LEGAL BASES, REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter contains some related studies and related literature having bearing on the study. This
gave important concepts and ideas for the development of the study.

LEGAL BASES

Solid waste shall refer to all discarded household, commercial waste, non-hazardous institutional and
industrial waste, street sweepings, construction debris, agricultural waste, and other
non-hazardous/non-toxic solid waste.

Solid waste management shall refer to the discipline associated with the control of generation,
storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of solid wastes in a manner that is in
accord with the best principles of public health, economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics, and
other environmental considerations, and that is also responsive to public attitudes. Ecological solid
waste management shall refer to the systematic administration of activities which provide for
segregation at source, segregated transportation, storage, transfer, processing, treatment, and disposal
of solid waste and all other waste management activities which do not harm the environment.

Article 4 Recycling Program Section 26 of R.A 9003 Inventory of Existing Markets for Recyclable
Materials. The DTI shall within six (6) months from the effectively of this Act and in cooperation with the
Department, the DILG and other concerned agencies and sectors, publish a study of existing markets for
processing and purchasing recyclable materials and the potential steps necessary to expand these
markets. Such study shall include, but not be limited to, an inventory of existing markets for recyclable
materials, product standards for recyclable and recycled materials, and a proposal, developed in
conjunction with the appropriate agencies, to stimulate the demand for the production of products
containing post-consumer and recovered materials.

Disposal shall refer to the discharge, deposit, dumping, spilling, leaking or placing of any solid waste
into or in a land.

Section 25 of R.A 9003. Guidelines for Transfer Stations. Transfer stations shall be designed and
operated for efficient waste handling capacity and in compliance with environmental standards and
guidelines set pursuant to this Act and other regulations: Provided, That no waste shall be stored in such
station beyond twenty-four (24) hours. The siting of the transfer station shall consider the land use plan,
proximity to collection area, and accessibility of haul routes to disposal facility. The design shall give
primary consideration to size and space sufficiency in order to accommodate the waste for storage and
vehicles for loading and unloading of wastes.

Unclean and unsegregated waste at the redemption center/facility; discharging of human feces along
the creeks and rivers; throwing of wastes in creeks, rivers, public places such as roads, sidewalks and
establishments; and burning of garbage particularly non-biodegradable wastes. It also requires residents
to practice segregation of wastes at source. Reusable solid wastes such as bottles, plastics, cellophanes
and papers shall be brought to the barangay material recovery facility duly segregated or directly to the
agent-buyers. Non-recyclable materials and special solid wastes will be brought to the material recovery
facility, while hazardous wastes or chemicals will be disposed in coordination with concerned
government agencies according to prescribed methods. The local government is responsible for
collecting reusable, recyclable and non-biodegradable waste materials from the material recovery
facilities; and transporting them to the recycling centers and or to the municipal material recovery
facility. Collection of segregated solid wastes is scheduled per barangay (Saley, 2012).

3R’s (Reduce Reuse Recycle)

The Environmental Protection Agency has determined a three tiered approach for managing solid
waste. Each of these should be practiced to reduce the amount material headed for final disposal. They
are in order of importance: REDUCE, the best way to manage solid waste.Don’t create waste in the first
place! Buy only what you need. Use all that you buy. Avoid heavily packaged products. Avoid disposable
items like paper plates and plastic silverware. Buy the largest size package for those items that you use
are often. REUSE, the better way to manage solid waste. Reuse items use them over and over until they
are completely worn out. RECYCLE, the good way to manage solid waste.Recycle means taking
something old and making it into something new. In Seminole County, all residents who live in a single
family home can recycle right in front of their house. Those residents who live in apartments or
condominiums can drop off their recyclables at several different locations. Old newspapers, #1 and #2
plastic bottles, green, clear and brown glass bottles and jars, aluminum and steel cans can all be recycled
at the curb. Simply rinse out containers and remove lids. That’s it; it’s very simple and very worthwhile.
Not only does it keep items out of the landfill, recycling conserves natural resources (Seminole County
Government, 2012).

Australia may be a large country, but we live in a throw-away society that is rapidly filling it with our
waste. Our insatiable desire to constantly upgrade disposable technology and consume over-packaged
products has continued unabated for decades. At the same time however, there has been a trend away
from both burning waste in incinerators and burying it in landfills. Waste management policies now seek
to minimize waste disposal by reducing its generation and by reusing and recycling. This book reveals
the extent of our growing waste problem and examines the waste and recycling practices of households,
and includes many tips on how to reduce, reuse and recycle. Topics include green waste, plastics, glass,
paper, metal and electronic waste (Healey, 2010).

DISPOSAL

There are many stringent regulations governing the treatment and disposal of waste in the UK, both
onshore and offshore, and in most other countries as well. Facilities involved in waste transfer and
treatment require licenses, and all personnel who work at such facilities require the proper kind of
training that goes with the handling of waste that can often be dangerous if not handled properly.
Waste management facilities also need to be able to respond quickly to emergency situations. By their
very nature there is rarely any warning that an emergency is about to occur. For that reason emergency
response teams need to be on standby every hour of every day, and every day of every year. Waste
management disposal and treatment can originate from both domestic and industrial sources (Rose,
2009).

Local studies
 The experiences and practices of household waste management of people in a barangay (village) in
Manila, Philippines are documented. The data were gathered through an interview with household
members using open-ended questions. Interviews were also conducted with garbage collectors as well
as scavengers. Results showed that the households generated an average of 3.2 kg of solid waste per
day, or 0.50 kg/capita/day. The types of wastes commonly generated are food/kitchen wastes, papers,
PET bottles, metals, and cans, boxes/cartons, glass bottles, cellophane/plastics, and yard/garden wastes.
The respondents segregate their wastes into PET bottles, glass bottles, and other waste (mixed wastes).
No respondents perform composting. It is worth noting, however, that burning of waste is not done by
the respondents. The households rely on garbage collection by the government. Collection is done twice
daily, except Sundays, and household members bring their garbage when the garbage truck arrives.
However, there are those who dump their garbage in non-designated pick-up points, usually in a corner
of the street. The dumped garbage becomes a breeding ground for disease-causing organisms.Some
household respondents said that it is possible that the dumping in certain areas caused the dengue
fever suffered by some of their family members. Mothers and household helpers are responsible for
household waste management. Scavengers generally look for recyclable items in the dumped garbage.
All of them said that it is their only source of income, which is generally not enough for their meals.
Most of the respondents said that garbage collection and disposal is the responsibility of the
government. The results of the study showed that RA 9003, also known as the Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act of 2000, is not fully implemented in Metro Manila (Bernardo, 2008).

This study highlights the results of the study that was conducted to analyze the solid waste management
practices of the waste generators, and the extent of their compliance with the Republic Act 9003,
otherwise known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000. The study was conducted in
Bacolod City, Philippines in 2007. The findings of this study served as basis in developing a handbook on
solid waste management (Ballados, 2010).

The Motiong town government in Samar has vowed to intensify the implementation of its Solid Waste
Management Program after barangay chairmen here took at one-day seminar-workshop on the
program. The activity was held at the Legislative Building here last Wednesday, August 29.Motiong
Mayor Francisco M. Langi Sr. said 30 barangay chairmen of his municipality attended said seminar-
workshop sponsored by the town government conducted Municipal Planning and Development Officer,
Engr. NicasioPermejo. Langi said all the barangay chairmen were educated on the provisions of the Solid
Waste Management Act of 2003 so that they would be acquainted with and help implement the law in
their respective barangays and propagate environmental preservation. He said the town government
will strictly implement the “no segregation, no collection policy” in all of Motiong’s barangays and urged
the barangay officials to put up a Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) where they can segregate bio-
degradable and non-biodegradable waste materials. Such materials can be turned into a livelihood as,
according to Langi, “there is money in junk” (Abrematea, 2012).