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    Theories On The Origin of The Universe

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    John Zimmer
    The document discusses several theories on the origin of the universe, beginning with the currently accepted Big Bang theory. It describes key events in the Big Bang model, including the initial singularity around 13.8 billion years ago, the rapid expansion and inflation of the early universe, and the formation of the first elements and structures. The document also summarizes other historical theories such as the steady state universe, nebular hypothesis, and Aristotelian geocentric model, and provides evidence that supports the Big Bang theory over alternative explanations.

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    Theories On The Origin of The Universe

    Uploaded by

    John Zimmer
    23 views38 pages
    The document discusses several theories on the origin of the universe, beginning with the currently accepted Big Bang theory. It describes key events in the Big Bang model, including the initial singularity around 13.8 billion years ago, the rapid expansion and inflation of the early universe, and the formation of the first elements and structures. The document also summarizes other historical theories such as the steady state universe, nebular hypothesis, and Aristotelian geocentric model, and provides evidence that supports the Big Bang theory over alternative explanations.

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    The document discusses several theories on the origin of the universe, beginning with the currently accepted Big Bang theory. It describes key events in the Big Bang model, including the initial singularity around 13.8 billion years ago, the rapid expansion and inflation of the early universe, and the formation of the first elements and structures. The document also summarizes other historical theories such as the steady state universe, nebular hypothesis, and Aristotelian geocentric model, and provides evidence that supports the Big Bang theory over alternative explanations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    23 views38 pages

    Theories On The Origin of The Universe

    Uploaded by

    John Zimmer
    The document discusses several theories on the origin of the universe, beginning with the currently accepted Big Bang theory. It describes key events in the Big Bang model, including the initial singularity around 13.8 billion years ago, the rapid expansion and inflation of the early universe, and the formation of the first elements and structures. The document also summarizes other historical theories such as the steady state universe, nebular hypothesis, and Aristotelian geocentric model, and provides evidence that supports the Big Bang theory over alternative explanations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 38

    THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN

    OF THE UNIVERSE
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    Universe is the totality of space and time, matter and
    energy. The universe is at least 13.8 billion of years old
    and the Earth/solar system at least 4.5-4.6 billions of years
    old.

    Solar System
    Milky Way Galaxy
    BARYONIC MATTER
    ordinary matter consisting of protons, electrons, and
    neutrons that comprises atoms, planets, stars,
    galaxies, and other bodies.
    DARK MATTER AND DARK ENERGY

    Dark matter - matter that has gravity but does not emit light.
    Dark Energy- a source of anti-gravity: a force that counteracts
    gravity and causes the universe to expand
    PROTOSTAR – an early stage in the formation of the star
    resulting from the gravitational collapse of gases.

    THERMONUCLEAR REACTION – a nuclear fusion reaction


    responsible for the energy produced by stars.

    MAIN SEQUENCE STARS – stars that fuse hydrogen atoms to


    form helium atoms in their cores: outward pressure resulting
    from nuclear fusion is balanced by gravitational force.
    Structure, Composition and Age
    • The universe as we currently know it comprises all spaces and time, and
    all matter and energy in it.
    • It is made of 4.6% baryonic matter, 24% cold dark matter, and
    71.4% dark energy.
    • Hydrogen,, helium and lithium are the three most abundant elements.
    • Stars – the building block of galaxies born out of clouds of gas and
    dust in galaxies. Instabilities within the clouds eventually results into
    gravitational collapse, rotation, heating up, and transformation to a
    protostar-the core of the future star as thermonuclear set in.
    • The remaining dust and gas may end up as they are or as
    planets, asteroids, or other bodies in the accompanying planetary
    system.
    • A galaxy is a cluster of billions of stars and cluster of galaxies
    form superclusters. In between the cluster is an empty space.
    • Based on the recent data, the universe is 13.8 billion years old.
    The diameter of the universe is possibly infinite but should be at
    least 91 billion light years (1 light year = 9.4607 x 1012 km). Its
    density is 4.5 x 10-31 g/cm3
    THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE
    UNIVERSE
    Expanding Universe
    • In 1929, Edwin Hubble announced his significant discovery of the
    “redshift” and its interpretation that galaxies are moving away
    from each other, hence as evidence for an expanding universe, just
    as predicted by Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity.
    • He observed that spectral liners of straight lines of starlight
    made to pass through a prism are shifted toward the red part of
    the electromagnetic spectrum,i.e., toward the band of lower
    frequency: thus, the interference that the star or galaxy must be
    moving away from us.
    OSCILLATING UNIVERSE
    proposed by Albert Einstein, it followed the theory of
    general relativity equations of the universe with
    positive curvature, which results in the universe
    expanding for a time and contracting due to the pull
    of its gravity in a perpetual cycle of big bang.
    ATOMIC UNIVERSE
    Greek philosophers Leucippus and Democritus founded the
    school of Atomism, where they held that the universe was
    composed of very small, indivisible and indestructible
    building blocks known as atoms.
    ARISTOTELIAN UNIVERSE
    Aristotle established a geocentric universe in which fixed,
    spherical Earth is the center surrounded by concentric celestial
    spheres of planets and stars and the four classical elements
    of fire, air, earth, and water, which were acted by two
    forces- gravity, which is the tendency of earth and water to
    sink, and levity- which is the tendency of air and fire to rise.
    HELIOCENTRIC UNIVERSE
    The Greek philosopher and mathematician Aristarchus of
    Samos was the first person to present an explicit argument
    about the center of the solar system, placing the sun at the
    center of the known universe.
    PTOLEMAIC UNIVERSE
    The Roman- Egyptian mathematician and astronomer Cladius
    Ptolemaeus described a geocentric model of the universe
    based on the theory of Aristotle in which planets and the rest
    of the universe orbit a stationary earth in circular epicycles.
    COPERNICAN UNIVERSE
    Nicolaus Copernicus published a scientific theory of
    heliocentrism demonstrating that the motions of celestial
    objects can be explained without putting the Earth at rest in
    the center of the universe, stimulated further scientific
    investigations and became a landmark in the history of
    modern science.
    NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS
    proposed by Swedish scientist and philosopher Emmanuel
    Swedenborg and developed further by Thomas Wright in 1750,
    Immanuel Kant in 1755, Johann Heinrich Lambert in 1761, and a
    similar model was proposed by Pierre- Simon Laplace in 1796. He
    assumed that the solar system began as a cloud of dispersed
    particles. The mutated gravitational attractions of particles caused
    them to start moving and colliding at which chemical forces bond
    them together forming the planets.
    STEADY STATE UNIVERSE
    proposed by English astronomer Fred Hoyle, and the
    Austrians Thomas Gold and Herman Bondi. The theory
    predicted a universe that expanded but did not change its
    density with matter being inserted into the universe as it
    expanded in order to maintain a constant density.
    INFLATIONARY UNIVERSE
    American physicist Allan Guth proposed a model of the
    universe based on the Big Bang. He incorporated a short,
    early period of exponential cosmic inflation in order to solve
    the horizon and flatness problems of the standard Big Bang
    model.
    BIG BANG THEORY
    This theory describes the universe as originating in an
    infinitely tiny, infinitely dense point or singularity between 13
    to 14 billion years ago. The universe expanded from the
    singularity as time passed by until today. This theory is
    attributed to George Henri Lemaitre in 1927 even before
    Hubble’s evidence.
    IDEAS ABOUT BIG BANG THEORY
    It is the most accepted theory on the origin of the universe
    because of the evidences presented in this theory.
    Big Bang’s concept is about the expansion of the universe

    Expansion and inflation are the two important events in this


    theory.
    Big bang has become the basis of some theories on the origin
    of the universe.
    EVENTS AFTER THE BIG BANG
    Formation of elements

    Formation of stars, planets, and galaxies

    The universe continue to expand

    Galaxies move away from each other


    EVIDENCES OF BIG BANG
    Presence of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation

    Formation of light elements such as helium and hydrogen

    Continous expansion of the universe

    Red Shift by Edwin Hubble

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