Irrigation Engineering
Irrigation Engineering
2. Financial output
i. Productive – once fully developed yields enough revenue to
recover initial investment
ii. Protective –
• relief work during famine
• protect area against future famines
Classification of Canals (cont…)
3. Function of canal
i. Irrigation canal – carries water to the agricultural
field
ii. Carrier canal – along with irrigation, carries water
for other canals
iii. Feeder canal – it feeds 2 or more canals
iv. Navigational canal – used for navigational
purposes
v. Power canal – carries water from reservoir to
turbine houses, it is located on canal where fall is
available.
Classification of Canals (cont…)
4. Based on Discharge and relative importance of Canal
➢ Main Canal
➢ Branch Canal
➢ Major Distributory Canal
➢ Minor Distributory Canal
➢ Water Course or Field Channel
i. Main canal – carry water from rivers (dams) and feed to branch canals,
distributaries. They do not supply water directly to fields. Q will be in range of 30 –
150 cumecs
ii. Branch canal – they branch out at regular intervals from main canal on either
sides. They are feeder canals & supply water to major and minor distributaries. Not
for direct irrigation. Q in range of 10 – 30 cumecs.
iii. Major Distributaries – aka Rajbha – take off from branch canal and/or main canal
& distribute water to field. Q in range of 1 – 40 cumecs.
iv. Minor distributaries – aka Minors – similar to major distributaries, but have Q in
range of 0.3 – 1 cumecs
v. Field channel – small channels, carry water from outlets to fields. Owned and
constructed by farmers.
Classification of Canals (cont…)
5. Canal Alignment
• Such that it commands entire area under irrigation with shortest length and least cost of
construction
• Shorter length- reduces frictional head loss, evaporation & seepage losses.
• Additional irrigation can be achieved by reduced losses.
Ridge canal – runs along the watershed for most of its length.
➢ Can irrigate on both sides of canal.
➢ In case of sharp loops, then alignment will be along straight line, which may need
CDW.
➢ Canal aligned on the watershed saves the cost of construction of cross-drainage work.
➢ Also known as water-shed canals.
Classification of Canals (cont…)
Contour canals
➢ These canals are aligned nearly parallel to the contour.
➢ They can irrigate only on one side.
➢ Cross Drainage Works (CDW) are required for these canals.
❑Asphalt lining
➢ Rigid/Lined Channels
• Surface of the channel is lined.
• In such channels, relatively high velocity can be permitted which does not allow the silt to get
deposited;
• the problem of silt does not exist.
• Sides & bottom are made of rigid material
Design of Non-alluvial channels
➢ Non-alluvial channels are considered stable as there is no silt problem in such channels.
➢ The design of non- alluvial channels is done by Chezy’s equation or Manning’s formula:
➢ Chezy’s equation
➢ Manning’s formula