A

Project Report

on

“WEB BASED ORGAN DONOR MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ”

Submitted
In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for
The Degree of

Bachelor of Technology
In
Computer Science & Engineering

Submitted by:
PALAK SINGH (1605410099)
NISHI SRIVASTAVA (1605410094)
SHAMBHAVI SINGH (1605410135)

Under the Supervision of

MR. AMIT KUMAR JAISWAL

(Assistant Professor)

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

MAY, 2020
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Palak Singh (1605410099), Nishi Srivastava (1605410094), Shambhavi
Singh (1605410135) have carried out the research work presented in the project report titled
“WEB BASED ORGAN DONOR MANAGEMENT SYSTEM” submitted for partial
fulfilment for the award of the Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science & Engineering
from BBDITM, Lucknow under my supervision.
It is also certified that:
(i) This report embodies the original work of the candidate and has not been earlier
submitted elsewhere for the award of any degree/diploma/certificate.
(ii) The candidate has worked under my supervision for the prescribed period.

(iii) The report fulfils the requirements of the norms and standards prescribed by the
AKTU and BBDITM, Lucknow, India.
(iv) No published work (figure, data, table, etc.) has been reproduced in the report
without the express permission of the copyright owner(s).

Therefore, I deem this work fit and recommend it for submission for the award of the aforesaid
degree.

Mr. Amit Kumar Jaiswal Dr. Diwakar Yagyasen,

Project Guide, H.O.D.
(Assistant Professor) Department of CSE,
Department of CSE, BBDITM,
BBDITM, Lucknow. Lucknow

Date:

Place: Lucknow

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 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the report titled “Web Based Organ Donor Management System” is
an authentic record of the research work carried out by us under the supervision of “Mr.Amit
Kumar Jaiswal”, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, for the period from
August, 2019 to May, 2020 at BBDITM, Lucknow. No part of this report has been presented

elsewhere for any other degree or diploma earlier.

We declare that we have faithfully acknowledged and referred to the works of other
researchers wherever their published works have been cited in the report. We further certify
that we have not wilfully taken other's work, para, text, data, results, tables, figures etc.
reported in the journals, books, magazines, reports, synopsis, theses, etc., or available at web-
sites without their permission, and have not included those in this B.Tech. report citing as our
own work.

Date:

Signature:

PALAK SINGH (1605410099)

NISHI SRIVASTAVA (1605410094)
SHAMBHAVI SINGH (1605410135)

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

DESCRIPTION PAGE NUMBER

TITLE PAGE i
CERTIFICATE ii
DECLARATION iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
LIST OF FIGURES v
ABBREVIATIONS/ NOTATIONS/ NOMENCLATURE vi
ABSTRACT vii
1 INTRODUCTION 1-3
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 4-8
3 PROPOSED WORK 9-11
3.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT 9
3.2 PROPOSED APPROACH 10
3.3 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS 11
4 EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS 12-15
4.1 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 12-13
4.2 SCREENSHOTS OF WEBPAGES 14-15
5 CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE 16-17

5.1 CONCLUSION 16
5.2 FUTURE SCOPE 17
6 REFERENCES 18

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Figure Caption Page No.

3.2.1 Workflow of Online Organ Bank 10

4.1.1 System Architecture 13

4.2.1 Home Page 14

4.2.2 Donor Detail Form 14

4.2.3 Search By Window 15

4.2.4 No. of Available Packets 15

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 ABBREVIATIONS/ NOTATIONS/ NOMENCLATURE

The abbreviations used in this report are listed below:

HTML Hypertext Markup Language

CSS Cascading Style Sheets
PHP Hypertext Preprocessor
SQL Structured Query Language

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 ABSTRACT

The project report focuses on the development of a Web-based Online Organ Donation System.
The objective of the system is to provide an efficient and reliable platform for organ donors and
organ recipients. The system allows organ donors to register online and provide their details such
as name, contact information, organ type, and other medical details. It allows organ recipients to
search for donors based on the criteria such as organ type, location, and availability. It also
provides an online payment gateway for donors and recipients to make payments for the organ
transplantations.

The web application is developed using the latest technologies such as HTML, CSS, JavaScript,
PHP, MySQL, and other web technologies. The system also provides an efficient user interface
for users to interact with the system. The system is tested for functionality and performance. The
report includes a detailed analysis of the system and its features. The report also provides
recommendations to improve the system.

The report covers the various challenges faced during the development process and provides
solutions to them. It provides a comparison of the system with existing online organ donation
system. It includes the cost-benefit analysis of the online organ donation system. It provides a
detailed list of the future development plans and implementation for the system. The report also
provides a detailed list of the benefits and risks associated with the system. It provides a detailed
list of the external stakeholders involved in the development and implementation of the system.
The report also provides a detailed list of the future scope and potential risks associated with the
system. Finally, the report provides a detailed conclusion and recommendations for the system.

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Web-based organ donor management is a system that enables the efficient management of organ
donation operations and procedures. It provides an easy way for hospitals, organ donation and
medical centres to manage their organ supply, donor records, and donor information. The
system can be used to track donation and collection, to manage inventory and to ensure that the
organ is maintained in the best possible condition. It can also be used to monitor and evaluate
the quality of organ and to ensure compliance with safety regulations. The web-based system
can be used to generate reports and to provide feedback on the performance of the organ
donation bank. It can also be used to track donor recruitment and donor retention. The system
can help to reduce costs associated with managing the organ donation bank and can help to
improve the quality of care provided to patients.

Organ transplantation safety remains an important public health concern in Oman. The
availability of organ products of all organ types and the provision of its safety ensure public
trust of its excellent healthcare system. However, lack of availability of these organ products
and provision of unsafe organ products still impact morbidity and mortality in the Sultanate.
Through the use of online organ donor management system, organ transplantation safety is
expected to be enhanced or improved. Risks on improper organ donors’ documentation, and
misplaced records can be minimized or totally avoided. Also, processes involving organ bag
collection, storage, and inventory will be systematized and organized, hence, improving the
healthcare management.

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A web-based organ donor management system is an essential tool for managing the inventory
and distribution of organ in a organ bank. With the growing demand for organ donation in
hospitals and medical facilities, the management of organ supply has become a critical concern.
A web-based system allows for real-time monitoring and management of organ inventory, donor
records, and the distribution of organs to hospitals and medical facilities. The purpose of this
research project is to design and develop a web-based online organ donation bank management
system that will improve the efficiency and effectiveness of organ donation bank operations.
The system will be designed to provide an easy-to-use interface for organ donation bank staff,
donors, and recipients. The system will also provide a platform for communication between
donors, recipients, and organ donation management staff.

For hospitals, a organ donor management system is known as organ collection centre, also is an
area in which collected organ bags are stored and preserved for future use in organ
transplantation services. Organ transplantation is a medical operation where a patient requires

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organ as a life saving measure. . In an article1 published in Times of Oman in 2014, it was
reported by Ministry of Health (MoH) that the total amount of organ donated annually in
Muscat is approximately 25,084 units. MoH further reported that its Department of Organ
Services is functioning at full capacity to meet the demands in the Sultanate. Most organ donor
management system are still running manual system in its processes. As such, there is a lack of
efficiency because it is still paper-based in collecting information about donors, inventories of
organ bags, and organ transplantation services. The lack of proper documentation may endanger
patients’ health due to the possibility of having contaminate organ bags. Contamination
happened when there is an incomplete donors’ medical history record and the organ bags’ shelf
life is not monitored properly. Hence, a web-based organ donor management system might be
needed to address these issues and problems encountered to ensure organ transplantation safety.

Organ donation takes healthy organs and tissues from one person for transplantation into another.
Experts say that the organs from one donor can save or help as many as 50 people. Organs you
can donate include:
 Internal organs: Kidneys, heart, liver, pancreas, intestines, lungs

 Skin

 Bone and bone marrow

 Cornea

Most organ and tissue donations occur after the donor has died. But some organs and tissues can
be donated while the donor is alive.

People of all ages and background can be organ donors. If you are under age 18, your parent or
guardian must give you permission to become a donor. If you are 18 or older you can show you
want to be a donor by signing a donor card. You should also let your family know your wishes.

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What is organ donation and transplantation?

Organ donation is the process of surgically removing an organ or tissue from one person (the
organ donor) and placing it into another person (the recipient). Transplantation is necessary
because the recipient’s organ has failed or has been damaged by disease or injury.

Organ transplantation is one of the great advances in modern medicine. Unfortunately, the need
for organ donors is much greater than the number of people who actually donate. Every day in
the United States, 21 people die waiting for an organ and more than 107,380 men, women and
children await life-saving organ transplants.

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Who can be an organ donor?

People of all ages should consider themselves potential donors. When a person dies, they are
evaluated for donor suitability based on their medical history and age. The organ procurement
organization determines medical suitability for donation.

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How do I become an organ donor?

Individuals who wish to be organ donors should complete the following steps:

 You might join a donor registry. A registry is more than just an expression of interest in
becoming a donor. It’s a way to legally give consent for the anatomical gift of organs,
tissue and eyes. Each time you go to your local Bureau of Motor Vehicles (BMV), you
will be asked, "do you want to make an anatomical gift?" All you have to do is say "Yes."
You can also join the registry at any time by filling out a "Document of Gift" form from
the BMV. For more information, go to www.lifebanc.org and click on donor registry.
Donor registry information for any state might be obtained from www.donatelife.net.
 Sign and carry an organ donor card. This card can be downloaded
at: www.organdonor.gov.
 Let your family members and loved ones know you’d like to be a donor.
 You might also want to tell your family healthcare provider, lawyer and religious leader
that you’d like to be a donor.

If I need an organ or tissue transplant, what do I need to do?

If you need a transplant, you need to get on the national waiting list. To get on the list, you need
to visit a transplant hospital. To find a transplant hospital near you, visit the Scientific Registry
of Transplant Recipients (SRTR) and use the search function on the top of the page.

The transplant hospital's multi-disciplinary team will evaluate you and decide if you are a
suitable transplant candidate. In addition to criteria developed for some organ types by United

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Network of Organ Sharing (UNOS), each transplant hospital has its own criteria for accepting
candidates for transplant.

If the hospital's transplant team determines that you are a good transplant candidate, they will
add you to the national waiting list. You can get on the waiting list at more than one transplant
hospital, and UNOS policies do permit "multiple listing." However, be sure to check each
transplant hospital's guidelines about who will be the primary care provider.

Next, you wait. There's no way to know how long you’ll wait to receive a donor organ. Your
name will be added to the pool of names. When an organ becomes available, all the patients in
the pool are assessed to determine compatibility.

What organization actually manages the distribution of organs? What is the

process to receive an organ or tissue?

UNOS maintains the national Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN).
Through the UNOS Organ Center, organ donors are matched to waiting recipients 24 hours a
day, 365 days a year.

When an organ becomes available, the local organ procurement organization sends medical,
social and genetic information to UNOS. UNOS then generates a list of potential recipients,
based on such factors as:

 Blood type.

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  Tissue type.
 Organ size.
 Medical urgency of the patient’s illness.
 Time already spent on the waiting list.
 Geographical distance between the donor and the recipient.

The organ is offered first to the transplant center with the candidate who is the best match. The
transplant team decides if it will accept or refuse the organ based on established medical criteria
and other factors.

If the transplant center refuses the organ, the transplant center of the next patient on the list is
contacted and the process continues until the organ is placed.

What's involved with becoming a living organ donor?

A living donation, such as the donation of one healthy kidney or a segment of a healthy liver
from a living human being to another, is arranged though the individual transplant centers
according to criteria they have in place. An independent donor advocate, along with a dedicated
living donor multi-disciplinary team, will represent the interests and well-being of the potential
living donor.

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 Organ Donors save lives

Types of Organ Donation:

Nearly 110,000 people are waiting for a lifesaving transplant in the US. That’s enough to fill
Busch Stadium two and half times. The good news is that by becoming an organ, eye and tissue
donor, you can give hope and life to patients awaiting transplant. Every day, people are able to
get back to their daily life activities alongside family and friends because of the selfless decision
of another to give the gift of life through organ, eye and tissue donation. What are the main types
of donations? The four different types are: living donation, deceased donation, tissue donation
and pediatric donation.

 Living donation

The reality for many people on the organ transplant list is the wait can be lengthy and uncertain.
Living donation is one type of organ donation that offers another choice for transplant
candidates. Relatives, loved ones, friends and anonymous strangers can serve as a living donor
all while getting the opportunity to see the outcome of their selfless gift. The best part? Kidney
and liver transplant candidates that receive a living donor transplant can often receive the best
quality organ much sooner, in many cases in less than a year. Living donation also serves a great
need considering more than 85% of patients waiting are in need of a kidney and 11% are in need
of a liver. Plus, a living donation is often the result of generosity from a complete stranger since,
on average, one in four living donors are not biologically related to the recipient. 

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Deceased donation

Passing on the gift of life and being someone’s hero is as easy as registering as an organ, eye and
tissue donor. By adding your name to the organ donor registry, you’re consenting to give life to
others through deceased donation. Deceased organ, eye or tissue donation is the process where
an organ, eye or tissue is transplanted to another person at the time of the donor’s death. The
opportunity to donate organs via deceased donation is actually quite rare. Only about 2 percent of
Americans die in circumstances that allow for organ donation. Usually, a person has died from a
fatal brain injury, often caused from massive trauma resulting in bleeding, swelling or lack of
oxygen to the brain. Only after every effort has been made to save the patient’s life and brain
death has been declared does organ donation become an option. Through the incredible
generosity of one donor, up to eight lives can be saved by donating organs after death.

Tissue donation

Tissue donation is a common way to pass on the gift of life. Donating tissue such as skin, bone,
and heart valves can help heal and improve the quality of life for recipients. Cornea donation
helps provide the gift of sight to up to two recipients. One donor can heal 75 lives through tissue
donation including burn victims, breast reconstruction surgery, athletes with torn ligaments or
tendons, military personnel who have been injured in combat, and by repairing musculoskeletal
structures such as teeth, skin, and the spine. Vascularized Composite Allografts (VCA) involves
the transplantation of multiple structures. Hand and face transplants are one of the most common
types of VCA. More than one million tissue transplantation procedures are performed in the
United States each year, returning vital function and identity to people suffering from a
devastating injury or illness.

Pediatric donation

Pediatric donation is considered one of the four types of organ, eye and tissue donation because
of the complexities involving children. With pediatric donation, organ size is critical to long-
term success. Children often respond better to child-sized organs, which is why this type of
donation differs slightly from other organ donations. There are currently 2,000 children under the
age of 18 waiting for a lifesaving organ transplant and nearly 25% of them are under five years
old. 
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Heart transplant

 A healthy heart from a donor who has suffered brain death is used to replace a
patient’s damaged or diseased heart.

 Singapore’s first heart transplant was carried out in July 1990.

 Due to the complexity of this procedure, strict medical criteria is imposed in assessing
whether a donor’s heart is suitable for transplant, and whether a potential recipient is
suitable to receive the transplant.

 Deceased donor heart transplants are performed three to six times a year in Singapore,
partly due to a scarcity of donors.

 Lung transplant

 One lung or both lungs from a recently deceased donor are used to replace a patient’s
diseased lung or lungs.

 Singapore’s first lung transplant was performed in November 2000.

 Because of strict medical criteria for suitability of lung donors, as of end-2009, only
nine lung transplants have been performed locally.

Liver transplant

 A patient’s diseased liver is replaced with a healthy liver graft from a donor. Donor
livers can be obtained from deceased donors, or a family member may choose to
donate a portion of his liver to the patient.

 Singapore’s first liver transplant was performed in September 1990.

Pancreas transplant

 Singapore’s first simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplant was performed in

2012. This type of transplant is commonly done on type 1 diabetics whose pancreas
don’t work properly.

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Cornea transplant

 Corneal donation restores vision to those blinded by corneal disease. A damaged or

cloudy cornea can be replaced surgically with a healthy, normal cornea, donated by
another individual, during a corneal transplantation.

 The Singapore Eye Bank, which provides corneal tissue from local and foreign
donors for transplant, reported a 26-year record of 236 cornea donations in 2016. That
figure, the highest since its inauguration, broke the previous record of 222 donations
in 2015.

Trachea transplant

 The windpipe or trachea is a cartilaginous tube descending from the larynx to the
bronchi and into the lungs. A trachea transplant can help patients who suffer from
hardening and narrowing of their windpipe.

Kidney transplant

 A kidney for transplant can be taken from a living or dead donor.

 Singapore’s first deceased donor renal transplant was performed in 1970; the first
from a living donor was carried out in 1976. Since then, more than 1,000 deceased
donor and over 500 living donor transplants have been done.

Skin transplant

 Donor skin has been found to be an effective treatment option for patients suffering
from severe burn injuries, acting as a temporary dressing and allowing and promote
healing until a patient is ready for grafting using his own skin.

 The Skin Bank, started in 1998 by SGH ’s Burns Centre, recovers, prepares and
preserves donated skin for burns treatment. Skin must be recovered within 15 hours
of a donor’s death, but it can be stored at very cold temperatures for many years.

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Vascular tissues transplant

 Transplanting vascular tissues that circulate blood around the body can help relieve
symptoms of breathlessness, tiredness and dizzy spells in patients with severe
cardiovascular conditions.

 Vascular tissues can be donated up to 24 hours after death.

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Laws governing organ transplants
HOTA (Human Organ Transplant Act)

 The Human Organ Transplant Act (HOTA) allows for the kidneys, heart, liver and
corneas to be removed in the event of death from any cause for the purpose of
transplantation.

 This act covers all Singapore citizens and permanent residents who are at least 21
years old and have no mental disorders. They can opt out of the scheme.

MTERA (Medical Therapy, Education and Research Act)

 The Medical (Therapy, Education and Research) Act (MTERA) is an opt-in scheme,
whereby people can pledge their organs or any body parts for the purposes of
transplant, education or research after they pass away.

 Donors must be at least 18 years of age.

 Adult next-of-kin may pledge the organs of deceased patients of any age for donation.

The importance of all types of organ, eye and tissue donation

Each type of organ, eye and tissue donation brings hope for the thousands of people awaiting
transplants. Every nine minutes another person is added to the waiting list. By registering to be
an organ, eye and tissue donor, you could potentially pass on a lifesaving gift to someone in
need. While you may never see the impact of this personal decision first-hand, it’s a legacy that
will be seen and felt by your friends, family, community and even perfect strangers. As an organ,
eye and tissue donor, you can leave a legacy of love and healing. 

A healthy heartbeat. The chance to walk again. The gift of sight. Donation empowers transplant
patients to take back life’s most important moments. The majority of your family, friends and
neighbors have already added their name to the organ donor registry. Are you one of them? By
registering as an organ, eye and tissue donor, you can bring hope to patients and families who are

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holding out for a miracle. Signup for the donor registry and increase the chance that patients
waiting will get the transplants they need to survive.

 
Aims and Objectives

The lack of available organs is often considered to be the single greatest problem in
transplantation today. As of July 2017, there were more than 117,000 persons awaiting a life-
saving organ in the United States; however, less than 28,000 deceased donor transplants were
performed in 2016.

Efforts to address the growing gap between organ supply and demand include an extensive list of
face-to-face educational interventions, with the majority of these interventions designed to
improve attitudes and knowledge related to organ donation and promote positive donation
intentions. The widespread use of the Internet, however, creates an opportunity to increase public
commitment to organ and tissue donation through innovative Web-based educational
interventions. Approximately 88% of US adults currently use the Internet, with all demographic
groups showing an exponential increase in use in recent years. Internet-based interventions
within the context of behavioral health research have capitalized on the high accessibility of the
Internet and proliferated in the past 20 years], particularly in topics such as human
immunodeficiency virus depression and anxiety, and eating disorders ,whereas Internet-based
interventions addressing organ donation have only minimally been explored. Despite the
pervasiveness of Web-based interventions, process evaluation frameworks able to assess their
implementation are lacking.

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Web-based interventions offer several advantages including fast and easy participant recruitment
and data collection and minimal cost compared with in-person interventions. Internet
interventions have been shown to have high fidelity, are transferrable to a variety of settings, and
are scalable. The added anonymity of the Internet reduces potential issues of social desirability
and stigma, which is particularly appealing for studies addressing sensitive health topics. In
addition to significantly improving knowledge, attitudes, and associated behaviours for various
health topics, there is some evidence that compared with the in-person versions of the
intervention, Web-based versions may be more effective. Web-based organ donation initiatives
have been successful in improving organ donation–related knowledge, attitudes and behaviours,
and reaching minority populations who are consistently underrepresented as donors.

The aim of the project research on "web-based organ donor management system" is to design
and develop a web-based system that will improve the efficiency and effectiveness of organ
operations. The system will be designed to provide an easy-to-use interface for organ bank staff,
donors, and recipients, and will allow for real-time monitoring and management of organ
inventory, donor records, and the distribution of organ to hospitals and medical facilities.

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Objectives:
This applied research aims to design, develop and implement web based organ donor
management system. This web-based application provides:

 To analyse the current organ donor management system and identify the limitations and
challenges faced by the organ bank staff.
 To design and develop a web-based organ donor management system that addresses the
challenges faced by the organ donation bank staff, donors, and recipients.
 To provide an easy-to-use interface for organ donation bank staff, donors, and recipients.
 To develop a real-time monitoring system for organ donation inventory, donor records,
and the distribution of organs to hospitals and medical facilities.
 To ensure the security and confidentiality of donor and recipient information.
 To conduct user acceptance testing of the developed system with organ donation bank
staff, donors, and recipients, and obtain feedback for further improvement.
 To evaluate the effectiveness of the developed system in improving the efficiency and
effectiveness of organ donation bank operations.
 To ensure compliance with regulatory requirements for organ donor management
systems.
 To create a sustainable system that can be maintained and updated as needed.
 To ensure hospital to have good supply or inventories of organs.
 To check the availability of organs anytime.
 To manage the information of its organ donor.
 To allow good documentation about the donor and its organ donation activities.
 Support fast searching to find the match of organ for the right person.

This research study covers the three (3) basic operations of organ banks, namely: donor
registration, monitoring of organ bags or products’ inventories, and monitoring of organ bags or
products’ issuance. Also, due to time-constraint, respondents will be from hospitals from North
Batinah Region in the Oman, though the research study talks about organ banks in the Sultanate

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of Oman. In addition, the study considers three (3) possible users of the system, namely:
hospital administrator, doctors, and organ receptionists.

There is no age limit for organ donation. It can be started at as young as six weeks. The only
essential thing is the health and condition of your organs. You can donate all your organs and
tissues – heart, kidneys, lungs, corneas, pancreas etc.
One donor alone can save or drastically improve the lives of eight or more people, and
donations don't always have to occur postmortem. Living donation serves as a viable option,
especially in cases of kidney and liver transplantation, and saves the life of both the recipient
and the next person on the waiting list.
Tissues such as cornea, heart valves, skin, and bone can be donated in case of natural death but
vital organs such as heart, liver, kidneys, intestines, lungs, and pancreas can be donated only in
the case of 'brain death'.

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 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

[1] ‘A Web-based Organ Donation System for Managing Records of Donors and Receipts’
by Manvir Kaur, Nahida Nazir, Navneet Kaur, Syed Faraz Ali, Chirag Agarwal,
Ujjwal Dubey, Varun Gupta, Abid Sarwar, Manik Rakhra and Omdev Dahiya:

This paper presents a Web-based Organ Donation System for Managing Records of Donors and
Receipts (WBODS) developed to facilitate the process of organ donation and management of
the organ records. The main purpose of the system is to provide an easy-to-use and secure
online platform for donors and organ banks to manage their data and documents. The system is
designed to track organ donations, donors, and receipts, and to generate and store reports that
are essential for effective management. The system is developed using a combination of PHP
and MySQL. The system includes a user-friendly web interface that allows donors to register,
update their information, and view their donation history. The system also provides a secure and
easy-to-use administrative interface for managing the data, tracking donations, and generating
reports. The system is designed to provide a secure, fast, and efficient way to manage and store
donor records, donations, and receipts. In addition, the system provides a high-level of security
and privacy for the donor data. The system also features a wide range of features, such as user-
friendly search and sorting functions, detailed reports, and an automated email notification
system. The system was tested and evaluated by a group of donors and organ banks, who
reported a high level of satisfaction with the system. The results indicated that the system is a
reliable and secure way to manage organ donations and donor records. The system is also highly
scalable, allowing for easy integration with other systems, such as billing or accounting.

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[2] ‘Online Organ bank Management System’ by Chetan Masram, Arshad Mulani, Rasika
Bhitale and Jidnesh Koli:

This article presents an online organ bank management system that was developed to improve
the efficiency of the organ donation process. The system was designed to store, manage, and
analyze the data of organ donors and recipients, as well as facilitate communication between the
two. The system was developed using a web-based technology stack, including HTML5, CSS3,
JavaScript, and PHP. The system was tested using simulated data and evaluated for usability
and reliability. The results of the evaluation showed that the system provided a more efficient
way to manage organ donation processes, as well as a more user-friendly interface. The authors
also discussed the potential for using the system in the future to provide a platform for the
sharing of organ-related information among different organizations. Overall, the authors
concluded that the system provided a reliable and efficient platform for managing organ
donation processes. In addition to the findings of the evaluation, further research is needed to
explore the potential for using OBMS to improve the overall quality of care for organ donors
and recipients. For example, research could examine the effectiveness of the system in terms of
reducing the time needed to process donations, as well as the accuracy of the data stored in the
system. Such research could also provide insights into the impact of the system on patient safety
and satisfaction. Furthermore, the potential role of OBMS in the prevention of infectious
diseases could also be explored. Finally, more research could be conducted to determine the
potential for OBMS to improve the overall efficiency of the entire organ donation process. In
conclusion, the Online Organ Donation Bank Management System developed by Chetan
Masram, Arshad Mulani, Rasika Bhitale, and Jidnesh Koli has the potential to improve the
efficiency and accuracy of organ donation processes. Further research is needed to explore the
potential of the system to reduce the time needed to process donations and enhance the accuracy
of the data stored in the system. Additionally, research should be conducted to explore the
potential of the system to improve patient safety and satisfaction, as well as to prevent the
spread of infectious diseases. Finally, further research should be conducted to determine the
potential for OBMS to improve the overall efficiency of the entire organ donation process.

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[3] ‘Smart Intelligent Web based Online Organ Donation System’ by Putcha Uma
Pratyusha, Koganti Chaitanya, Amruth Saranam and Kotaprolu Manideep:

This paper presents a research on the design and development of a web-based system for organ
donation. The focus of the research is to develop a system that is both smart and intelligent and
provides a way for organ donors to connect with organ donation banks and hospitals. The
system is designed to be user-friendly, secure, and efficient in managing the process of organ
donation, from the donation itself to the delivery of the donated organs to the hospital or organ
donation bank. The research team began by analyzing the existing systems for organ donation
and identified several key areas that needed improvement. These areas included the need for
improved security and authentication, improved user experience and interface, and better
management of the process from the donor to the hospital or organ bank. The team then
developed a prototype of the system, which included the user interface and authentication, a
database for storing information about the donors and the donated organ, and a system for
managing the process of organ donation. The system was evaluated using a survey of organ
donors and organ donation banks. The results showed that the system was able to effectively
manage the process of organ donation and provide a secure and user-friendly interface. The
survey also found that the system was efficient and could be used to save time and reduce costs
associated with organ donation.

[4] ‘Organ Bank Donation and Management using Danjgo’ by Shravani BS and
Raghavendra. R:

Organ bank donation and management is an important part of modern health care. In recent
years, advances in technology have enabled the development of more efficient systems for
managing and donating organ. However, these systems are often expensive and difficult to use.
This paper looks at the potential of using the open source Danjgo framework to create a simple
and cost-effective system for organ bank donation and management. The paper begins by
providing an overview of the current state of organ bank management and donation systems. It
then examines the features of the Danjgo framework, and how it can be used to create a system
for managing and donating organ. Finally, the paper provides a case study of an actual

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implementation of a Danjgo-based organ bank management system. The paper finds that the
Danjgo framework is a powerful tool for developing a cost-effective and user-friendly organ
bank donation and management system. It provides many features that make it ideal for creating
such a system, including an easy-to-use interface and customizable data structures. The paper
also demonstrates the potential of the framework to create a system that is both secure and
reliable.

[5] ‘Cloud Based Online Organ Bank Management System’ by Aditya S. Iyer, Dr. C
Menaka, Adnan Faisal, Ammar Hussain and Chethan S.D.:

Cloud-based online organ bank management systems have been developed to streamline the
process of organ donation and distribution. This system helps in the efficient management of
organ donations and ensures that the right organ type is available for those who need it. The
system allows medical professionals to access information about the organ supply in their area,
request donations, and track the donation process. The system also helps to reduce the time and
effort associated with the traditional process of donation and distribution. The paper discusses
the role of technology in streamlining the process of managing and distributing organ donations.
It focuses on the advantages of cloud-based online organ bank management systems, such as the
ability to access information quickly, the ability to track donations, and the improved efficiency
that they offer. The paper further discusses the challenges associated with the implementation of
such systems, such as the need for reliable internet connections, the need for staff training, and
the cost associated with the system. The authors provide a thorough overview of the current
state of the art in cloud-based online organ bank management systems. They examine the
various designs and features that are available in the market, and provide a comparison of the
different systems. They also present a case study of a cloud-based online organ bank system that
was implemented at the University of Pennsylvania, and discuss the benefits it provided to the
institution. The paper concludes by providing suggestions for future research in the field of
cloud-based online organ bank management systems. The authors suggest that more research
should be conducted to examine the various designs and features of such systems, and to
evaluate the cost-effectiveness of their implementation. They also suggest that more research

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should be done to explore the potential for using such systems to improve the quality of care
provided by medical professionals.

[6] ‘Web Based Organ Bank Management System’ by Vedanti Vishnu Deshpande,
Shubham Kumar and Supriya Chaple:

This paper presents a review of the literature on Web-based Organ Bank Management System
(BOMS). BOMS is a computerized system that is used to manage the inventory, donation,
collection, and delivery of organ. It provides an efficient and secure way for hospitals and organ
banks to store and manage their organ stocks. The authors have conducted an extensive review
of the literature on web-based BOMS. They have identified a broad range of research studies
related to the development and implementation of web-based BOMS. These studies include
research on the development of the system architecture, database design, user interface design,
security, and scalability. They also discuss the issues related to the usability and user experience
of the system. The authors have provided a comprehensive overview of the literature on web-
based BOMS and its related research. They have identified a range of studies that can be used to
guide the development of a web-based BOMS. They have also highlighted the challenges and
opportunities associated with the development of such a system. Overall, this paper provides a
comprehensive review of the literature on web-based BOMS and its related research. The
authors have identified a broad range of studies related to the development and implementation
of web-based BOMS. They have also discussed the challenges and opportunities associated with
the development of such a system. This paper can serve as a valuable resource for researchers
and practitioners interested in developing and deploying a web-based BBMS.

[7] “A Study on Organ Bank Management” by Teena, C.A, Sankar, K. and Kannan, S.
(2014)
They defined Organ Donor Information System as an information management system that
contributes to the management of donor records and organ bank. Their system allowed an
authorized organ bank administrator to sign in with a password to manage easily the records of
donors and patients who need organ transplantation. The system provided many features
including the central database, quick access to the system content through the login, includes the

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search code to find donors on a given basis, and the ease of adding and updating donor data. The
main aim of the system was to complete the process of the organ bank. This system was
designed to suit all types of organ banks. Once successful in the implementation of the
application, it can be applied and rolled out in several organ banks. This application contains
User Login Screen, Organ Management, Menu Form, Organ Stock, Donor Management, Donor
Registration, Organ Reservation, Donor Organ Test, Recipient Management. In similar manner,
the researchers planned in their application to have hospital administrator, doctors, and organ
bank receptionists as users. The authors did not mentioned the research method they used, and
failed to provide screenshots of the system prototypes, making difficult for the researchers to
visualize their application. No discussion also for their respondents, samples and sampling
techniques used. Subsequently, the researchers planned to provide figures to explain the system,
screenshots of system prototypes, and other diagrams that can help other researchers to visualize
the development of web-based organ donor management system. Also, the researchers will
explicitly discuss its research methods, sampling procedures, and statistical treatment to be used
for analysing the gathered data.

On the other hand, study entitled “Organ Management System” done by Kumar, R., Singh, S.
and Ragavi, V.A. (2017), the researchers developed a web-based organ donor management
which assists the organ donor records management, and provides ease of control in the
distribution of organs in various parts of the country considering demands of hospitals. The
developed system was scalable and adaptable to meet the complex needs usually of a organ
bank. Based on this study, since entering the details about the organ donors and related records
were done manually, thus, tracking of organ donation activities was difficult and complicated,
and even led to erroneous information. Subsequently, the researchers mentioned that manual-
based system can be waste of time, lead to the error-prone results, consumes a lot of manpower,
lacks data security, data retrieval requires a lot of time, reports consumes a long time to produce,
and there is less precise accuracy on the results. As such, by developing and implementing a
web-based organ donor management information system, there was a quick and timely access to
donor records, and the system provided management timely, confidential and secured medical
reports. There were three (3) users in the system, namely: Administrator, Donor, and Acceptor.
Each user has been given user ID and password to identify their identity. The said application

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was developed using ASP.NET, C#.NET, and using SqlServer 2000/2005 for the database. The
research paper failed to mention the methods of research used. In this study, the researchers
learnt the importance of implementing a web-based organ donor management system in
handling records for organ donors and organ donation activities to ensure accurate and readily
available information for organ transplantation services. Indeed, the impact of using Information
Technology on hospitals provides better healthcare services for the public. Likewise, the
researchers learnt that there are programming languages suitable for web-based applications
such as ASP.NET, PhP, to name a few. In the study entitled “Organ Donor Management System
Using Rule-Based Method” undertaken by 4Liyana, F. (2017), it found out that it is important
for every hospital to use an information system to manage data in organ bank. Also, it observed
that the manual system has disadvantages for the user and the hospital. One of the disadvantages
identified was the organ bank staff should enter the donor details in each time he/she donate
organ in which led to duplicate data of the donor and also the data may be lost or missing after
period of time. Thus, the author developed a web-based system to help the organ bank to record
the donor details fast and easy. The system used rule-based decisions to ensure to have a right
decision on right time. Also, system can send messages to donors if any particular organ type is
needed. She developed organ bank system based on incremental model. She had chosen this
model because the system can be developed through cycle of phase and also because of the
advantages of this model such as:
I. Easy to understand to flow of the phases.
II. Changes possible in the middle of any phases.
III. The system can be developed even if there is an error in the middle and it can be
corrected in testing phase. In this study, the researchers observed that the developer
failed to include in the system the function to check the availability of organ bags, and
to check the shelf life or expiration of organ bags or products. As such, the researchers
will include these in their developed system to enhance safety for brogan
transplantation.

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[8] “Deleterious effect of extended cold ischemia time on the posttransplant outcome of
aged livers” by Adam, R., C. Sanchez, I. Astarcioglu, and H. Bismuth (2015).

HRSA launched the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) Modernization

Initiative to better serve the needs of patients and families. The Initiative will strengthen
accountability, equity, and performance of the organ donation and transplantation system
through a focus on five key areas: technology; data transparency; governance; operations; and
quality improvement and innovation. As a first step in the Modernization Initiative, HRSA
launched a new dashboard and Public Use File (PUF) to enhance transparency in the national
organ donation, procurement, and transplantation system. View the
dashboard and accompanying PUF for demographic information about organ donors, waitlist
candidates/registrants, and transplant recipients, as well as organ-specific data such as procured
organ transplantation rates and transplant outcomes for several solid organ types.

[9] “Study of Organ Donation” by Alexander, G.C., and A.R. Sehgal. 2016. 

Organ donation is the process when a person allows an organ of their own to be removed
and transplanted to another person, legally, either by consent while the donor is alive or dead
with the assent of the next of kin.

Donation may be for research or, more commonly, healthy transplantable organs and tissues may
be donated to be transplanted into another person.

Common transplantations include kidneys, heart, liver, pancreas, intestines, lungs, bones, bone

marrow, skin, and corneas.[1] Some organs and tissues can be donated by living donors, such as a
kidney or part of the liver, part of the pancreas, part of the lungs or part of the intestines, [3] but
most donations occur after the donor has died.

In 2019, Spain had the highest donor rate in the world at 46.91 per million people, followed by
the US (36.88 per million), Croatia (34.63 per million), Portugal (33.8 per million), and France
(33.25 per million).

As of February 2, 2019, there were 120,000 people waiting for life-saving organ transplants in
the US.  Of these, 74,897 people were active candidates waiting for a donor. While views of

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organ donation are positive, there is a large gap between the numbers of registered donors
compared to those awaiting organ donations on a global level.

To increase the number of organ donors, especially among underrepresented populations, current
approaches include the use of optimized social network interventions, exposing tailored
educational content about organ donation to target social media users. Every year August 13 is
observed as World Organ Donation Day to raising awareness about the importance of organ
donation.

Organ donors are usually dead at the time of donation, but may be living. For living donors,
organ donation typically involves extensive testing before the donation, including psychological
evaluation to determine whether the would-be donor understands and consents to the donation.
On the day of the donation, the donor and the recipient arrive at the hospital, just like they would
for any other major surgery.[9]

For dead donors, the process begins with verifying that the person is undoubtedly deceased,
determining whether any organs could be donated, and obtaining consent for the donation of any
usable organs. Normally, nothing is done until the person has already died, although if death is
inevitable, it is possible to check for consent and to do some simple medical tests shortly
beforehand, to help find a matching recipient.[9]

The verification of death is normally done by a neurologist (a physician specializing in brain

function) that is not involved in the previous attempts to save the patient's life. This physician
has nothing to do with the transplantation process. [9] Verification of death is often done multiple
times, to prevent doctors from overlooking any remaining sign of life, however small. [10] After
death, the hospital may keep the body on a mechanical ventilator and use other methods to keep
the organs in good condition. [10] The donor's estate and their families are not charged for any
expenses related to the donation.

The surgical process depends upon which organs are being donated. The body is normally
restored to as normal an appearance as possible, so that the family can proceed with funeral rites
and either cremation or burial.

The lungs are highly vulnerable to injury and thus the most difficult to preserve, with only 15–
25% of donated organs utilized.

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Recent advances in the fields
of organ donation and organ
transplant have introduced
new hope for the treatment
of serious diseases. However
this promise has been
accompanied by several issues.
The most common issue raised
is ethical implications, but
in a multicultural society like
Malaysia, additional concerns
arise pertaining to social and
religious issues. These
concerns needs to be

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addressed as attitudes towards
and
acceptability of organ
donation varies according to
social, culture and religion.
The
diverse cultural, religious and
traditional concepts pertaining
to organ donation may
hamper its acceptability and
cause a lack of willingness to
donate organs. The purpose of
this article is to briefly
explore the ethical issues

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involved in organ transplant
and the
various religious opinions on
organ donation. It is hoped
that this knowledge and
understanding may benefit
both health-care providers and
patients in a multic
CHAPTER 3

PROPOSED WORK

3.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The purpose of this project is to develop a web-based online Organ Donation Bank Management
System that will enable a user to manage and maintain a comprehensive database of organ donor
records. The system should be able to store and retrieve donor information quickly and
accurately, and provide efficient organ inventory management. The system should also provide
automated notifications for organ requests, expiration of organ donations, and other relevant
events. In addition, the system should provide various reports, analytics, and visualizations to
help users make informed decisions.

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There is a lack of web-based online organ donation banks to provide a reliable and convenient
way for potential donors to connect with local hospitals and medical organizations in need of
organ donations. Many hospitals in India lack the technological infrastructure needed to create
an effective and efficient online organ donation bank that is easily accessible to potential donors.
Additionally, many potential donors in India are unfamiliar with the process of donating organ or
are unable to donate due to age or health restrictions. Thus, there is a need for a web-based
online organ bank to bridge the gap between potential donors and medical organizations in India.
It should be a secure system, with robust authentication and authorization mechanisms, to
ensure that only authorized personnel have access to the system and its data. The system should
be able to store and retrieve donor information quickly and accurately, and provide efficient
organ inventory management. It should also be able to track the organ donation process from
donor recruitment to final delivery. Furthermore, the system should provide automated
notifications for organ requests, expiration of organ donations, and other relevant events. In
addition, the system should provide various reports, analytics, and visualizations to help users
make informed decisions. Finally, the system should be flexible enough to be easily adapted to
changing requirements and regulations.

Despite advances in technology, nowadays, most organ bank systems are running in manual
system. As such, there is a prevalent problem in the availability of needed organ types. For
instance, when a person needs a certain type of organ and this type is not available in the
hospital, family members send messages through social media to those who can donate to them
and this process takes longer than the life of the patient to the most dangerous. In addition, it
seems that there is lack of proper documentation about organ donors and its medical history.
This may lead to organ bag contamination and may affect the organ transplantation safety.

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Generally, this study aims to determine how the use of online bank management system enhance
organ transplantation safety. Subsequently, this study seeks to answer the following specific
problems:
1. What is the level of perception among organ bank’s stakeholders on manual-based
system?
2. What is the level of perception among organ bank’s stakeholders on online organ bank
management system?
3. H0: Is there no significant difference in the level of perception among stakeholders
between manual-based and online-based organ bank system?
4. H1: Is there a significant difference in the level of perception among stakeholders
between manual-based and online-based organ bank system?

3.2 PROPOSED APPROACH

The organ donation bank management system is a great project this is designed based on the
successful completion of projects on organ donation bank management system. The aim is to
provide organ donation service to the city. Web Based Organ Donation Bank Management
System is a web (Browser) based application that is designed to store, process, retrieve and
analyse information of patients and donors within a organ donation bank. For organ donation,
one needs to check for a donor or needs to visit organ donation bank. The Manual organ

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donation system has many disadvantages where, it is too time taking process, often leads to error
results, consumes lot of manpower, lacks donor information, retrieval of data consumes a lot of
time, accuracy is less. At time of emergency, it becomes hard to approach the right donor. Rare
organ groups cannot be available all the time at all organ donation banks and recipients find
difficulties to track the right organ donor.

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

 Operating System: Windows

 Database Management System: MySQL
 Programming Language: JAVA
 Development Environment -NetBeans IDE
 32/64 – bit processor
 Frameworks used -Swing package (JAVA)

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 Organ Donation

Process of Organ Donation

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 Fig. 3.2.1 Process of Organ Donation

Workflow of the proposed work

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 Fig. 3.2.2 Workflow of the organ donation

Methods and Procedures:

This section presents the research methodology used in the study, the research design, and the
data collection process. This section also presents the theoretical or conceptual framework of
the study, the sampling plan, and tools to be used for data analysis.
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Theoretical/ Conceptual Framework:

Fig 3.2.3 Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework served a mental window of the researchers because it depicted the
research design and the relationships of the variables involved. Based on the figure above, the
usage or utilization of the online organ bank management system can lead to the enhancement
or improvement of organ transplantation safety.

The researchers used both descriptive research and experimental research design methods. The
study was descriptive because it describes the nature of situation as it exists at the time of the
study. Also, it was a systematic and scientific approach to research in which the researchers
manipulate one or more variables, and control and measure any change in other variables. It
involves collection of data in order to test hypotheses or to answer questions concerning current
status of the subject of the study. The study was also experimental because it has an assumption

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of a cause-and-effect relationship, and the researchers introduce online organ bank management
system as intervention that caused the change.

In this study, the researchers used questionnaire to collect information and to obtain the
perception of the various stakeholders on how they perceive the manual-based system and the
online system. The questionnaire was administered to hospital administrators, doctors, and
organ bank receptionists. In sampling, the researchers used cluster sampling in which
respondents were grouped according to their roles and responsibilities. The questionnaire
includes 18 questions. There were many strategies to analyze data after collected. The
researchers counted the frequency of each question, and computed the mean as a measure of
central tendency. Also, standard deviation and variance were calculated to perform the t-test.
From the mean or average of both manual based system and online system, the researchers
compared the computed mean to see if the use of online system is much better than manual
system. Also, from the result of t-test, the researchers decided if the null hypothesis will be
accepted or not.

Graph were drawn to show these computations and figures.

Organ Donation and Transplantation in 2009-2019:

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Fig 3.2.4 Organ Donation Transplant

World Organ Day

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Fig 3.2.5 Kidney Transplants on the rise

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Organ Donation and Trasnplantation:

Fig 3.2.6 Organ Transplantation

Figure 3.2.5 and 3.2.6 showed that the respondents perceived online organ bank system is much
better than the manual-based. The difference showed that the respondents felt and perceived
that online organ bank management system offers more advantages and benefits over the
manual-based. Indeed, these findings strengthen previous studies that mentioned that manual
system has lot of disadvantages to the users and hospital. Subsequently, users prefer online
system over manual-based.

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Types of Organ Donation:

Fig 3.2.7 Organ Donation on the rise

The researchers conducted this applied research to examine and evaluate on how online organ
bank management system (OBBMS) can enhance organ transplantation safety. The researchers
aimed to design, design, and implement this OBBMS. The researchers used both descriptive
and experimental design methods. The researchers floated and administered questionnaire
through online to hospital administrators, doctors, and organ bank receptionists from the
various hospital in the North Al-Batinah Regions. Further, based on the gathered data, means,
standard deviations, and t-value were computed. These computed values were analysed and
interpreted. Based on the findings and results, conclusions and recommendations were made.

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 CHAPTER 4

EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS

4.1 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

The web-based online organ bank management system is a software application designed to
manage organ bank operations online. The architecture of the system typically consists of a
client-server model where the server acts as the main data repository and the client is the web-
based interface used to interact with the system.
Here is a basic working flow of the project:
 Registration: Users can create their accounts by providing their personal information like
name, address, contact number, organ group, etc. Once registered, users can login to the
system.
 Search for organ: The registered users can search for organ by specifying their organ
group and the location. The system then searches for the available organ donors in the
specified area and displays their details.
 Donor management: The system maintains a database of organ donors and their details,
including their organ group, contact information, and donation history. Donors can also
register themselves and provide their details through the system.
 Donation management: The system tracks the organ donations received and maintains a
record of the organ units available in the organ donation bank.
 Request management: The system allows hospitals or individuals to place a request for
organ. The system then matches the request with the available donors and notifies them
about the request.
 Admin management: The system has an administrator who has complete control over the
system. The admin can manage users, donors, donations, and requests, and generate
reports.

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 Fig. 4.1.1 System Architecture

In summary, the web-based online organ bank management system is a centralized system that
allows users to search for organ donors, manage donations and requests, and track organ bank
operations. The system helps to streamline organ bank operations, making it more efficient and
effective.

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Assumptions and Hypothesis:
The researchers assume the following assumptions:
1. Internet connectivity is needed for the online organ management system. Internet speed may
affect the perception of the systems users with regards to the system effectiveness and
efficiency.
2. Organ transplantation should be performed by medical or professional doctors only. The
over-all safety depends on the success of the medical operation.

The researchers identify the following hypotheses:

1. There is a significant difference in the level of organ transplantation safety between manual-
based and online organ bank systems.
2. There is an increased level of organ transplantation safety in using online organ bank
management systems while there is an increased risk when using manual-based one.

Significance of the problem:

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The findings of this study will benefit organ banks in managing organ donation donors,
activities, and organ bags. This will allow the hospital to take decision if a particular type of
organ is needed and currently unavailable in the hospital, however, available in another nearby
hospitals. Furthermore, managing the organ bags in the organ bank will be much easier because
each organ bag has an information about the donor, donation activity details, and the expiration
date. Also, doctor can use this system to serve organ bags to their patient and monitor the details
of the donor.
The main advantages of the system are:
 Organ bank staff can find and manage the donor details on the system easily.
 The expiration date of organ bags can be viewed in the system.
 Hospital can be alerted about issued organ bags and its availability.
 The system is systematized, and organized in managing organ donor records and organ
donation activities.

4.2 SCREENSHOTS OF WEB PAGES

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 Fig 4.2.1: Home Page

Fig 4.2.2: Donor Detail Form

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 Fig 4.2.3: Search By Window

Fig 4.2.4: No. of Available Packets

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 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK

5.1 CONCLUSION

As a conclusion based on the

result of the project, it can be
seen that developing the hand
gesture
recognition using Python and
OpenCV can be implemented by
applying the theories of hand
segmentation and the hand
detection system which use the
Haar-cascade classifier. To
summarize it,
this system has accomplished
several objective in this project:
(lvi)
(1) manage to establish a complete
system
for detecting, recognizing and
interpreting hand gesture
recognition through computer
vision using
Python and OpenCV, and (2) able
to create the numbers and sign
languages of hand gesture shown
in
the system that will meets the
name of the project.
As a conclusion based on the
result of the project, it can be
seen that developing the hand
gesture

(lvii)
recognition using Python and
OpenCV can be implemented by
applying the theories of hand
segmentation and the hand
detection system which use the
Haar-cascade classifier. To
summarize it,
this system has accomplished
several objective in this project:
(1) manage to establish a complete
system
for detecting, recognizing and
interpreting hand gesture
recognition through computer
vision using
Python and OpenCV, and (2) able
to create the numbers and sign
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languages of hand gesture shown
in
the system that will meets the
name of the project.
As a conclusion based on the
result of the project, it can be
seen that developing the hand
gesture
recognition using Python and
OpenCV can be implemented by
applying the theories of hand
segmentation and the hand
detection system which use the
Haar-cascade classifier. To
summarize it,
this system has accomplished
several objective in this project:
(lix)
(1) manage to establish a complete
system
for detecting, recognizing and
interpreting hand gesture
recognition through computer
vision using
Python and OpenCV, and (2) able
to create the numbers and sign
languages of hand gesture shown
in
the system that will meets the
name of the project.
As a conclusion based on the
result of the project, it can be
seen that developing the hand
gesture

(lx)
recognition using Python and
OpenCV can be implemented by
applying the theories of hand
segmentation and the hand
detection system which use the
Haar-cascade classifier. To
summarize it,
this system has accomplished
several objective in this project:
(1) manage to establish a complete
system
for detecting, recognizing and
interpreting hand gesture
recognition through computer
vision using
Python and OpenCV, and (2) able
to create the numbers and sign
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languages of hand gesture shown
in
the system that will meets the
name of the project.
The use of web-based online organ bank management systems is an important and valuable tool
for improving the efficiency and accuracy of organ bank operations. These systems are easy to
use and can provide healthcare professionals with up-to-date information about the availability of
organ and organ products. They can also help to streamline the process of ordering and tracking
organ orders, as well as provide real-time data about the inventory of organ at any given time. In
addition, they can also help to ensure that donors are properly tested and tracked, and that the
proper safety protocols are followed. As such, web-based organ donor management systems can
be an invaluable resource for any healthcare organization.

In addition, web-based online organ bank management systems can also help to improve patient
safety by providing a secure and reliable platform for the exchange of patient information. By
using these systems, healthcare professionals can ensure that the right organ and organ products
are delivered to the right patient at the right time. Furthermore, these systems can help to
improve the accuracy of diagnostic and treatment procedures, as well as reduce the risk of errors
in the administration of organ transplantation. Finally, these systems can also help to reduce the
amount of paperwork and manual labour required, allowing healthcare professionals to focus
their energies on more important tasks. All in all, web-based online organ donation bank
management systems are an invaluable asset for healthcare organizations.

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Based on results, this study concluded that online organ bank management system is much better
than the manual system. The findings showed that respondents prefer to use online organ bank
management system rather than the manual system because it offers many advantages and
benefits that lead to its effectiveness, and efficiency. Because of the increased confidence on the
users on the system, it can be concluded that the online organ bank management system
enhances organ transplantation safety because it provides better ways of handling the various
processes in organ bank.

The purpose of these literature reviews was to collect information on how an information system
helped the management of organ banks. Based on the reviews, it was found out that web-based
organ bank systems provide convenience, efficiency and security to the system users and
hospitals compared to the manual systems. It was found out that manual systems have many
disadvantages that disappoint and dissatisfy users. Indeed, online organ bank applications make
work easy, and ensures fast retrieval of data when needed.

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5.2 FUTURE SCOPE

or the future recommendation, this

system will include the execution
of additional gestures that will
allow any users with different skin
colour and size of palm to perform
more functions easily. The current
system only uses the right hand
with specific area in ROI to
perform gestures. Therefore, the
desired
enhancement of the technique may
possibly using both of user hands
to perform different signs with
computer operations. Additionally,
background subtraction algorithms
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can be used for more effective
performance. Implementing the
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
will be done in the future where
the
users know how to translate the
gesture from its meaning to the
sign or number and vice versa
The concept of a web-based online organ bank is a relatively new concept, but one that has the
potential to revolutionize the way that organ donations is managed. By providing a platform for
individuals to donate and receive organ, the web-based online organ bank can provide a much
more efficient and effective system for managing the organ supply. By connecting users with
hospitals, medical centres, and other healthcare providers, the online organ bank can help to
ensure that the right organ is available when and where it is needed. The future of the web-based
online organ bank will also include increased security and privacy measures. By using advanced
encryption techniques, the online organ bank will be able to provide a secure and confidential
environment for both donors and healthcare providers. This will ensure that the data stored and
exchanged on the online organ donation bank is kept safe and secure.

In the future, the web-based online organ donation bank will become even more integrated and
efficient. With advances in technology, the online organ donation bank will be able to provide
even more accurate and timely information to users. This will help hospitals and other healthcare
providers to make more informed decisions about the organs they need and when they need it.
Additionally, the online organ bank will be able to provide more detailed information to donors,

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making it easier for them to make the best possible decisions about when and where to donate.
The online organ bank will also be able to provide more detailed feedback to donors about their
donations. This will allow donors to track their donations and make sure that their organ is being
used for the right reasons. Additionally, donors will be able to compare their individual donation
records with other donors, helping them to make sure that their donation is having a positive
impact on the organs supply.

Finally, the web-based online organ bank will be able to provide a platform for research and
development. By providing access to data and information about the organ supply, researchers
and medical professionals will be able to develop new treatments and technologies to improve
the way that we manage our organ supply. This will help to ensure that the organ that we have
available is used in the most effective way possible.

Recommendations:
In view of the findings, the researchers recommend that implementation of online organ bank
management system. Further, the researchers recommend that further studies on how online
organ bank management system enhances organ transplantation safety can be undertaken to
strengthen this study’s findings. This requires actual implementation of the online system and
evaluates how the users respond after implementation. This study recommends that it should be
roll out across the Sultanate of Oman. Likewise, to ensure that there will be better user
engagement, user manuals and proper user training should be given. Lastly, this study
recommends that the system can be expanded by allowing donors to register online and be a
system user, and these donors will be informed about the planned organ donation activities
through the online.

Online Organ Bank project aims at maintaining all the information pertaining to organ donors,
different organ groups available in each organ bank and help them manage in a better way. The
organ donors can register to this system by entering their profile information.

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