 Various android versions:

Android 7.0 Nougat

Android 8.0 Oreo

Android 9.0 Pie

Android 10.0 Q

4 Marks:

Q2.2] Ans

Android's
architecture is based on a layered approach, with each layer providing services to the layer above it.
Here is a brief description of Android's architecture:

1.Linux Kernel: At the bottom of the architecture is the Linux kernel, which provides core system
services such as process management, memory management, and device drivers.

2.Libraries: The libraries layer includes various libraries written in C and C++ programming
languages. These libraries provide essential system services, including multimedia, graphics, and
networking. Android's libraries are built on top of the Linux kernel.

3.Runtime: The runtime layer includes the Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM) or Android Runtime
(ART), which executes application code. The DVM is responsible for running Android applications
written in Java, while ART runs Android applications written in Kotlin or Java.

4.Application Framework: The application framework layer provides high-level services to

applications, including activity and service management, content providers, and resource
management. The application framework is written in Java and provides a set of APIs that allow
developers to build applications that run on Android devices.

5.Applications: At the top of the architecture are the applications that users interact with. These
applications are written using the Android SDK and run on top of the Android platform.
7. Explain Following Term W.R.T Android Architecture:
A. Android Application. B. Android Kernel.
Ans:

A. Android Application: Android applications are the topmost layer of the Android
architecture that consists of user interface and application components. These applications
are developed using the Android SDK, which provides developers with a set of tools and APIs
for building Android applications using programming languages like Java and Kotlin. Android
applications can be installed on Android devices, such as smartphones, tablets, and smart
TVs. The Android application layer is responsible for providing a user-friendly interface and
handling user input.

B. Android Kernel: The Android kernel is the bottommost layer of the Android architecture,
consisting of core system components, device drivers, and a hardware abstraction layer. It is
based on the Linux kernel and is responsible for managing system resources like memory,
CPU, and input/output operations. The Android kernel also provides various security
features like process isolation and memory protection. The Android kernel acts as a bridge
between the hardware and the Android operating system, making it possible for the
operating system to interact with the hardware.

6. Write Down The Steps How To Install Android Studio?

1) Go to the official Android Studio website and download the latest version of Android Studio
for your operating system (Windows, macOS, or Linux).

2) Once the download is complete, run the downloaded installer file.

3) Follow the on-screen instructions to accept the license agreement and choose the
installation location.

4) Choose the components you want to install.

5) Choose the start menu folder and whether you want to create a desktop shortcut.

6) Click "Install" to start the installation process.

7) Once the installation is complete, click "Finish" to exit the installer.

8) Android Studio will now launch automatically. If it doesn't, you can launch it from the start b
menu or by clicking on the desktop shortcut (if you chose to create one).

9) Android Studio will prompt you to download the latest Android SDK (Software Development
Kit) components. Follow the on-screen instructions to download and install the necessary
components.

10) Once the download and installation of the SDK components is complete, Android Studio is
ready to use.
 Chapter 2 – INSTALLATION & CONFIGURATION OF ANDROID

1] What is OS? What Are OS Requirement For Android?

Ans: An Operating System (OS) is software that manages computer hardware resources
and provides services to applications. Android is an open-source OS primarily designed
for mobile devices. Its requirements include a processor, memory, storage, display,
battery, sensors, and network connectivity. These requirements ensure that Android
devices can run efficiently and provide a range of features and functionality to users.
2] What Is Android Run Time Environment?
Ans: Android Run Time Environment (ART) is the default virtual machine in Android
that runs applications. ART pre-compiles the application's bytecode into native machine
code during installation to improve performance and efficiency, resulting in faster app
startup times, smoother animations, and improved battery life.
3] What Is JDK?
Ans: The Java Development Kit (JDK) is a software development environment used for
developing Java applications and applets. It includes the Java Runtime Environment
(JRE), an interpreter/loader (java), a compiler (javac), an archiver (jar), a
documentation generator (javadoc) and other tools needed in Java development.
4] What Is SDK?
Ans: SDK stands for Software Development Kit, which is a collection of tools, libraries,
and documentation that software developers use to create applications for specific
platforms or systems. SDKs provide developers with resources to build, test, and deploy
applications, and may include software development tools, APIs, and software libraries.
5] What Is Emulator?
Ans :An emulator is a software program that simulates the behaviour of another
computer system or device. In Android development, the Android Emulator simulates
an Android device on a computer, allowing developers to test their applications on a
range of devices and Android versions before deploying them to a real device.
Emulators are an essential tool for ensuring Android applications work correctly on
different devices and operating systems.
The Android emulator in Android Studio is based on the QEMU (Quick Emulator)
technology and is capable of emulating a variety of devices with different hardware
configurations and Android versions. It provides many features for developers,
including the ability to emulate different screen resolutions, hardware sensors, and
network conditions.
6] What Is AVD?
Ans: An Android Virtual Device (AVD) is a configuration that defines the characteristics
of an Android phone, tablet, Wear OS, Android TV, or Automotive OS device that you
want to simulate in the Android Emulator. The AVD Manager is an interface you can
launch from Android Studio that helps you create and manage AVDs.
 7] Enlist System Requirement For Android Studio?
Ans:
 Operating System: Microsoft Windows 7/8/10 (64-bit), macOS 10.10 (Yosemite)
or higher, or Linux (64-bit)
 RAM: 8 GB RAM recommended, 4 GB RAM minimum
 Disk Space: 4 GB of available disk space minimum, 8 GB recommended (500 MB
for IDE + 3 GB for Android SDK and emulator system images)
 Screen Resolution: 1280x800 minimum screen resolution

8] What Is ADT?
Ans: ADT is a plugin for the Eclipse IDE used for developing Android applications. It
provides tools for designing user interfaces, debugging applications, and building and
testing Android applications within the Eclipse environment. However, it's no longer
supported by Google, and developers are encouraged to use Android Studio instead.

Q2. 1] What is JVM?Compare JVM And DVM?

DVM (Dalvik Virtual Machine) JVM (Java Virtual Machine)

It is Register based which is designed to run on low

1 It is Stack based.
memory.

DVM uses its own byte code and runs the “.Dex” file.
JVM uses java byte code and runs “.class” file having
2 From Android 2.2 SDK Dalvik has got a Just in Time
JIT (Just In Time).
compiler

DVM has been designed so that a device can run

A single instance of JVM is shared with multiple
3 multiple instances of the VM efficiently. Applications
applications.
are given their own instance.

4 DVM supports the Android operating system only. JVM supports multiple operating systems.

5 For DVM very few Re-tools are available For JVM many Re-tools are available.

6 There is a constant pool for every application. It has a constant pool for every class.

7 Here the executable is APK. Here the executable is JAR

Ans:

Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is a engine that provides runtime environment to

drive the Java Code or applications. It converts Java bytecode into machines
language. In other programming languages, the compiler produces machine
code for a particular system. However, Java compiler produces code for a
Virtual Machine known as Java Virtual Machine.
2] Explain DVM With Diagram?
Ans:

The Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM) is a specialized runtime engine used by Android to execute
applications. As shown in the diagram, the DVM consists of several key components, including a class
loader, bytecode verifier, interpreter, and Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler.

The class loader is responsible for loading classes and resources into the DVM as needed, while the
bytecode verifier ensures that the bytecode in the application's DEX file is valid and secure. The
interpreter executes the bytecode of the application, and the JIT compiler optimizes application
performance by dynamically compiling bytecode to native code at runtime.

One of the key advantages of the DVM is its use of a register-based architecture, which is more
efficient for mobile devices than the stack-based architecture used by the traditional Java Virtual
Machine (JVM). Additionally, the DVM uses optimization techniques like JIT compilation to improve
application performance.

3] Describe The Concept Of Android SDK?

Ans: The Android SDK (Software Development Kit) is a set of software tools and resources that enable
developers to create applications for the Android platform. It includes libraries, an emulator,
debugging tools, and documentation to help developers create Android applications.

The Android SDK offers various tools that are designed for different development tasks, such as the
Android Studio Integrated Development Environment (IDE) that offers a graphical interface for
designing user interfaces and writing code. The Android Debug Bridge (ADB) tool allows developers
to connect to physical devices and debug applications directly on the device.

One of the key advantages of the Android SDK is that it is constantly updated with new versions of
Android and new development tools, ensuring that developers have access to the latest features and
capabilities of the platform. This enables developers to create a wide variety of applications for
Android, from simple games and utilities to complex enterprise applications.

Overall, the Android SDK is an essential resource for developers looking to build applications for the
Android platform, and it provides a comprehensive set of tools and resources to help developers
create high-quality applications for Android.

4] Write Down Steps How To Create AVD In Android Studio?

Ans: To create an AVD (Android Virtual Device) in Android Studio, you can follow these steps:
1. Open Android Studio and click on the AVD Manager icon in the toolbar or go to Tools > AVD
Manager.
2. Click on the "Create Virtual Device" button in the AVD Manager dialog box.
3. Choose a hardware profile for your virtual device. You can select from a list of pre-configured
hardware profiles, or you can create a custom one.
4. Select a system image for your virtual device. You can choose from a list of available system
images, which represent different versions of Android and different device configurations.
5. Configure the settings for your virtual device, such as its name, screen resolution, and other
hardware settings.
6. Once you have configured the settings for your virtual device, click on the "Finish" button to
create the AVD.
7. You can now run your virtual device by clicking on the green play button in the AVD
Manager, or by selecting it from the Run Configurations dropdown menu.

 What is OHA?

The OHA is the group that is in charge of the Android smartphones operating system. It was created
by Google. The Open Handset Alliance (OHA) is consortium of multiple companies like Samsung,
Sony, Intel and many more to provide services and deploy handsets using android platform.

The Open Handset Alliance (OHA) is an association whose goal is to develop open standards for
mobile devices, promote innovation in mobile phones and provide a better experience for
consumers at a lower cost.

 Features of Android:
What is a mobile application.
A mobile application, commonly known as a mobile app, is a software
application designed to run on a mobile device, such as a smartphone or
tablet. Mobile apps offer a wide range of features and functionalities, including
social networking, gaming, entertainment, productivity, education, health and
fitness, and much more. These applications can be downloaded from an app
store, such as Apple's App Store or Google Play, and installed on the user's
mobile device.