EXPECTATION

A. Content Standards
The learners demonstrate an understanding of the key concepts in the social sciences
rooted in Filipino language‟s and experiences

B. Performance Standards
The learners shall be able to:
 Carry out an exploration of personal and social experiences using indigenous
concepts

C. Most Essential Learning Competency

 Examine the key concepts and ideas of Filipino thinkers in the Social Sciences
rooted in Filipino language/s and experiences during the 20th - 21st Century
o Sikolohiyang Pilipino
1. Learning Objectives:
At the end of the module, the students will be able to:
 Identify the reasons for the move to create Sikolohiyang Pilipino
 Discuss the relevance of Sikolohiyang Pilipino to the people of today.
 Contribute to the society by using indigenous perspectives in understanding
ourselves in order to find the best solutions and answers fit to our identity.

PRE-TEST

A. Write “True” if the statement is true and write “False” if the statement is false.
______________1. It is recommended to reach the pagtatanong-tanong for the research to
have a good quality data. True (Ramos)
______________2. Pakikisama is highly valued in Philippine society according to Enriquez.
True (Coloma)
______________3. Sikolohiyang Pilipino is the translated version of western psychology.
True (Grace)
______________4. The Philosophy of Sikolohiyang Pilipino is being liberated and liberating
from Western perspective. True (Marantan)
______________5. Sikolohiyang Pilipino is anchored on Filipino thought and experience as
understood from a Filipino perspective. True (Hyacinth)

LOOKING BACK

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By: Rodolfo T. Pomida Jr.
 A. Mention one of the social thinkers discussed in the previous topic and identify the
relevance of his social ideas nowadays.

INTRODUCTION OF THE LESSON

SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO

Introduction

For centuries, Filipino behavior has been analyzed and interpreted using Western
theories. These theories are naturally bound to western culture. So this view on Filipino
behavior has been either inaccurate or distorted.

Since the intricacies of Asian cultures cannot be understood solely using western
approach, it is inevitable to study the nature of Filipino approach to psychology. However, this
move is not to separate itself but rather to contribute to universal psychology. This shall happen
only if every group is adequately understood by themselves using their own perspective.

What is Sikolohiyang Pilipino?

“Sikolohiyang Pilipino is anchored on Filipino thought and experience as understood

from a Filipino perspective (Enriquez, 1975)”. The pioneer of sikolohiyang Pilipino is Virgilio
Enriquez. Later in 1985, Enriquez defined Sikolohiyang Pilipino as „„the study of diwa („psyche‟).
But diwa for Filipinos refers to the wealth of ideas referred to by the philosophical concept of
„essence‟ and an entire range of psychological concepts from awareness to motives to
behavior‟‟.

At the beginning years of Sikolohiyang Pilipino, its focused is on the indigenization of

psychology through simple translation of western concepts, methods, theories and measures
into Filipino. But this translation attempt did not capture or express a truly Filipino psychology.
However, the term itself (indigenization) is incorrect because it is impossible to indigenize
something that is already within. For Enriquez, the suitable term for this is cultural revalidation
rather than the word indigenization.

Discovering Sikolohiyang Pilipino once needed a strategy that shall assess the Filipino
historical and socio-cultural realities, understand the local language, unravel Filipino
characteristics and explain all of such through the eyes of the native Filipino. Their search
eventually surfaced a distinct kind of psychology which includes indigenous concepts and
methods that is appropriate and significant to the Filipinos.

Basic Elements

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 “Enriquez (1976) searched the Filipino culture and history for the bases of Sikolohiyang
Pilipino. He came up with a definition of psychology that takes into account the study of
emotions and experienced knowledge (kalooban and kamalayan), awareness of one‟s
surroundings (ulirat), information and understanding (isip), habits and behavior (another
meaning of diwa), and the soul (kaluluwa) which is the way to learning about people‟s
conscience.” (Pe Pua & Protacio-Marcelino, 2000).

The Philosophy of Sikolohiyang Pilipino is being liberated and liberating from Western
perspective. Thus, clinical and industrial psychology had been replaced by health psychology,
livelihood psychology, rural psychology, psychology of the arts, and others. Since its purpose is
to benefit and be of service to the Filipinos, it became more responsible and responsive to our
needs.

Sikolohiyang Pilipino as an indigenous Asian psychology

The principal emphasis of Sikolohiyang Pilipino in psychology is on the identity and

national consciousness, social awareness and involvement, psychology of language and
culture, and applications and bases of Filipino psychology in health practices, agriculture, art,
mass media, religion, and so on.

Since our known values are written by the people who belong to the different cultures
with foreign perspectives, Enriquez called for critical approach in studying these values using
indigenous orientation. Filipino social scientists responded to the call with the amazing results:

Values Exogenous Indigenous

(Foreign Perspectives) (Filipino Perspectives)
Bahala Na  Bostrom, said it is comparative with  Lagmay‟s finding says it means
American Fatalism; “determination and risk-taking”;
 Accepting sufferings and problems,  Readiness to face difficult situation
leaving everything to God to achieve objectives;
 Had done the best to prepare for
the upcoming situation.
Hiya  Sibley, translated it as “shame”;  Bonifacio said that the meaning of
 Lynch, said it is “the uncomfortable “hiya” depends on affixes and thus
feeling that accompanies the form such as: nakakahiya
awareness of being in a socially (embarrassing), napahiya
unacceptable position, or (awkward position), ikinahiya
performing a socially unacceptable (embarrassed toward someone). It
action.‟‟ also has positive meaning like
mahiyain, negative like napahiya,
and depending on context like
kahihiyan;
 Salazar, said it is „sense of
propriety‟
Utang na Loob  Kaut, said it is “debt of gratitude”;  Enriquez, used the Filipino context
 Principle of reciprocity; and said it means gratitude or
 A debt that is owed up to the future; solidarity;
 Hollnsteiner, said it is “to show  It is an interpersonal relationships
gratitude properly by returning the that binds an individual to someone
favor with interest” else, to home, or country even
longer than one‟s lifetime

DISSQ2W7.1 Page 3
By: Rodolfo T. Pomida Jr.
 According to Lynch and de Guzman II (1973), Pakikisama or SIR (Smooth Interpersonal
Relation) is explicitly and highly valued in Philippine society. Amor Propio or sensitivity to
personal insult (affront) is regularly recognized and appealed to as the root explanation for
approved reactive or retaliatory behavior (i.e. self-love that prevents a person from swallowing
own pride).

Enriquez said that pakikisama is not the concern of the Filipinos but rather the
pakikipagkapwa or the treating of others as fellow human being/s. Its root word, kapwa (shared
identity) is at the center of the structure of Filipino values. For Filipinos, kapwa is categorized
into: 1) Ibang-Tao and 2) Hindi-Ibang-Tao. Each determines the level of interaction on how a
Filipino shall treat kapwa:

Ibang-Tao Hindi-Ibang-Tao
Level of  Pakikitungo (transaction or civility  Pakikipagpalagayang-loob (being
Interaction with) in-rapport with, or understanding
 Pakikisalamuha (interaction with) with, or acceptance with
 Pakikilahok (joining/participating)  Pakikisangkot (getting involved)
 Pakikibagay (in-conformity with/in  Pakikiisa (being one with)
accord with)
 Pakikisama (being along with)

Another personality that was given attention is the Filipino inclination for indirect
communication. As Filipinos, we are sensitive to non-verbal cues, concern to others, and/or
truthful but never want to hurt other‟s feelings. Such enhanced our ability on pakikiramdam or
the request to feel or to be sensitive to. Our indirect communication can be observed through
our indirectness or rewordings in verbal exchange (i.e. paggamit ng ibang salita na hindi
masyadong masakit); expressive body language (e.g. dabog, tampo, pagkilos ng labag sa
kalooban); or voice intonation which means more than the words used. For example, saying
„thank you ha!‟ in a loud and angry tone.

The influence of Sikolohiyang Pilipino has led to the development of psychological

measurements that addresses the uniqueness of Filipino people. It also influenced the
development of indigenous research method called pakapa-kapa by Carmen Santiago in 1975.
This pakapa-kapa approach says that “it is not necessary to have a clear-cut research design
nor a review of related literature before embarking on a research, especially if existing written
materials are foreign to the culture being studied” (Pe Pua & Protacio-Marcelino, 2000). The
Pakapa-kapa approach uses existing patterns or natural patterns of behavior (not the methods),
discovered and developed as research methods.

5 Guiding Principles for Indigenous Research Methods

1. The level of interaction or relationship (ibang-tao/hindi-ibang-tao) that exists between the

researcher and the researched significantly determines the quality of the data obtained
in the research process. It is recommended to reach the pakikipagpalagayang-loob for
the research to have a good quality data.

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 2. Research participants should always be treated by researchers as equal, if not superior.
The use of pagtatanong-tanong (casual questioning) and letting the participants to ask
the researcher themselves is encouraged here.
3. The welfare of the research participants take precedence over the data obtained from
them. The research should not harm the participants.
4. The method to be used in a research should be chosen on the basis of appropriateness
to the population (and not the sophistication of the method) and it should be made to
adapt to existing cultural norms. People should not adjust to the method but rather it is
the method that should adjust to the people. Pakikiramdam is much needed here.
5. The language of the people should be the language of research at all times. The
researcher/s should ask translators if this is not possible because the use of their local
tongue enables the participants to truly express their thoughts.

ACTIVITY

A. Identification
1. It is the sensitivity to personal insult or affront.
2. The Tagalog term form smooth interpersonal relation.
3. The center structure of Filipino values.
4. A research approach that does neither require a clear-cut research design nor a
review of related literature.
5. It is the act of treating the participant/s as equal, if not superior. It also encourages the
participants to ask the researcher as well to make the research look casual.

B. Find at least 3 words that are meaningful to Filipinos but have no direct translation in
English. For example: Kilig
1. Each group shall present the words chosen and its meaning.
2. Audience group shall question the validity of the claim by citing examples against
the claim of the presenters. Only 1 counter-argument shall be posed by each of
the audience group.

REMEMBER

Sikolohiyang Pilipino is anchored on Filipino thought and experience as understood from

a Filipino perspective. The Philosophy of Sikolohiyang Pilipino is the state of being liberated and
liberating from Western perspective. However it maintains that it aims to contribute to universal
psychology but through giving every group the chance to adequately understand themselves
using their own perspective.

DISSQ2W7.1 Page 5
By: Rodolfo T. Pomida Jr.
 CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING

1. How do the Filipino society would benefit from Sikolohiyang Pilipino?

2. How can you apply the idea of Sikolohiyang Pilipino in research or in discovering the
truth behind our identity?

POST TEST

A. Write the letter of the correct answer on the answer sheet provided at the end of this module
1. It is the focused of the early years of Sikolohiyang Pilipino.
a. Analysis using western theories c. Indigenization of psychology
b. Discovering Sikolohiyang Pilipino d. Studying the diwa
2. Bonifacio said that the meaning of which depends on affixes
a. Bahala na b. Hiya c. Pakikisama d. Utang na Loob
3. What category of “kapwa” we considered a person belongs to when we apply the level of
interaction like: pakikipagpalagayang-loob or pakikisangkot?
a. Ibang-tao b. Hindi-ibang-tao c. Kalahi d. Kapwa
4. What category of “kapwa” we considered a person belongs to when we apply the level of
interaction like: pakikitungo, pakikisalamuha or pakikibagay?
a. Ibang-tao b. Hindi-ibang-tao c. Kalahi d. Kapwa
5. According to Lagmay, it is a value that means determination and risk-taking. It also means
readiness to face difficult situation to achieve objectives
a. Bahala na b. Hiya c. Pakikisama d. Utang na Loob

REFERENCES

Four reading on Philippine values. (1973). IPC Papers No. 2. Institute of Philippine Culture.
Ateneo de Manila University. Quezon City

Almost all the idea here came from:

Pe-Pua, R. & Protacio-Marcelino , E. (2000) Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino psychology): A

legacy of Virgilio G. Enriquez. Blackwell Publishers Ltd. With the Asian Association of
Social Psychology nad the Japanese Group Dynamics Association.

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By: Rodolfo T. Pomida Jr.
ANSWER SHEET FOR DISS Q2 Week 7.1
Name: _____________________________ Grade & Section: __________________
A. Identification
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
B. 3 Words with its meaning
1. _______________-_______________________________________________________
2. _______________-_______________________________________________________
3. _______________-_______________________________________________________
Question their idea. Write your counter-argument against the presenters‟ meanings of
choices.
1.1. Counter Argument 1: _______________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
1.2. Counter Argument 2: _______________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
1.3. Counter Argument 3: _______________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
1.4. Counter Argument 4: _______________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Checking Your Understanding
1. How do the Filipino society would benefit from Sikolohiyang Pilipino?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. How can you apply the idea of Sikolohiyang Pilipino in research or in discovering the truth
behind our identity?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Post Test
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

DISSQ2W7.1 Page 7
By: Rodolfo T. Pomida Jr.