Chapter 1

Background of the Study

Washing hands with soap and water are the basic proper hygiene, that we apply every

day to our lifestyle, " Simple handwashing practices are one of the most effective ways to

prevent the spread of many types of illness and disease at home, school, and elsewhere.," says

Theresa M. Michele, MD, of the FDA's simple, and it work." Division of Nonprescription

Drug Products. And with the effect of covid-19, people are increasingly concerned about the

transmission of bacteria and germs, especially COVID-19, which can be prevented by

washing hands with soap and water. This research will study on the we can help the people,

studies, and a society to be mindful about proper hygiene and the prevention of infections,

illnesses such as diarrhea, the common cold, and the flu is by eliminating germs from hands

using soap.

Since Moringa oleifera is abundant in nutritional supplements and contains a

component called pteridosperm that makes it antibacterial. The researcher indicated the

application of malunggay benefit as a washing soap that promotes the safety of the grade 10

studies in sacred heart.

According to Belen Torondel, (2014) Many commercially available soaps have

different formulas and components and can contains majority of them have unwelcome

ingredients that irritate skin. (Esguerra 2019) The researchers reasoned that Malunggay,

would be an excellent ingredient in soap because of its abundance in vitamins and minerals.

According to that research, the malunggay has an antibacterial property due to a substance

called pteridosperm. Additionally, it contains alkali and lipids that are necessary for the

saponification process. (Vol. 3 No. 20 (2019): Ascenders Asia Journal of Multidisciplinary

Research Abstracts)

1
Statement of the Problem

The researcher sought to answer this following question:

1. What are the advantages of making soap from malunggay or moringa oleifera leaves?

2. How would it be a good and safety germicidal soap for the studies of sacred heart?

3. To the application of malunggay as germicidal soap, what are the possibilities and effect of

it in the society of the school campus?

Formulation of the Hypothesis

The following is the null hypothesis if this research:

Ho: There are numerous benefits that researchers can obtain by employing the

malunggay leaves that will be made into soap, including being environmentally friendly and

having the potential to treat and prevent ailments. In particularly in sacred heart studies.

Ho: The researcher predicted that its germicidal soap can prevent ailments, and its

conducted that the ingredients of the product is eco-friendly and safe for the student of sacred

heart.

Ho: Its germicidal soap product can encourage a pleasant and promotes the safety of

the grade 10 studies in sacred heart.

Significance of the Study

This success of this study will be beneficial to the following:

2
The students: The purpose of this paper is to encourage proper hygiene among grade 10

students. It can also help to avoid the spread of infections by washing hands with malunggay

soap. It will help pupils comprehend the significance of proper hygiene.

The School's Community: this research will help the school community improve the

cleanliness of the academic activities. Malunggay soap contains an anti-bacterial compound

that can aid in reducing the spread of infections like Covid-19 in the school community.

Environment: Malunggay Soap is an organic soap it is environmentally friendly. This

partially due to the fact that no pesticides and chemicals are used in this creation, but also

because it is far more biodegradable than it has anti-bacterial counterparts and it does not

contain synthetic chemicals.

Co-Researchers: This study provided assistance to co-researchers who planned to conduct

related research on malunggay. They could find the results of this study helpful as they carry

on their investigations.

Future Researchers: this research may be useful reference to future researchers because it

will act as a foundation for their future research. It also provides them with crucial

recommendations for improving their study based on the information and data gathered by

this investigation.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study was conducted to determine the malunggay leaf as a germicidal soap. It will focus

only on the effectiveness of the use of Malunggay leaves in soap, specifically in terms propre

hygiene and promote the cleanliness of a student. This study was limited only on the

effectiveness of Malunggay Soap as germicidal soap on the studies particularly on Grade 10

students of Sacred Heart Diocesan School, Ins.

3
Definition of Terms

To fully understand this study, the following terms of operationally defined.

Alkali- is this the process for sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or lye for hard soap and

potassium hydroxide (KOH) for soft soap. Fatty acid alkali metal salts are more soluble in

water than the acids themselves, and they are also powerful surfactants due to their

amphiphilic nature. This is necessary ingredients in this study.

Anti-bacterial soap- Antibacterial soaps (also known as antimicrobial or antiseptic

soaps) include ingredients that are not found in regular soaps. These chemicals are used in

numerous consumer products to reduce or prevent bacterial illness.

Germicidal Soap- In contrast to regular soap, germicidal soaps include specific

ingredients. In order to lessen or prevent bacterial illness, those substances are used in a

variety of consumer items.

Lipids - are a vast and varied class of naturally occurring organic chemicals that are

connected by their solubility in nonpolar organic solvents (such as ether, chloroform, acetone,

and benzene) and general insolubility in water. This is necessary ingredients in this study.

Proper hygiene- is how you care for your body. This practice includes bathing,

washing your hands, brushing your teeth, and more. Every day, you come into contact with

millions of outside germs.

Pteridosperm- an extinct plant that went extinct in the Triassic era. produce seeds

that is in between ferns and plants

Saponification- Is a process involving the hydrolysis of fats on its reaction with

alkali, there by leading to the formation of salts of fatty acids (soap) and glycerol. This is

necessary ingredients in this study.

4
 Skin Irritation- Lipids are a vast and varied class of naturally occurring organic

chemicals that are connected by their solubility in nonpolar organic solvents (such as ether,

chloroform, acetone, and benzene) and general insolubility in water.

Synthetic chemicals- These chemical structures may or may not be found in nature,

however synthetic compounds are created by people using processes that differ from those

used by nature. According to this concept, a synthetic chemical can be created using a natural

product.

5
 Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Related Local Literature and Studies

This study intended to combine malunggay and turmeric into herbal soap since both contain

ingredients beneficial to the skin. (Nelly B. Belchez, 2023) Developmental Study on

Malunggay Food and Herbal Products. Horsedish tree which has a botanical name "Moringa

Oleifera Lamk", and commonly known as Malunggay in most regions, contains nutritional

and medicinal properties. It has its anti-bacterial action, is a very good quencher of unstable

free radical that can react with and damage other molecules that cause aging. On the other

hand, turmeric is a herbal plant with rhizome, Curcuma longa or ginger family. It is popularly

known as "langkwas" in the province of Albay. The active ingredient of turmeric is circumin.

It is good in the treatment of skin diseases like ringworms or herpes, an-an and wound

healing. Curcumin possesses 95% of the properties like anti-bacterial and anti-fungal effects.

According to a study conducted by Caurez, C.L., (2012), a student from Batangas State

University, Moringa oleifera locally known as 'malunggay' has been an important crop in the

Philippines utilizing mainly the leaves and young pods as vegetable. Furthermore, rural folks

usually utilize its roots(as decoction of boiled roots) to wash sores and ulcers. Overt he past

decades, scientific reports have been made describing not only its nutritional properties but

also its outstanding medicinal properties. Thus, these apparent applications of malunggay by

the locals and its reported medicinal properties encouraged this study to evaluate the

antibacterial potential of malunggay leaves extracts in gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus

and Bacillus subtilis) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhii) bacteria.

The aqueous (distilled water) and alcohol (95%ethyl alcohol) leaf extracts of malunggay

6
exhibited antibacterial activity against S. aureus and S. typhii. On the other hand, only the

alcohol leaf extracts of malunggay showed antibacterial activity against B. subtilis.

Moreover, this study showed that the antibacterial activity of alcohol with leaf extract was

significantly higher than that of aqueous in S. aureus and B.subtilis. However, both extracts

did not show any antibacterial activity against E. coli. The antibacterial activity of

Streptomycin (positive control) was higher compared to that of the alcohol and aqueous leaf

extracts of malunggay in all of the four test organisms. Therefore, this study recommends that

a similar study must be conducted using different extracting solvent to further determine the

potential of the antibacterial activity of leaf extracts and other parts of malunggay tree. In

addition, itis apparent that a thorough study must be conducted todetermine the antibacterial

potential of leaf extracts to other microorganisms.

Cosino, Kilmberly Clarisse S., Crizaldo, Blessie R. and Sangalang, Lea Marie G, Production

and Acceptability of Soap with Malungay Extract. Research Study (General Science

Curriculum) Science High School, College of Education, Cavite State University, Indang,

Cavite. March 2010. Adviser: Prof. Dulce L. Ramos. The study was conducted from

November 2009 to January 2010 at Tambo Malaki, Indang, Cavite. This study generally

aimed to produce soap with malunggay extract. This study specifically aimed to determine

the: sensory properties of soap with malunggay extract; acceptability of the soap produced

with malunggay extract; formulation that will give the best result in producing soap with

malunggay extract; and presence of Vitamin C in the produced soap with malunggay extract.

Varying amounts of malunggay extract were mixed with the standard ingredient used in soap

making. The study used three (3) treatments. The different treatments were as follows: T1

(15mL malunggay extract); T2 (20mL malunggay extract); and T3 (25mL malunggay

extract). Malunggay extract was used in the soap formulation, which lasted for four weeks.

After curing the soap, its sensory properties were evaluated by 30 respondents based on odor,

7
texture, hardness, lather, mildness and general acceptability. The statistical tests used to

analyze the gathered data were Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's Multiple

Range Test (DMRT). Analysis of Variance showed that Ti and T3 were most favored in

terms of sensory properties. However, Duncan's Multiple Range Test showed that T3 had

higher mean than T1. Thus, 13 was the best treatment among the three formulations. T3 was

analyzed to test the presence of Vitamin C, which acts as an antioxidant. After conducting the

test, it has been proven that the produced soap with 25mL malunggay extract contains

Vitamin C that is nearly comparable in strength to 500mg commercial Ascorbic acid tablet.

Thus, soap with 25mL malunggay extract possesses antioxidant property.

Many VCO-based beauty soaps and scrubs are currently hot on the market because of virgin

coconut oil’s properties. According to the website Organic Facts, coconut oil ispredominantly

composed of saturated fatty acids. Among itschief chemical constituents are vitamin E, an

anti-oxidantthat promotes silky-soft hair and healthy, glowing, youngerlooking skin. It is well

known to have medicinal propertiesand antimicrobial and antifungal agents, as well

asantioxidant and anti-aging properties. It also has moisture-retaining capacity, which makes

it ideal to use for dry,crackingskin (Llaneta, 2017).

Moringa Oleifera is also widely known as the miracle tree for all of its “miracle like”

attributes. The Moringa tree is so rich in nutrients that it can be used for almost any purpose.

The leaves of the tree are said to be a nutritional powerhouse and various parts of the tree can

be used to cure over 300 diseases. The leaves of the Moringa contain seven times the amount

of Vitamin A and Vitamin Compared to carrots and oranges. They are also densely rich in

protein and are famous for their antibacterial properties (Calapatia, 2017).

Related National Literature and Studies

8
Malunggay is so rich in nutrients and vitamins that its image is used as the official logo of the

Food and Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI) of the Department of Science and Technology.

Due to its high vitamins A, C, and E, which are very potent antioxidants, malunggay is a very

good quencherof unstable free radicals that can react with and damage molecules that cause

aging (Marero, 2012).

The potential effect of this plant leaf as a hand washing product has never been studied. The

study aims to test the efficacy of this product using an in vivo design with healthy volunteers.

The hands of fifteen volunteers were artificially contaminated with Escherichia coli. Moringa

oleifera leaf powder was tested as a hand washing product and was compared with reference

non-medicated liquid soap using a cross over design following an adaptation of the European

Committee for Standardization protocol (EN 1499). In a second part of tests, the efficacy of

the established amount of Moringa oleifera leaf powder was compared with an inert powder

using the same protocol. David Opare, Bjom Brandberg, Emma Cobb, and Sandy Cairncross

(2014) Efficacy

9
of Moringa oleifera leaf powder as a hand- washing product: a crossover controlled study

among healthy volunteers

Jasmine Clark (LSHTM), David Opare (NPHRL) and Lawrence Henry Ofosu-Appiah

preparing the samples for incubation of bacteria Escherichia coli at the National Public

Health Reference Laboratory of Ghana (2017) Moringa leaves as handwashing product for

water and soap scarce contexts. Discovered that Moringa sources received in the laboratory

were contaminated with faecal indicators. Although Moringa product reduced bacteria in pre-

contaminated volunteers hands, the reduction was statistically, significantly lower than the

one obtained by using soap. They found that not only did Moringa forms not kill bacteria, but

also that Moringa promoted the growth of bacteria in both sterile and rinse water solutions

(from the water obtained from rinses of participants). The results showed that Moringa

obtained from local sources cannot be used for hand-washing purposes without further

treatment, as there is a high probability that the Moringa products are contaminated with

other bacteria. If Moringa accelerates or otherwise aids the growth and proliferation of

bacteria that have a low infectious dose, as is the case with many gastrointestinal pathogens,

its use around sinks, this being an important site of infection, or in humanitarian settings

could increase the risk of infection. They concluded, the study suggest that in its unprocessed

or minimally processed form M. oleifera is not an effective antimicrobial against faecal

indicator bacteria in aqueous and rinse water solution and its use as a hand-washing product

should not be advocated due to the plant’s promotion of bacterial growth; this being of

particular concern in resource-limited settings.  

Benefits of Moringa: Moringa oleifera has great potential for prevention of different diseases

like nutrient deficiency, cancer, anemia as well as for dirty water purification. Moringa

powder contains sufficient amount of vitamins, minerals, protein, phenols and other

phytonutrients. This makes the tree a medicine for many different diseases (Gedefaw, 2015).

10
Moringa oleifera has also promoted by World Health Organization as an alternative to

imported food source to treat malnutrition (Sreelatha and Padma, 2009). E. ALLI RANI AND

T. ARUMUGAM (2017) Moringa oleifera (Lam) – A nutritional powerhouse

Dr. Belén Torondel (2022) School-based de-worming is advocated as a strategy for reducing

the burden of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections among children. However, re-

infection tends to occur rapidly, suggesting that comprehensive water, sanitation, and hygiene

(WASH) improvements may be needed to prevent this. We qualitatively assessed the

influence of parental engagement activities on parents’ motivation to improve WASH

infrastructure and hygiene practices at home in the context of a school-based de-worming

programmer. The engagement of parents/guardians in a school-based WASH education

intervention as part of the Mikono Safi trial resulted in increased knowledge and motivation

about handwashing and sanitation. This led to improvements in sanitation facilities and

handwashing opportunities at home. However, long-term success in provision of water and

soap was limited, indicating that sustained engagement may be required to encourage

households to ensure these materials are consistently available at home. Does a school-based

intervention to engage parents change opportunity for handwashing with soap at home?

Practical experience from the Mikono Safi trial in Northwestern Tanzania.

11
12
 Chapter III

Methodology

This chapter explains the methods and procedure of Malunggay Soap as germicidal

soap that can insure the safety of Grade-10 student in Sacred Heart Diocesan School, Ins.

The Subject of the Study

The respondents of the study are the Grade-10 students of Sacred Heart Diocesan

School, Ins, for the school year of 2022-2023. From a population size of 131 students, a

sample size for 33 students. The sampling of this research used random sampling techni1ue.

Random sampling can be defined as a techni1ue of sampling without considering the strata of

the members due to the fact that the members (respondents) of this research were categorized

homogeneous. The sample of the research is figured as follows:

SECTIONS TOTAL

St. Mark St. John St. Luke

44 45 42 131

13
 Chapter III
Methodology

This chapter explains the methods and procedure of Malunggay Soap as germicidal

soap that can insure the safety of Grade-10 student in Sacred Heart Diocesan School, Ins.

The Subject of the Study

The respondents of the study are the Grade-10 students of Sacred Heart Diocesan

School, Ins, for the school year of 2022-2023. From a population size of 131 students, a

sample size for 33 students.

As show in the Table, there are only three (3) section in Grade-10 of Sacred Heart

Diocesan School, Ins, Namely St. Mark with 44 students, St. John with 45 students, and St.

Luke with 42 students. For the Sample size of the its population was calculated in the Margin

of Error: 15%. Confidence Level: 95%. Population Proportion: 50%.

Distribution of Respondents

Sections Population Sample

St. Mark 44 22

St. John 45 23

St. Luke 42 22

TOTAL: 3 SECTIONS 131 33

Furthermore, in choosing respondents, stratified random sampling was employed as

sampling method in the study. Stratified random sampling is a selection process of sampling

and is easy to understand. According to Troche (2002), stratified random sampling is a

probability sampling wherein the total population is divided first into groups or strata, and

then the selection of random sample from each group follows.

14
Participants
The participants of this
study are the Senior High
school students of
University of Perpetual
Help System
Pueblo de Panay Campus for
the school year 2019-2020.
From a
population size of 143, a
sample size of 105. One
section
will be the experimental group
and another section will be
the control group. The students
for the study will be chosen
15
through pair matching of the
two sections. The assignment
of
the two sections as
experimental and control
groups will be
done through lottery
technique. It will be rolled and
placed
in separate boxes designated
for each section.
Methods
Participants
The participants of this
study are the Senior High

16
school students of
University of Perpetual
Help System
Pueblo de Panay Campus for
the school year 2019-2020.
From a
population size of 143, a
sample size of 105. One
section
will be the experimental group
and another section will be
the control group. The students
for the study will be chosen
through pair matching of the
two sections. The assignment
of
17
the two sections as
experimental and control
groups will be
done through lottery
technique. It will be rolled and
placed
in separate boxes designated
for each section.
common quasi experimental
design is the Comparison
group
Pretest-Posttest Design where
the researcher cannot control
which group will get the
treatment and participants do
not
18
all have the same chance
of being in the control or
the
experimental group. This
design is appropriate factor
or
intervention. This is not pure
experimental method because
the participants has no equal
chance to be sampled as either
experimental or control rather
assigned in each group, the
two sections.
Methods
Participants

19
The participants of this
study are the Senior High
school students of
University of Perpetual
Help System
Pueblo de Panay Campus for
the school year 2019-2020.
From a
population size of 143, a
sample size of 105. One
section
will be the experimental group
and another section will be
the control group. The students
for the study will be chosen

20
through pair matching of the
two sections. The assignment
of
the two sections as
experimental and control
groups will be
done through lottery
technique. It will be rolled and
placed
in separate boxes designated
for each section.
common quasi experimental
design is the Comparison
group
Pretest-Posttest Design where
the researcher cannot control
21
which group will get the
treatment and participants do
not
all have the same chance
of being in the control or
the
experimental group. This
design is appropriate factor
or
intervention. This is not pure
experimental method because
the participants has no equal
chance to be sampled as either
experimental or control rather
assigned in each group, the
two sections.
22
Methods
Participants
The participants of this
study are the Senior High
school students of
University of Perpetual
Help System
Pueblo de Panay Campus for
the school year 2019-2020.
From a
population size of 143, a
sample size of 105. One
section
will be the experimental group
and another section will be

23
the control group. The students
for the study will be chosen
through pair matching of the
two sections. The assignment
of
the two sections as
experimental and control
groups will be
done through lottery
technique. It will be rolled and
placed
in separate boxes designated
for each section.
The Procedure

The respondents of the

study are college students of
Bulacan State University
24
(Main Campus). BulSU was
the only state university in
Bulacan with the total
population
of 24,919 students as of
January 2017.
As shown in Table 1, there
were thirteen (13) colleges in
BulSU Main Campus
excluding the College of
Law, Laboratory High
School and Graduate School.
One
percent (1%) of the total
population from each college
was obtained to become the
25
respondents of the study. This
has a total of two hundred
forty five (245) students. All
thirteen colleges were part
of the study to ensure that
respondents were equally
distributed and were
represented. The study
utilized 1% only of the total
population in
determining the sample size
instead of Slovin’s formula
to have a smaller set of
respondents due that the
number of population was

26
large similar with Social
Weathe
The respondents of the
study are college students of
Bulacan State University
(Main Campus). BulSU was
the only state university in
Bulacan with the total
population
of 24,919 students as of
January 2017.
As shown in Table 1, there
were thirteen (13) colleges in
BulSU Main Campus
excluding the College of
Law, Laboratory High
27
School and Graduate School.
One
percent (1%) of the total
population from each college
was obtained to become the
respondents of the study. This
has a total of two hundred
forty five (245) students. All
thirteen colleges were part
of the study to ensure that
respondents were equally
distributed and were
represented. The study
utilized 1% only of the total
population in

28
determining the sample size
instead of Slovin’s formula
to have a smaller set of
respondents due that the
number of population was
large similar with Social
Weathe
Population and Sample of the
Study
The respondents of the
study are college students of
Bulacan State University
(Main Campus). BulSU was
the only state university in
Bulacan with the total
population
29
of 24,919 students as of
January 2017.
Population and Sample of the
Study
The respondents of the
study are college students of
Bulacan State University
(Main Campus). BulSU was
the only state university in
Bulacan with the total
population
of 24,919 students as of
January 2017.
Population and Sample of the
Study

30
The respondents of the
study are college students of
Bulacan State University
(Main Campus). BulSU was
the only state university in
Bulacan with the total
population
of 24,919 students as of
January 2017.
Population and Sample of the
Study
The respondents of the
study are college students of
Bulacan State University
(Main Campus). BulSU was
the only state university in
31
Bulacan with the total
population
of 24,919 students as of
January 2017.
. 1: Gather ashes

Step 2: Place the barrel on a stand

Step 3: Drill a small hole at the base of the barrel

Step 4: Place rocks or bricks in barrel

Step 5: Add straw

Step 6: Add hardwood ashes

Step 7: Add water

Step 8: Put a cork in it

Step 9: Wait

Step 10: Test the lye concentration

32