Work Plane: surface on which visual task is

BUILDING UTILITIES performed (Assumed to be a horizontal plane 30”

LIGHTING (.76m) above floor
Kelvin – warmness and coolness of white light

Light – a natural or artificial agent that stimulates Color Temperature

sight and makes things visible, Electromagnetic
radiation that can be detected by the human eye.

Measurement of Light
Luminous Flux (lumens) – measure of the total
quantity of visible light emitted

Luminous Intensity (candela) – luminous power

per unit solid angle emitted by a point light source in
a particular direction

Illuminance (lux) – measure of the intensity as

perceived by the human eye of light that hits or
passes through a surface. One lumen per sqm.

Luminance (candela per sqm) – the intensity of

light emitted from a surface per unit area in a given
direction

Warm White – for comfortable livings

Refraction – bending of a ray of light as it passes Cool White – neutral basic lighting in living areas

Cool Day Light – pure concentration and vitality

Behavior of Light
obliquely through a material
Color Rendering Index – quantitative measure of
Reflection the ability of a light source to reveal the colors of
Specular Reflection – “regular direction” angle of various objects faithfully in comparison with an ideal
refection = angle of incident light or natural light source
Diffuse Reflection – reflected light is scattered in
all directions

Absorption

Transmission
Direct Transmission – light passes through clear,
transparent material, angle at which the light
leaves is the same as that at which it enter
Diffuse Transmission – transmitted light is Life Expectancy – life expectancy of the lamp
scattered evenly. Materials that transmit light in a Lamp Lamp Life (hours)
diffuse patter are known as “translucent” Incandescent 1000
Fluorescent 8000 – 15000
CFL 8000 – 12000
Glare Halogen, low voltage 2000 – 4000
Halogen, high voltage 2000 – 3000
Glare – effect of excessive brightness in the field of
Mercury Vapor 8000
view, causing annoyance, discomfort and interfering
Metal Halide 5000 - 9000
with vision
Work station: immediate contiguous area in which Sodium Vapor 8000-10000
a worker perform visual task (50ft2 / 4.6m2 – LED 30000
allotted for work station)
Lamp Efficacy – amount of light emitted by a lamp
Diffuser – helps direct reading light and reduce glare
from a light bulb

Parts of Light Luminaire

Luminaire – device that includes a lamp holder and
the means of electrification

Filament – in which the light source is a fine

Production of Artificial Lights

electrical conductor heated by
the passage of current made from
materials that have a high
melting point

Arc Lamp or Arc Downlight – light placed or designed so as to throw

Light – lamp that illumination downward
produces light by
an electric arc Eyeball / Gimbal LED Downlight – allow for
(voltaic arc). The
carbon arc light
which consist of an Types of Luminaire
arc between carbon
electrodes in air term is now used for gas discharge
lamps which produce light by an a arc between metal
electrodes through an inert gas in a glass bulb

Electrode – any
metal terminal
emitting or
collecting charged added functionality by use of a flexible optic which
particles, typically can be adjusted to as much as a 35degree tilt and 360
inside the chamber degree rotation, making them ideal for angles
of a gas discharge ceilings, wall wash applications and highlighting.
lamp. Negatively Troffer - rectangular light fixture that fits into a
charged free modular dropped ceiling grid. Troffer fixtures have
electrons emitted by one electrode are attracted to typically been designed to accommodate standard
the positive electrode (Anode) creating an electric fluorescent lamps, but are now often designed w/
current and arc between electrodes integral LED sources
Electrical Ballast – device placed in line with the Track
Light –
Devices where

load to limit the amount of current in an electric

current. It may be a fixed or variable resistor

Starter – used in the tube light circuit to provide an

initial current to filaments of the tube light

LED Driver – self-contained power supply which

regulates the power required for an LED or array of
LED. The light emitting diodes are low energy,
lighting devices with a long lifespan and low energy
consumption, hence the requirement for specialized
power supplies
light fixture are attached anywhere on a continuous
Reflector – device for redirecting radiant energy of a track device which contains electrical conductors
lamp by reflecting it in the desired direction.

Refractor – device for redirecting radiant energy of

a lamp in the desired direction by refraction through
lens
Linear Light – linear shape LED light fixtures. Blunt Tip (B) – bulbs are very similar to C-type
They usually come with a long length and are bulbs but have more of a torpedo or bullet shape.
installed as pendent or suspended ways by a wire.
Sconce – type of light fixture affixed to a wall in Coil / Spiral – general lighting
such a way that it uses only the wall for support
where the light is usually, but not always directed
upwards.
Chandelier – a decorative hanging light w/ branches
for several light bulbs or candles

Drop / Pendant – lamp suspended from the ceiling Tubular (T) – come in a
or wall by a flexible cord or tube variety of lengths and widths.

Bulb Shapes
Bulged Reflector (BR) – track lights, recessed
lights, display lights or can lights

Floodlight – broad beamed, high intensity artificial

light. They are often used to illuminate outdoor
playing fields.
Parabolic Aluminized Reflector (PAR) – outdoor
emergency light, spot light, floodlight fixtures track
lights, recessed lights, display lights or can lights.

Ground Light -
Standard / Arbitrary (A) – ceiling light, lamps,
vanity lights, kitchen lights, closet lights, porch light
fixtures and so many more.

Globe (G) – bulbs have a full, round shape and are

available in various sizes. Foyer lights, kitchen
lights, chandeliers and ornamental fixtures. The most
common type is the large G30 bulb which is used in
bathroom and make up vanities
Multifaceted Reflector (MR) – concentrated beam
of light that can be displayed in a narrow spot or
wide flood beam pattern. Outdoor and landscape
applications such as driveway lights, path lights,
gazebo lights, paver light

Types of Spot Light

Candle Bulbs
Conical (C) – bulbs are shaped like a cone
Conical Angular (CA) – bulbs are shaped like a
cone but have a bent tip
  Better bulb life than LPS lamps
Disadvantages:
 Still has a bad color rendering compared to
metal halide and halogen lamps
 Requires a lousy ballast (inefficient) that
operates a low arc voltage of 52-100V. This
High Intensity Discharge Lamps reduces the actual efficiency of the lamp when
you count the whole system together.
High Intensity Discharge Lamps – type of
electrical gas discharge lamp which produces light
by means of an electric arc between tungsten
electrodes housed inside a translucent or transparent
fused quartz or fused alumina arc tube.

High Bay – lights apply to any large area w/ a

ceiling height greater than 20 ft.
Low Bay – fixtures are used in large rooms w/ a
ceiling height between 12 and 20 ft.
Low Pressure Sodium – first sodium lamp to be
CRI: 24
Common Uses:
Lamp Types  Outdoor lighting
developed. It is known by its signature  Municipal light
monochromatic yellow color.  Home yard lighting
Advantages:  High bay lighting
 Very efficient lamp
 Powerful lamp for use of large areas Mercury Vapor – high intensity discharge lamp,
 Despite a warm up time of 5-10min it restart uses an arc through vaporized mercury in high
immediately if there is a brownout pressure tube to create very bright light directly from
 Lumen output does not drop w/ age its own arc
Disadvantages: Advantages:
 Worst color rendering of any lamp  Good efficiency
 Sodium is hazardous material which can  Color rendering is better
combust when exposed to air  Some lamps last far longer than the 24000 hour
mark
Disadvantages:
 Like many lamps it contains traces of mercury
which must be disposed of properly
 HPS streetlights have a better lumen per watt
rating
 Human skin looks green under the light, it is
poor for color film
 Warm up time required to start the lamp

CRI: 5 CRI: 17(clear bulb) 49

Common Uses: (phosphor coated)
 Outdoor lighting Common Uses:
 Security lighting  Large areas like parks
 Long tunnel lighting  Street lighting
 High ceiling building
High Pressure Sodium – most ubiquitous lamp for  gyms
street lighting
Advantages; Metal Halide –
 Good efficiency (lumens per watt) popular due to its
 Smaller size than LPS or Fluorescent, the HPS good quality white
fits into many fixture types light and good
 Can be retrofitted into older Mercury vapor efficiency
fixtures Advantages:
  More pure white light than the popular HPS CRI: 100
lamps close to daylight frequencies, which Common Uses:
allows it to be used for growing plants  Indoor
 More energy efficiency than mercury vapor and  Dark Room
halogen lamps. Great lumen output
 Good for indoor (high ceiling area – high bay Fluorescent Lamp – lamps both outdoor and
applications) and outdoor use due to good light indoor, backlight for LCD displays, decorative
quality lighting and signs, both high bay and small area
Disadvantages: general lighting. Not used for lighting from a far due
 Expensive per bulb cost: expensive to to diffused nature of the light.
manufacture many parts to assemble and Advantages:
materials are not cheap  Energy efficient, so far the best light for interior
 Light pollution: the light is so bright that it lighting
produces much more light pollution than HPS  Low production cost
or LPS street lamps, the whites from an MH  Long life of tubes
lamp are closer to daylight in frequency.  Good selection of desired color temperature
 Diffused light
Disadvantages:
 Flicker of the high frequency can be irritating to
humans
 Flicker of common fluorescent light looks poor
on video
 Diffused light
 Poorly cheaply designed ballasts can create
fires when they overheat
 There is a small amount of mercury in the tubes
 Irritating flicker at the end of the life cycle

CRI: 85
Common Uses:
 Outdoor lighting where good color rendering is
needed
 Television/film lighting
 Sports field
 Car headlight
 Flood lights
 Heavy flashlights CRI: 70
 Green house application Common
Uses:
Incandescent – the second form of electric light to 
be developed for commercial use after the carbon arc
lamp
Advantages:
 Great for small area lighting
 Good color rendering: CRI of 100 which is the
best possible Alternative for outdoor lighting
 Cheap to produce
 No quantity of toxic materials to dispose of Linear Fluorescent Light Lamp – type of gas
 Easily used in strobe or dimming circuits discharge lamp, come in a wide variety of lengths,
diameter, wattages and color temperatures. They are
Disadvantages:
 Not energy efficient (90% goes to heat, 10%
makes visible light)
known for high energy efficiency, long life and LED – popular due to its efficiency and many
relatively low cost. believe it is a new technology
CFL (Compact Fluorescent Lamp) – designed to Advantages:
replace an incandescent light bulb, some type fir into  Energy efficient source of light for short
light fixtures designed for incandescent bulbs
Halogen – has a tungsten filament similar to the
standard incandescent lamp, however the lamp is
much smaller for the same wattage and contains a
halogen gas in the bulb
Advantages:
 Halogen lamps are small, lightweight
 Low cost to produce
 Does not use mercury
 Better color temperature than standard tungsten
 Longer life than a conventional incandescent distances and small areas, typical LED requires
 Instant on to full brightness, no warm up time only 30-60 mill watts to operate
and it is dimmable  Durable and shockproof unlike glass bulb lamp
Disadvantages: type
 Extremely hot  Directional nature is useful for some
 The lamp is sensitive to oils left by the human
skin
 Explosion, the bulb is capable of
 Not as efficient as HID lamps

applications like reducing stray light pollution

on streetlights
Disadvantages:
 May be unreliable in outside applications
 Semi-conductors are sensitive to being
damaged by heat
 Circuit board solder and thin copper
connections crack when flexed and cause
sections of arrays to go out
 Rare earth metals used in LED are subject to
price control monopolies by certain nation
 Reduced lumen output over time.

CRI: 70
Common Uses:
 Indication lights on devices
 Small and large lamps
 Traffic lights
 Large video screen
 Signs
CRI: 100  Street lighting
Common Uses:
 8mm projectors Neon – low pressure gas discharge lamp
 Portable work lights Advantages:
 Film / Television Production  Good lumen per watt performance
 Auto Headlights  Neon performs more reliably in cold weather
 Home Interior Lighting than hot cathode fluorescent light
 Home Exterior Lighting  More reliable than LED for airport runway
landing lights
Disadvantages:
  Shape of tube is a limitation
 Argon is not reliable in cold temperature
 Diffused light
Common Uses:

 Plasma Monitor/ Television

Accent Lighting vs. Decorative Lighting
 Signs Indicator
 Light numeric Indicator

Lighting System
Outdoor Lamp Inventory
Indirect – luminaire distribute 90 to
100% of the emitted light upward. In
a well-designed installation, the
entire ceiling becomes the primary
source of illumination and shadows
will be virtually eliminated Cove Lighting vs. Cornice Lighting vs. Valance
Lighting
Semi – Indirect and Semi Direct –
luminaires distribute 60 to 90
percent of the emitted light upward
and the balance downward, similar
to those of indirect lighting systems
with the exception that the
downward component usually
creates a luminaire luminance that
closely matches that of the ceiling.
Semi indirect lighting scheme is
primarily used for indoor light decoration

Diffuse – luminaire distributes 40 to

60 percent of the emitted light
downward and the balance upward,
in some cases with a strong
component at 90 degree. This type
of light distribution integrates the
characteristics of direct lighting and
those of indirect lighting

Direct – luminaire distribute 90 to

100% of the emitted light in the general direction of
the surface to be illuminated. The term generally
refers to light emitted in a downward direction.
Troffers and downlights are two types of direct
lighting

Basic Types of Artificial Lighting

General Lighting vs. Localized Lighting vs. Task

Lighting