Adverse drug reactions (ADR) are unwanted, uncomfortable, or dangerous effects that may occur when taking a medication. ADRs are common and can be difficult to diagnose as their symptoms may mimic other illnesses. Once an ADR is diagnosed, treatment depends on the type of reaction, but may involve modifying the dosage, discontinuing the drug, or switching to a different medication. It is important for healthcare providers to consider ADRs when patients present without another clear cause for their symptoms.
Adverse drug reactions (ADR) are unwanted, uncomfortable, or dangerous effects that may occur when taking a medication. ADRs are common and can be difficult to diagnose as their symptoms may mimic other illnesses. Once an ADR is diagnosed, treatment depends on the type of reaction, but may involve modifying the dosage, discontinuing the drug, or switching to a different medication. It is important for healthcare providers to consider ADRs when patients present without another clear cause for their symptoms.
Adverse drug reactions (ADR) are unwanted, uncomfortable, or dangerous effects that may occur when taking a medication. ADRs are common and can be difficult to diagnose as their symptoms may mimic other illnesses. Once an ADR is diagnosed, treatment depends on the type of reaction, but may involve modifying the dosage, discontinuing the drug, or switching to a different medication. It is important for healthcare providers to consider ADRs when patients present without another clear cause for their symptoms.
Adverse drug reactions (ADR) are unwanted, uncomfortable, or dangerous effects that may occur when taking a medication. ADRs are common and can be difficult to diagnose as their symptoms may mimic other illnesses. Once an ADR is diagnosed, treatment depends on the type of reaction, but may involve modifying the dosage, discontinuing the drug, or switching to a different medication. It is important for healthcare providers to consider ADRs when patients present without another clear cause for their symptoms.
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INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION:- Adverse drug effect or reaction is an
appreciably harmful or unpleasant reaction, resulting from an intervention related to the use of a medicinal product, which predicts hazard from future administration and warrants prevention or specific treatment, or alteration of the dosage regimen, or withdrawal of the product.
We can also state that the adverse drug reaction (ADR, or
adverse drug effect) is a broad term referring to unwanted, uncomfortable, or dangerous effects that a drug may have.
Etiology of Adverse Drug Effect:-
Dose-related ADEs are particularly a concern when drugs have a narrow therapeutic index. ADRs may result from decreased drug clearance in patients with impaired renal or hepatic function or from drug-drug interactions.
Allergic ADEs are not dose-related and require prior
exposure. Allergies develop when a drug acts as an antigen or allergen. After a patient is sensitized, subsequent exposure to the drug produces one of several different types of allergic reaction.
Idiosyncratic ADEs are unexpected ADRs that are not dose-
related or allergic. They occur in a small percentage of patients given a drug. Idiosyncrasy is an imprecise term that has been defined as a genetically determined abnormal response to a drug. DIAGNOSIS:- Diagnosis of Adverse drug effects can be done by the following process-
Step 1 – Identify the drug(s) taken by the patient.
Step 2 – Verify that the onset of signs and symptoms
was after the initiation of pharmacological intervention.
Step 3 – Determine the time-interval between the
initiation of drug therapy and the onset of signs and symptoms.
Step 4 – Stop drug therapy and monitor signs and
symptoms.
Step 5 – In rare instances it may be appropriate to
restart drug therapy and monitor for recurrence of signs and symptoms.
Treatment of Adverse Drug Effects:- Treatment of ADRs
can be done by the following methods-
Modification of dosage Discontinuation of drug if necessary Switching to a different drug SUMMARY/REPORT
Adverse drug reaction (ADR, or adverse drug effect) is a
broad term referring to unwanted, uncomfortable, or dangerous effects that a drug may have. ny drug that is capable of producing beneficial therapeutic effects can also cause unwanted ‘adverse’ effects. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are therefore common and constitute an important public health challenge in their own right. Any drug that is capable of producing beneficial therapeutic effects can also cause unwanted ‘adverse’ effects. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are therefore common and constitute an important public health challenge in their own right. A significant proportion of admissions to hospital are caused by ADRs and hospitalised patients frequently experience ADRs that complicate and prolong their stay. Many of these ADRs can be avoided if greater care is taken. ADRs can be difficult to diagnose for many reasons. They may mimic the symptoms of a common illness, they may be rare or unexpected, or in patients with multiple co-morbidities or being treated with several drugs, the drug-related symptoms are not obvious. Healthcare professionals therefore have to be vigilant and alert to drug reactions as a causative factor when there is an absence of alternative clinical explanations for the presenting symptoms. Whilst laboratory investigations, are unlikely to confirm an ADR, they can be useful tools to exclude non-drug causes of the presenting symptoms or signs. Once a diagnosis of ADR is made, management will depend on the category of ADR. Successful management of adverse drug reactions requires early identification and prompt treatment of anaphylaxis, whether due to immunoglobulin (Ig) E- or non-IgE-mediated mechanisms of mast cell mediator release. Acute therapy is directed toward enhancement of oxygenation and maintenance of normotension. REFERENCE
1. Tripathi KD, Essentials of Medical
Pharmacology, Jaypee Brothers Medical
Publishers, 8th Edition, Page No:- 49
2. Shanbhag V., Shenoy S., Pharmacology for
Medical Graduates, Elsevier India, 4th edition,
Page No:-24
3. Ballington D., Laughlin M., Pharmacology, CBS
Publishers and Distributors Pvt. Ltd., 3rd edition,
