can also try out for your school’s

varsity teams. They represent your
school in different
61
sports competitions which usually
include district level competitions.
When
successful, teams move to higher

level competitions that could
eventually lead to
Palarong Pambansa. This is
organized by the Department
of Education (DepEd) which is
the national competition for students.
Here, student-athletes from all over
the Philippines compete in different
sports representing their respective
regions. This is held in one particular
region where events are held in
different venues or locations.
You can also join sports

tournaments organized by other
institutions. Sports outlets, product
brands, and companies organize
sports tournaments. They usually
advertise to invite participants so
you might want to look for
tournaments in sports that you like.
• Summer sports clinics
These are short-course sports programs catering to school children. Sports

clinics are offered by schools and product brands when school is over and students
have their summer break. The usual sports offered include basketball, taekwondo,
swimming, gymnastics, football, volleyball, and others. These last for several sessions
spanning days or weeks, and usually culminate with an exhibition tournament.
62
• Outdoor recreation events like biking events, triathlon, marathons, football
events, etc
These are specialized events

that target sports enthusiasts and
athletes. These are held in specialized
venues and locations, and usually have
different categories for different levels of
participants. Depending on the event,
categories such as beginner,
intermediate, and advanced are formed or opened.
63
When you join such events, you get to experience recreation-level of participation to
higher level of competition. You also get to experience a different atmosphere because
of the ambiance in such events. Sponsors’ booths and stalls are usually set up along
with other related set ups.
• Talks, seminars, or conferences
These are usually

lecturebased events that cover
topics discussed with an
audience.
Some events are held for different
lengths (i.e., half-day, 1-day,
2day, 3-day, weeklong) and some
include workshops or hands on
training. Some also are held with
different formats like
classroomtype lecture, panel
discussions, parallel sessions,
and the like. Credible resource persons and speakers are invited to speak so that
reliable information are shared and learned.
Cause-oriented associations, product brands, companies, professional

organizations, among others hold such events for various purposes, some to
increase awareness, promote various causes, and to inform.
It would be beneficial for you to

attend such events for you to learn
more things about health and fitness,
become more aware of issues and
concerns regarding health and
fitness, and have a clearer
understanding of these things.
64
 School, club, community, or company events
These are events that are organized by schools, clubs, communities, and companies
for specific purposes. These cover a wide range of activities like the ones mentioned
above. Schools and companies commonly hold events to coincide with special dates
and occasions. Events are usually dependent on themes and duration is also relative
to the celebration.
Aside from summer sports clinics, some communities also offer recreation programs
within the year to encourage an active lifestyle.
Activity 1: What’s Going On?

Directions: Conduct an interview with your community leaders. Ask about the
community activities they hold during the year. Find out if these types of activities were
successful in the previous years.
Activity 2: Join Now!

Directions: Check out organized events that interest you and sign up for them to
maintain your active lifestyle. Complete the table below and show proof of your
participation. (e.g., picture during the event, race bib, event giveaways, registration
form, etc).
Type of
Date Event Name Organizers Proof of Participation
Event
65
References:
http://definitelylibrarian.blogspot.com/2013/09/mahlap-forum-fit-or-fat-how-tohave.html
digostoday.com
donboscocanlubang.edu.ph
www.doh.gov.ph
www.girodepilipinas.com
www.iligan.gov.ph www.milo.com.ph
www.philstar.com www.upm.edu.ph
www.valenzuela.gov.ph
66
Lesson 13: Value of Participating in Physical Activities
Objectives:
1. Identify the value of participating in physical activities.
2. Understand the health benefits of participating in physical activities.
3. Describe the characteristic of a responsible and initiative leader in fitness
activities.
Activity 1: Assess your PA….

Directions: Close your eyes and think of all the activities that you do for the whole day.
List it all in the table below and tell whether it is healthy or not by putting the
corresponding smile on the provided table beside the activities. An example is
provided.
DAILY ACTIVITY UNHEALTHY
HEALTHY
Scrubbing the floor
In recent years, there has been a decline in physical activity among teenagers.
They have lots of demands on their time, so they find it hard to be physically active. Yet
physical activity keeps teenage bodies and minds fit and healthy. During adolescence,
they need at least 60 minutes of activity every day.
With the rise of modern technology and proliferation of personal entertainment
gadgets, peoples’ life has become more sedentary. Their physical activities, whether
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recreational or regular, became limited. This has been most evident with teenagers
nowadays. Few teenagers engage in physical activities and outdoor sports. Instead,
they spend their leisure hours inside the house playing computer games or games on
gadgets and watching television and movies. This sedentary lifestyle leads to poor
health and limited activities.
Motivation is a great factor to influence them to an active lifestyle. They have to

see and understand the reason for engaging in regular physical activity instead of
playing with gadgets or watching TV.
Activity 2: Where do I Belong?

Directions: In the box below is a list of different physical activities. Classify the
activities on whether they are moderate or vigorous activities. Rewrite the activities on
the table provided below.
walking dancing playing soccer biking swimming
playing basketball jogging gardening climbing aerobics
MODERATE ACTIVITY V IGOROUS ACTIVITY
Physical activity simply means movement of the body that uses up energy.
Walking, gardening, sweeping and mopping, mopping the floor, climbing the stairs,
playing soccer, or dancing are all good examples of being active. However, for it to be
beneficial for one’s body, there are various factors to be considered such as the
intensity, duration, and frequency of the physical activity performed.
Here are some points to consider:
1. Physical activity done at a moderate or vigorous intensity level is good for a
teenager’s health.
2. Moderate physical activities generally make them move. These could include
brisk walking, dancing, biking, swimming and jogging. Even helping out with
some of the more active chores inside and outside your home like gardening
can be good.
3. Vigorous activities increase their heart rate and make them sweat and may let
them enjoy being active even more. They can be a game with lots of running –
for example, playing basketball. They can also be running or jogging, or sports
like soccer, tennis, swimming and football.
Being active is an important part of a teenager’s growth and development,
especially if done regularly. Let them realize that it is a great way to spend time with
friends, meet new people, feel good, and break up long stretches of playing online
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games and watching movies. It is invigorating to move the entire body, even by just
cheering, or running after the ball. Being active every day can help teenagers achieve
the following:
• improve heart health and fitness

• develop strong muscles
• develop strong bones
• develop good posture
• maintain a healthy weight
• improve concentration and memory
• learn new skills
• increase self-confidence
• reduce stress
• make and keep friendships
• improve sleep
• develop leadership skills and initiative
• awaken a sense of responsibility
According to the World Health Organization, in 2010, physical inactivity or the

lack of physical activity has been identified as the fourth leading risk factor for global
mortality (6% of deaths globally). Moreover, physical inactivity is estimated to be the
main cause of approximately 21–25% of breast and colon cancer cases, 27% of
diabetes cases, and approximately 30% of ischemic heart disease cases. The following
are the common results of physical inactivity.
• increased risk of overweight and obesity

• hypertension/high blood pressure
• anxiety
• depression
• type 2 diabetes mellitus
It is alarming to see that these conditions, which were seen before to only affect
adults are now affecting teenagers due to an improper diet and the lack of physical
activities. The sedentary lifestyle that most of them practice leads to a deterioration of
their health as well as their bodies.
Getting enough physical activity doesn’t just happen – there should be

conscious effort and the decision to engage in it. Not all teenagers are keen on doing
physical activities. Others need motivation and encouragement to start an active
lifestyle. Sometimes teens need to explore a range of different organized and
recreational activities to find one that they like and enjoy. Simple, non-competitive
activities will allow them to socialize in a positive way. These can help them feel good
about doing physical activities rather than just sitting down playing video games.
Getting teenagers involved in lots of fun physical activities keeps them active and
healthy. It’s easy when you help them find activities that they enjoy – and that they can
do as part of everyday family life.
Teenagers may also join groups like community youth clubs, such as scouting,
which will keep them physically active while getting new knowledge or learning new
skills. These groups often do lots of physical activities be it indoor or outdoor. They are
good training grounds for future leaders, particularly in developing responsible young
adults as they motivate them to have the initiative to do and finish tasks.
When teenagers get involved in groups like these, they may also feel a sense of
achievement. They can be elected as leaders of the groups and could somehow get
more involved in activities that could open doors for them to learn how to lead more
69
efficiently. Cooperation and camaraderie will also become natural to them, building
self-confidence and boosting their self-esteem.
Exposure to competition in groups such as in a basketball league could improve

their leadership skills, give them a sense of responsibility, and inculcate values on fair
play. With these activities, teenagers will enjoy physical activities more and will make
their leisure hours more productive and competitive leading them not only to a healthy
lifestyle but to become responsible individuals.
Activity 3: P.A. Benefits

Directions: Below are jumbled letters/words of the different benefits you can get from
getting enough physical activity and the conditions you are at risk of when they have an
inactive lifestyle. Rearrange the letters to form the correct word and put them on the
corresponding table where they belong.
trongs nobes odog turesop
neyitax thyealh ightwe
duceer serests betisdia
bisetoy romdpive peels
ehtlhay reath gihh dolob srespure
lopedev edarlipesh likls presniodes
Benefits from doing physical activities Conditions from not doing physical
activities
Summary
The term "physical activity" should not be mistaken with "exercise". Exercise, is a
subcategory of physical activity that is planned, structured, repetitive, and purposeful in
the sense that the improvement or maintenance of one or more components of
physical fitness is the objective. Physical activity includes exercise as well as other
activities which involve bodily movement and are done as part of playing, working,
active transportation, house chores and recreational activities. Due to the rising
technological advancement in our country, the physical activities of teenagers have
become limited and are often neglected. Motivation and involvement is needed for
70
them to be active. Once they are motivated they will sure open doors for physical
activities and they will surely enjoy it.
Motivation and parental guidance is needed to encourage teenagers to engage in
physical activity so that they could enhance their skills as well as improve their body
conditions and health, leading to a physically fit individual. It is also important to help
them manage their time and lead them to wise use of their leisure hours.
Inspire and motivate them to join youth groups that could help them enjoy the
physical activities and allow them to be competitive. These healthy competitions will
develop their initiative and sense of leadership and responsibility. While competing,
camaraderie, patience and cooperation will also be learned. We can have not only
physically active and healthy teenagers but we will also develop well-mannered
teenagers who can be future responsible leaders as well.
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Lesson 14: Career Opportunities In Health And Fitness
Objectives:
1. Identify the potential career for health and fitness.
2. Realize ones potential in health and fitness career.
3. Create a fitness event for a particular health issue.
Activity 1: Find Me!!!

Directions: In the box below are the ten different career opportunities in health and
fitness. They are written horizontally and vertically. Find the words and write them on
your activity notebook.
P R O F E S S I O N A L A T H L E T E
E Q U I X U I N U U T T T H E M E A F
I N G T P R E S R T H U H R A F I R I
N T M N N V P I S R L O L O R R U N T
S O A E S I F D B I E Y E U T N U T N
T M G S I Q I E L T T F T G O L N B E
R Y P S V O A A V I I O I H F W L U S
U E O I E R M N O O C G C T M O I R S
C A U N B N A D S N C N T H I R K G T
T O S T U O Z O Y I O I R E N N E E R
O T H R Y W I U P S A K A R E P L R A
R I O U L T N T O T C N I A U V Y F I
O H X C G H G U M O H I N I S E G R N
M S E T T K S S S O I H E N E R N I E
A E R O B I C S I N S T R U C T O R R
S P O R T S T R A I N E R C U W X P S
P H Y S I C A L T H E R A P I S T E Y
72
The health and fitness field offers many career opportunities. Individuals interested in
helping others maintain their physical well-being may pursue degree and certification
programs in this field of interest.
If you're interested in the physical well-being of yourself and others, you may consider
an education in health and fitness. If you want to be of help to improve public nutrition
standards, helping people recover their fitness after an injury, or just improving a
person's overall wellness, a career in health and fitness may be right for you. Degree
and certification programs are available in fields such as the following:
• nutrition
• athletic training
• physical therapy  fitness trainers
This training can lead to careers as:
• nutritionists
• fitness trainers
• personal trainers
• aerobics instructors or coaches
In this field, one must be outgoing, in good health, organized, have good
communication skills and able to motivate others. Meanwhile, other career
opportunities await students inclined in health and fitness. They can pursue a career in
the following fields:
• Professional athlete in basketball, football etc…

• Physical education or P.E. instructor
• Sports trainer
• Athletic coach
Activity 2: Pick and Match

Directions: Below are images of the different careers in health and fitness. Name them
and describe it in a sentence.
___________________ 1.
______________________ 2.
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______________________________________________________
______________________ 3.
______________________________________________________
______________________ 4.
___________________________________________________
______________________ 5.
_______________________________________________________
Activity 3: Think and Match!

Directions: List at least ten things that interest you. Think of the different career
opportunities suited for those interests and write it on the table below. Answer the
questions that follow.
INTEREST CAREER
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Processing Questions:
1. Which among those interests takes most of your time? Why?
2. Does it fascinate you? How?
3. Do you think it will be your stepping stone for your future career? Why?
Activity 4: Event for the Issue

Directions: Due to the rise of modern technology, the lifestyle of many teenagers has
become sedentary increasing their risk of being overweight and obese. The activity
below will improve their awareness and motivate them to change their lifestyle for the
better.
1. Form four (4) groups.
2. Create a 4-minute Zumba exercise fitted for teenagers.
3. Practice the exercise and present it in class.
4. Ask the teacher if you could lead the morning exercise during flag ceremony.
5. The Zumba exercise will be graded by the teacher using to the rubrics below.
Timing 5
Coordination 5
Music 5
Attitude 5
TOTAL 20
Summary
Oftentimes we ask other people about what their interest are because somehow we
want to know what track they want to take. It is true that what interests us now will be
the stepping stone for our future career. In choosing a career, it should be something
that really fascinates and interest us. Though you may face challenges along the way,
it would be easier for you to succeed knowing that you want what you are doing.
There are many career opportunities in health and fitness. Depending on their interest,
one may pursue a career in professional athletics, nutrition, or fitness.
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So for now, prepare yourself for what career you would like to take. Choose what
really interests you and pursue it.
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LESSON 1: A WAY TO GET FIT...............................................................................................................

Activity 1: Let Me Think

Many of us exercise and do physical activities at home, in school, and at the

Aerobic, Muscle Strengthening, and Bone Strengthening Activities: How Do They

Guidelines for Aerobic Exercise

Muscle Strengthening Activities

During muscle strengthening activity, muscle contraction occurs. The repetitive

Bone Strengthening Activities

Bone growth is stimulated by physical stress brought about by physical activity.

Activity 2: Question Time!

2. How do these activities contribute to your overall health? Cite at least 5

Bone Hypertrophy. (2016). Retrieved from

Factors Affecting Bone Development, Growth and Repair. Retrieved from

Strengthening Muscles and Bones. Retrieved from

“What is Physical Activity?” as retrieved from

Lesson 2: Energy Systems

Activity 1: Let’s Find Out

What Are The Three Energy Systems?

Anaerobic A-Lactic (ATP-CP) Energy System

Anaerobic Lactic (Glycolytic) Energy System

Aerobic Energy System

Activity 2: Let’s Get Energized

Anaerobic A-Lactic Anaerobic Lactic System Aerobic Energy System

Activity 3: Let’s Reflect

Anaerobic Medium to Lasts 10 Produces Does not 400 to

Muscle Metabolism: Synthesis of ATP (2016). Retrieved from

Exercise Energy Systems. (2016). Exercise Energy Systems. Retrieved from

Lesson 3: Let’s Be Health Aware!

Activity 1: Describe Me in My Picture

Eating Habits, Sleep, and Stress Management: What Goes Wrong?

Anorexia (an-o-REK-see-uh) nervosa is an eating disorder wherein a person is abnormally

due to coping with emotional problems stemming from self-worth.

Overweight and obese people often encounter a lot of physical and

2. Internet Addiction - Social media is massively addictive. Many people would

According to the World Health Organization, in 2012, out of 56 million

Activity 2: “Let’s Be Health Aware” Essay

Obesity and Overweight. (2015. Jan). Retrieved from

Causes of Obesity. (2016. Jun 15). Retrieved from

Stress Management: Unhealthy Ways of Coping Stress. (2015). Retrieved from

What is Anorexia Nervosa?. (2016). Retrieved from

Consequences of Obesity. (2014). Retrieved from https://www.morelife.co.uk/Default.aspx?

Eikermann, Doug. Twenty Disadvantages to Being Overweight. (2013). Retrieved from

World Health Organization Fact Sheet (2014, May) retrieved from

Activity 1: 4 Pics 2 Words

Four Types of Eating That You Should Know

Fueling for Performance

My Eating Habits Yes/No

3. What eating habits should you continue? Why?

Time Monday Tuesday Wednesda Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

Berger,Vincent. (2005). Emotional Eating. Retrieved from

Causes of Obesity. (2016. Jun 15). Retrieved from

Edwards, Roxanne D. (MD).Emotional Eating. (2016. Apr 1). Retrieved from

Social Eating. (2012. Feb 27). Retrieved from http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?

Pre-Activity: What bothers you?

Places Uncomfortable / Actions you made to

Stress and its Characteristics

In the daily challenges of life, individuals often encounter discomfort—