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Q1. (A) A Small Sample of Barium Metal Was Added To Water in A Flask. When The

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Periodicity

Q1.          (a)     A small sample of barium metal was added to water in a flask. When the
reaction had ceased, the contents of the flask were treated with a small amount of
dilute aqueous sodium sulphate.

Describe all that you would observe and write equations, with state symbols, for the
reactions that occur.
(8)

(b)     Dilute sodium hydroxide solution was added dropwise until in excess to separate
dilute aqueous solutions of beryllium chloride, magnesium chloride and barium
chloride.

Describe what you would observe in each case and account for your observations.
(8)

(c)     (i)      A naturally occurring compound of calcium contains by mass 23.29% of


calcium,18.64% of sulphur and 2.32% of hydrogen, the remainder being
oxygen.

Determine the empirical formula of this compound.

(ii)     For any compound, what is the relationship between empirical and molecular
formula? What additional information is required to determine a molecular
formula from an empirical formula?
(5)
(Total 21 marks)

Q2.          (a)     Explain why certain elements in the Periodic Table are classified as p-block
elements. Illustrate your answer with an example of a p-block element and give its
electronic configuration.
(3)

(b)     Explain the meaning of the term periodicity as applied to the properties of rows of

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Periodicity
elements in the Periodic Table. Describe and explain the trends in atomic radius, in
electronegativity and in conductivity for the elements sodium to argon.
(13)
(Total 16 marks)

Q3.          (a)     State the trend in atomic radius down Group II from Be to Ba and give a reason
for this trend.

Trend ............................................................................................................

Reason .........................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)     State and explain the trend in melting points of the elements down Group II from Be
to Ba.

Trend ...........................................................................................................

Explanation ..................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)

(c)     State the trend in reactivity with water of the elements down Group II from Be to Ba.
Write an equation for the reaction of magnesium with steam and an equation for the
reaction of strontium with water.

Trend ...........................................................................................................

Equation for magnesium …...........................................................................

......................................................................................................................

Equation for strontium ...................................................................................


(3)

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Periodicity
(d)     Sulphates of the Group II elements from Be to Ba have different solubilities. Give
the formula of the least soluble of these sulphates and state one use that depends
upon the insolubility of this sulphate.

Formula .......................................................................................................

Use ..............................................................................................................
(2)

(e)     A solution contains ions of a Group II element, M. When aqueous sodium hydroxide
is added a white precipitate forms. This precipitate dissolves in an excess of
aqueous sodium hydroxide. Identify M and write ionic equations for the two
reactions.

Identity of M .................................................................................................

Equation 1 ....................................................................................................

Equation 2 ....................................................................................................
(3)

(f)      With the exception of beryllium chloride, Group II chlorides are classed as ionic.
Explain why beryllium chloride is different by considering how a beryllium ion would
interact with a chloride ion.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 16 marks)

Q4.          (a)     Complete the following table.


 
Particle Relative charge Relative mass

Proton    

Neutron    

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Periodicity

Electron    

(3)

(b)     An atom of element Z has two more protons and two more neutrons than an atom of
. Give the symbol, including mass number and atomic number, for this atom of
Z.

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)     Complete the electronic configurations for the sulphur atom, S, and the sulphide ion,
S .
2–

S       1s .......................................................................................................
2

S      1s .......................................................................................................
2– 2

(2)

(d)     State the block in the Periodic Table in which sulphur is placed and explain your
answer.

Block ...........................................................................................................

Explanation ..................................................................................................
(2)

(e)     Sodium sulphide, Na S, is a high melting point solid which conducts electricity when
2

molten. Carbon disulphide, CS , is a liquid which does not conduct electricity.


2

(i)      Deduce the type of bonding present in Na S and that present in CS 2 2

Bonding in Na S ..................................................................................
2

Bonding in CS .....................................................................................
2

(ii)     By reference to all the atoms involved explain, in terms of electrons, how Na S 2

is formed from its atoms.

.............................................................................................................

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Periodicity
.............................................................................................................

(iii)     Draw a diagram, including all the outer electrons, to represent the bonding
present in CS 2

(iv)    When heated with steam, CS reacts to form hydrogen sulphide, H S, and
2 2

carbon dioxide.
Write an equation for this reaction.

.............................................................................................................
(7)
(Total 16 narks)

Q5.          (a)     The table below gives the melting point for each of the Period 3 elements Na –
Ar.
 
Element Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

Melting point / K 371 923 933 1680 317 392 172 84

In terms of structure and bonding, explain why silicon has a high melting point, and
why the melting point of sulphur is higher than that of phosphorus.
(7)

Page 5
Periodicity
(b)     Draw a diagram to show the structure of sodium chloride. Explain, in terms of
bonding, why sodium chloride has a high melting point.
(4)

(c)     Give the conditions under which, if at all, beryllium and magnesium react with water.
For any reaction that occurs, state one observation you would make and write an
equation.
(4)
(Total 15 marks)

Q6.          (a)     (i)      Complete the electronic configuration of aluminium.

1s .......................................................................................................
2

(ii)     State the block in the Periodic Table to which aluminium belongs.

.............................................................................................................
(2)

(b)     Describe the bonding in metals.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)     Explain why the melting point of magnesium is higher than that of sodium.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)

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Periodicity
(d)     Explain how metals conduct electricity.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Q7.          (a)     Iodine and graphite crystals both contain covalent bonds and yet the physical
properties of their crystals are very different.
For iodine and graphite, state and explain the differences in their melting points and
in their electrical conductivities.
(9)

(b)     Draw the shape of the BeCl molecule and explain why it has this shape.
2

State and explain the effect that an isolated Be ion would have on an isolated Cl
2+ –

ion and explain how this effect would lead to the formation of a covalent bond.
Give one chemical property of Be(OH) which is atypical of the chemistry of Group II
2

hydroxides.
(6)
(Total 15 marks)

Q8.          Compound A is an oxide of sulphur. At 415 K, a gaseous sample of A, of mass


0.304 g, occupied a volume of 127 cm at a pressure of 103 kPa. 3

State the ideal gas equation and use it to calculate the number of moles of A in the
sample, and hence calculate the relative molecular mass of A.
(The gas constant R = 8.31 J K mol ) –1 –1

Ideal gas equation ................................................................................................

Calculation ............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

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Periodicity
...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................
(Total 5 marks)

Q9.          Define the term electronegativity and explain why the electronegativity values of the
Group II elements Be–Ba decrease down the group.
(Total 4 marks)

Q10.          (a)     There is a trend in the reactivity of the Group II metals, Be–Ba, with water.
State this trend and give the conditions under which magnesium reacts rapidly with
water.
Write an equation to represent this reaction.

Trend Be to Ba .............................................................................................

Conditions ................................….................................................................

Equation .......................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)

(b)     Describe what you would observe when a few drops of aqueous sodium hydroxide
are added to aqueous beryllium chloride, followed by a large excess of aqueous
sodium hydroxide. Write equations for the two reactions which occur.

Observation when a few drops are added ....................................................

......................................................................................................................

Equation ………............................................................................................

Observation with excess ..............................................................................

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Periodicity
......................................................................................................................

Equation .......................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 7 marks)

Q11.          (i)      For the elements Mg–Ba, state how the solubilities of the hydroxides and the
solubilities of the sulphates change down Group II.

(ii)      Describe a test to show the presence of sulphate ions in an aqueous solution.
Give the results of this test when performed on separate aqueous solutions
of magnesium chloride and magnesium sulphate. Write equations for any
reactions occurring.

(iii)     State the trend in the reactivity of the Group II elements Mg–Ba with water.

Write an equation for the reaction of barium with water.


(Total 11 marks)

Q12.          Iodine and diamond are both crystalline solids at room temperature. Identify one
similarity in the bonding, and one difference in the structures, of these two solids.
Explain why these two solids have very different melting points.
(Total 6 marks)

Q13.          (a)     When aluminium is added to an aqueous solution of copper(II) chloride, CuCl , 2

Page 9
Periodicity
copper metal and aluminium chloride, AlCl , are formed. Write an equation to
3

represent this reaction.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)     (i)      State the general trend in the first ionisation energy of the Period 3 elements
from
Na to Ar.

.............................................................................................................

(ii)     State how, and explain why, the first ionisation energy of aluminium does not
follow this general trend.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(4)

(c)     Give the equation, including state symbols, for the process which represents the
second ionisation energy of aluminium.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(d)     State and explain the trend in the melting points of the Period 3 metals Na, Mg and
Al.

Trend  ..........................................................................................................

Explanation ..................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 9 marks)

Page 10
Periodicity

Q14.          (a)     State the meaning of the term first ionisation energy of an atom.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)     Complete the electron arrangement for the Mg ion. 2+

1s ................................................................................................................
2

(1)

(c)     Identify the block in the Periodic Table to which magnesium belongs.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(d)     Write an equation to illustrate the process occurring when the second ionisation
energy of magnesium is measured.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(e)     The Ne atom and the Mg ion have the same number of electrons. Give two
2+

reasons why the first ionisation energy of neon is lower than the third ionisation
energy of magnesium.

Reason 1 .....................................................................................................

Reason 2 .....................................................................................................
(2)

(f)      There is a general trend in the first ionisation energies of the Period 3 elements, Na
– Ar

(i)      State and explain this general trend.

Trend ……….......................................................................................

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Periodicity
Explanation .........................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

(ii)     Explain why the first ionisation energy of sulphur is lower than would be
predicted from the general trend.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(5)
(Total 12 marks)

Q15.          State the trends in solubility of the hydroxides and of the sulphates of the Group II
elements Mg–Ba.

Describe a chemical test you could perform to distinguish between separate aqueous
solutions of sodium sulphate and sodium nitrate. State the observation you would make
with each solution. Write an equation for any reaction which occurs.
(Total 6 marks)

Q16.          (a)     The diagram below shows the melting points of some of the elements in Period
3.

Page 12
Periodicity

(i)      On the diagram, use crosses to mark the approximate positions of the melting
points for the elements silicon, chlorine and argon. Complete the diagram by
joining the crosses.

(ii)     By referring to its structure and bonding, explain your choice of position for the
melting point of silicon.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

(iii)     Explain why the melting point of sulphur, S , is higher than that of phosphorus, P
8 4

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(8)

(b)     State and explain the trend in melting point of the Group II elements Ca–Ba.

Trend ...........................................................................................................

Explanation ..................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 11 marks)

Page 13
Periodicity

Q17.          The elements phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine and argon are in the p block of the
Periodic Table.

(a)     State why these elements are classified as p block elements.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)     State the trend in atomic radius from phosphorus to chlorine and explain the trend.

Trend ...........................................................................................................

Explanation ..................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)

(c)     In terms of structure and bonding, explain why sulfur has a higher melting point than
phosphorus.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)

(d)     In terms of atomic structure, explain why the van der Waals’ forces in liquid argon
are very weak.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Page 14
Periodicity

Q18.          This question is about the elements in Period 3 from Na to P

(a)     (i)      Explain the meaning of the term first ionisation energy.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)     State and explain the general trend in first ionisation energies for the elements
Na to P

Trend ...................................................................................................

Explanation .........................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(3)

(iii)     State which one of the elements from Na to P deviates from this general trend
and explain why this occurs.

Trend ..................................................................................................

Explanation .........................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(3)

(b)     State which one of the elements from Na to P has the highest melting point and
explain your answer.

Element .......................................................................................................

Explanation ..................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
Page 15
Periodicity
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 11 marks)

Q19.          (a)     Complete the electronic configuration for the sodium ion, Na +

ls .................................................................................................................
2

(1)

(b)     (i)      Write an equation, including state symbols, to represent the process for which
the energy change is the second ionisation energy of sodium.

.............................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)     Explain why the second ionisation energy of sodium is greater than the second
ionisation energy of magnesium.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(3)

(iii)     An element X in Period 3 of the Periodic Table has the following successive
ionisation energies.
 
  First Second Third Fourth

Ionisation energies / kJ mol –1


577 1820 2740 11600

Deduce the identity of element X.

.............................................................................................................
(1)

Page 16
Periodicity
(c)     State and explain the trend in atomic radius of the Period 3 elements from sodium to
chlorine.

Trend ...........................................................................................................

Explanation ..................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)

(d)     Explain why sodium has a lower melting point than magnesium.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)

(e)     Sodium reacts with ammonia to form the compound NaNH which contains the NH 2 2

ion. Draw the shape of the NH ion, including any lone pairs of electrons.
2

Name the shape made by the three atoms in the NH ion. 2


Shape of NH 2

Name of shape ............................................................................................


(2)

(f)      In terms of its electronic configuration, give one reason why neon does not form
compounds with sodium.

......................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 16 marks)

Page 17
Periodicity

Q20.          Ionisation energies provide evidence for the arrangement of electrons in atoms.

(a)     Complete the electron configuration of the Mg ion. +

1s ................................................................................................................
2

(1)

(b)     (i)      State the meaning of the term first ionisation energy.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)     Write an equation, including state symbols, to show the reaction that occurs
when the second ionisation energy of magnesium is measured.

.............................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)     Explain why the second ionisation energy of magnesium is greater than the
first ionisation energy of magnesium.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(1)

(iv)    Use your understanding of electron arrangement to complete the table by


suggesting a value for the third ionisation energy of magnesium.
 
  First Second Third Fourth Fifth

Page 18
Periodicity

Ionisation energies of  
736 1450 10 500 13 629
magnesium / kJ mol –1

(1)

(c)     State and explain the general trend in the first ionisation energies of the Period 3
elements sodium to chlorine.

Trend ...........................................................................................................

Explanation ..................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)

(d)     State how the element sulfur deviates from the general trend in first ionisation
energies across Period 3. Explain your answer.

How sulfur deviates from the trend ..............................................................

......................................................................................................................

Explanation ..................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)

(e)     A general trend exists in the first ionisation energies of the Period 2 elements lithium
to fluorine. Identify one element which deviates from this general trend.

......................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 13 marks)

Q21.          The following diagram shows the first ionisation energies of some Period 3 elements.

Page 19
Periodicity

(a)     Draw a cross on the diagram to show the first ionisation energy of aluminium.
(1)

(b)     Write an equation to show the process that occurs when the first ionisation energy
of aluminium is measured.

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)     State which of the first, second or third ionisations of aluminium would produce an
ion with the electron configuration 1s 2s 2p 3s 2 2 6 1

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(d)     Explain why the value of the first ionisation energy of sulfur is less than the value of
the first ionisation energy of phosphorus.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(e)     Identify the element in Period 2 that has the highest first ionisation energy and give
its electron configuration.

Element .......................................................................................................

Page 20
Periodicity
Electron configuration ..................................................................................
(2)

(f)      State the trend in first ionisation energies in Group 2 from beryllium to barium.
Explain your answer in terms of a suitable model of atomic structure.

Trend …........................................................................................................

Explanation ..................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 11 marks)

Q22.         The following table gives the melting points of some elements in Period 3.
 
Element Na Al Si P S

Melting point / K 371 933 1680 317 392

(a)     State the type of structure shown by a crystal of silicon.


Explain why the melting point of silicon is very high.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)

(b)     State the type of structure shown by crystals of sulfur and phosphorus.
Explain why the melting point of sulfur is higher than the melting point of
phosphorus.

Page 21
Periodicity
......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)

(c)     Draw a diagram to show how the particles are arranged in aluminium and explain
why aluminium is malleable.
(You should show a minimum of six aluminium particles arranged in two
dimensions.)

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)

(d)     Explain why the melting point of aluminium is higher than the melting point of
sodium.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 12 marks)

Page 22
Periodicity
Q23.          Indium is in Group 3 in the Periodic Table and exists as a mixture of the isotopes In 113

and In.
115

(a)     Use your understanding of the Periodic Table to complete the electron configuration
of indium.

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p ........................................................................
2 2 6 2 6 2 10 6

(1)

(b)     A sample of indium must be ionised before it can be analysed in a mass


spectrometer.

(i)      State what is used to ionise a sample of indium in a mass spectrometer.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)     Write an equation, including state symbols, for the ionisation of indium that
requires the minimum energy.

.............................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)     State why more than the minimum energy is not used to ionise the sample of
indium.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(1)

(iv)    Give two reasons why the sample of indium must be ionised.

Reason 1 ............................................................................................

Reason 2 ............................................................................................
(2)

(c)     A mass spectrum of a sample of indium showed two peaks at m/z = 113 and
m/z = 115. The relative atomic mass of this sample of indium is 114.5

Page 23
Periodicity
(i)      Give the meaning of the term relative atomic mass.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)     Use these data to calculate the ratio of the relative abundances of the two
isotopes.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(2)

(d)     State and explain the difference, if any, between the chemical properties of the
isotopes In and In
113 115

Difference in chemical properties ................................................................

Explanation ..................................................................................................
(2)

(e)     Indium forms a compound X with hydrogen and oxygen. Compound X contains
69.2% indium and 1.8% hydrogen by mass.
Calculate the empirical formula of compound X.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 15 marks)

Page 24
Periodicity

Q24.Trends in physical properties occur across all Periods in the Periodic Table.
This question is about trends in the Period 2 elements from lithium to nitrogen.

(a)     Identify, from the Period 2 elements lithium to nitrogen, the element that has the
largest atomic radius.

........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)     (i)      State the general trend in first ionisation energies for the Period 2 elements
lithium to nitrogen.

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)      Identify the element that deviates from this general trend, from lithium to
nitrogen, and explain your answer.

Element ................................................................................................

Explanation ...........................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

(Extra space) ........................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(3)

(c)     Identify the Period 2 element that has the following successive ionisation energies.
 
  First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth

Ionisation energy 1090 2350 4610 6220 37 800 47 000


/ kJ mol –1

........................................................................................................................
(1)

(d)     Draw a cross on the diagram to show the melting point of nitrogen.

Page 25
Periodicity

(1)

(e)     Explain, in terms of structure and bonding, why the melting point of carbon is high.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

(Extra space) .................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

Page 26
Periodicity
Q25.There are many uses for compounds of barium.

(a)     (i)      Write an equation for the reaction of barium with water.

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)     State the trend in reactivity with water of the Group 2 metals from Mg to Ba

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(b)     Give the formula of the least soluble hydroxide of the Group 2 metals from Mg to Ba

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(c)     State how barium sulfate is used in medicine.


Explain why this use is possible, given that solutions containing barium ions are
poisonous.

Use .................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Explanation ....................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

(Extra space) .................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Q26.          (a)     Boron trichloride (BCl ) can be prepared as shown by the following equation.
3

 
B O (s)
2 3 + 3C(s) + 3Cl (g)
2 2BCl (g)3 + 3CO(g)

Page 27
Periodicity

A sample of boron oxide (B O ) was reacted completely with carbon and chlorine.
2 3

The two gases produced occupied a total volume of 5000 cm at a pressure of 100 3

kPa and a temperature of 298 K.

Calculate the mass of boron oxide that reacted.


Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

(The gas constant R = 8.31 J K mol ) –1 –1

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

(Extra space) .................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(5)

(b)     Boron trichloride can also be prepared from its elements.

Write an equation for this reaction.


Explain why boron trichloride has a trigonal planar shape with equal bond angles.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

(Extra space) .................................................................................................

Page 28
Periodicity
........................................................................................................................
(3)

(c)     (i)      Boron trichloride is easily hydrolysed to form two different acids as shown in
the following equation.
 
BCl (g)
3 + 3H O(I)
2 H BO (aq)
3 3 + 3HCl(aq)

Calculate the concentration, in mol dm , of hydrochloric acid produced when


–3

43.2 g of boron trichloride are added to water to form 500 cm of solution. 3

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

(Extra space) ........................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(4)

(ii)     Boric acid (H BO ) can react with sodium hydroxide to form sodium borate and
3 3

water.
Write an equation for this reaction.

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(d)     Boron trichloride can be reduced by using hydrogen to form pure boron.

BCl (g) + 1
3 H (g)
2 B(s) + 3HCl(g)

Page 29
Periodicity
Calculate the percentage atom economy for the formation of boron in this reaction.

Apart from changing the reaction conditions, suggest one way a company producing
pure boron could increase its profits from this reaction.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

(Extra space) .................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(3)

(e)     A different compound of boron and chlorine has a relative molecular mass of 163.6
and contains 13.2% of boron by mass.

Calculate the molecular formula of this compound.


Show your working.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

(Extra space) .................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 20 marks)

Page 30
Periodicity
Q27.The elements in Period 2 show periodic trends.

(a)     Identify the Period 2 element, from carbon to fluorine, that has the largest atomic
radius. Explain your answer.

Element .........................................................................................................

Explanation ....................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(3)

(b)     State the general trend in first ionisation energies from carbon to neon.
Deduce the element that deviates from this trend and explain why this element
deviates from the trend.

Trend .............................................................................................................

Element that deviates ....................................................................................

Explanation ....................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(4)

(c)     Write an equation, including state symbols, for the reaction that occurs when the first
ionisation energy of carbon is measured.

........................................................................................................................
(1)

(d)     Explain why the second ionisation energy of carbon is higher than the first ionisation
energy of carbon.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 31
Periodicity

(e)     Deduce the element in Period 2, from lithium to neon, that has the highest second
ionisation energy.

........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

Page 32
Periodicity
 

M1.          (a)     Barium dissolves (1)                (or forms solution)


Gas evolved (1)                        (or hydrogen evolved) or
bubbles     gets hot (1)
do not allow evolution of wrong gas

Ba(s) + 2H O(l) → Ba (aq) + 2OH (aq)    (or Ba(OH) (aq) + H (g)


2
2+ –
2 2

Species all correct (1)


State symbols correct (1) (provided species are correct)
Balanced equation (1)

White precipitate with sodium sulphate (1)


(or white solid or suspension or white cloudy or milky)
Ba (aq) + SO (aq) → BaSO (s)
2+
4
2–
4

(or Ba(OH) (aq) + Na SO (aq) → BaSO (s) + 2NaOH(aq)


2 2 4 4

State symbols (1)


Balanced equation (1)
(mark obs. of ppts independently (and in (b))
8

(b)     with BeCl and NaOH get a white precipitate (1) (or solid etc)
2

because Be(OH) is insoluble (1)      (or white ppt is Be(OH) )


2 2

ppt is soluble in excess of the reagent (1)


Because Be(OH) is amphoteric (or beryllium forms complex ion
2

(Be(OH) )) (1)
4
2–

(This is the quality of language mark so the terms must be used in


a sentence)

With MgCl get white ppt (1)


2

Because Mg(OH) is sparingly soluble (or insoluble) (1) (or white ppt is
2

Mg(OH) ) 2

With BaCl no ppt formed (1) (or no reaction) (or remains in solution)
2

Because Ba(OH) is soluble (1) (or all species are soluble)


2

Solubility of hydroxides increases down Group (1)


Note can take marks for Be(OH) (s), Mg(OH) (s), 2 2

Ba(OH) (aq) 2

from equations
Wrong formula for M(OH) loses mark 2

max 8

(c)     (i)      %O = 55.75% (1)

Ca : S : O : H =  (1)
Allow 40, 32
= 1:    1:         6:      4:
therefore formula: CaSO H (1) 6 4

if Oxygen omitted can score 2 mark only nd

Page 33
Periodicity
2

(ii)      = an integer (1) (or a number)


Allow correct definitions as an alternative for the mark
emp. form. The simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a
compound molec. form. The actual number of atoms of
each element in a molecule

         Mr (1) (or molar mass or RFM NOT molecular mass)


5
[21]

M2.          (a)     Elements in the p block have their outer electron(s) in


p orbital(s) or levels or sub-shells (1)
example of element (1)
correct electronic configuration (1)
3

(b)     Pattern in the change in the properties of a row of elements (1)


OR Trend in the properties of elements across a period

          Repeated in the next row (1)


OR element underneath (or in same group) has similar
properties

          atomic radius


decreases across the row (1)
CE if trend is wrong

number of protons increases (1) (or nuclear charge increases)


more attraction for electrons in the same shell (1)

electronegativity
increases across the row (1)

Page 34
Periodicity
number of protons increases (1) (or nuclear charge)
atomic radius decreases (1) (or shielding remains the same or electrons
in the same shell) more attraction for bonding or shared electrons (1)

          conductivity
decreases row (1)
OR significant drop from Al to Si

          Na–Al metals (1)


OR metallic bonding or description of metallic bonding

          Two of Si - Ar non metals (1)


OR molecular or covalent

EITHER electrons free to move (or delocalised) in metals


OR electrons unable to move in non-metals (1)
13
[16]

M3.          (a)     Trend: increases (1)


Wrong trend CE=0 and in (b)

          Reason: More electron shells (1)


OR implies more shell / sub-shells / levels
2

(b)     Trend: decreases (1)

          Explanation: Metallic bonds weaker (1)


OR weaker attraction between ions (or nuclei) & delocalised
electrons

          Atoms (ions) larger (1)


This mark is only scored if previous mark given
CE if mention molecules, intermolecular forces ionic bonding
3

(c)     Trend: increases (1)

Page 35
Periodicity
          Equation for magnesium: Mg + H O → MgO + H (1) 2 2

          Equation for strontium: Sr +2 H O → Sr(OH) + H (1)


2 2 2

Ignore state symbols.


3

(d)     Formula: BaSO (1)


4

          Use: Test for sulphate ion (1)


OR Pigment, for x-rays, barium meal, paint
2

(e)     Identity of M: Be (1)


Allow Be 2+

          Equation 1: Be + 2 OH → Be(OH) (1)


2+ –
2

Allow + 2 NaOH → +2Na +

          Equation 2: Be(OH) + 2 OH → [Be(OH) ] (1)


2

4
2–

Allow + 2 NaOH → +2Na +

(f)      Be ion has high charge density, (charge / size ratio) (1)
2+

OR Be ion is very small


2+

Penalise Be

          polarises Cl (1)


Can score from diagram

          causes covalency (1)


OR sharing of electrons
Do not allow if BeCl is ionic 2

3
[16]

M4.         (a)    
Particle Relative charge Relative mass  

Page 36
Periodicity

Proton +1 or 1+ 1 (1)

Neutron 0 1 (not – 1) (1)


or no charge/neutral/zero

Electron –1 or 1– 1/1800 to 1/2000 (1)

or negligible
or zero
or 5.0 × 10 to 5.6 × 10–4 –4

if ‘g’ in mass column - wrong


penalise once
3

(b)     (1)(1)
Allow numbers before or after Ar
2

(c)     S: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p (1)
2 2 6 2 4

Allow upper case letters

S : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p (1)
2– 2 2 6 2 6

If use subscript penalise once


2

(d)     Block: p (1)


Explanation: Highest energy or outer orbital is (3) p
OR outer electron, valency electron in (3) p
NOT 2p etc.
2

(e)     (i)      Bonding in Na S: ionic (1) 2

Bonding in CS :  covalent (1) 2

ignore other words such as dative / polar / co-ordinate

(ii)     Clear indication of electron transfer from Na to S (1)


1 e from each (of 2) Na atoms or 2 e from 2 Na atoms (1)
– –

QoL correct English

Page 37
Periodicity

(iii)    

Correct covalent bonds (1)


All correct including lone pairs (1)
Allow all •s or all ×s
M2 tied to M1
NOT separate e s in S•- 2 l p

(iv)    CS + 2H O → CO + 2H S (1)
2 2 2 2

Ignore state symbols even if wrong


7
[16]

M5.          (a)     Macromolecular or giant structure (1)


Accept diamond shaped lattice
Intermolecular forces / molecular lattice / comparison to
graphite structure, = ‘con’

          Held together by covalent bonds (1)


‘Giant covalent structure’ earns both M1 and M2

(Much) energy needed to break bonds         Or many bonds


to be broken (1)
Mark tied to earning ‘covalent’ M2       If explanation is
clearly of ionic bonding = CE

Vand der Waal / temporary induced dipole-dipole / London /


disperse forces (1)

Forces increase with size or with number of electrons


or with surface area etc. (1)
Description must be of the molecules of P and S

          P or M = 124 (1) S or M = 256 (1)


4 r 8 r

If M6 (i.e. P ) and M7 (i.e. S ) are not attempted, allow S


4 8

molecule bigger /more surface area than P molecule for 1


Page 38
Periodicity
mark
7

(b)     Diagram NaCl = cubic (1)


Allow if 3 full faces shown correctly

          Ions identified and placed properly (1)


If diagram shows ‘+’ and ‘–’ signs rather than symbols for
ions, identification of the ions could be from the text

          (Bonding) identified in writing as being ionic (1)


Not ionic molecule

Due to strong electrostatic attractions or similar description


about attraction between oppositely charged ions.(1)   QoL
Not just: ‘ionic bonds are strong’ / ‘need much energy to
break bonding’
4

(c)     Be – no reaction with water or steam (1)


Not: Be does not dissolve

Mg reacts with steam      or reacts slowly with cold/hot water (1)

White solid (not precipitate) formed        Bubbles (1)

or Mg glows or burns (with bright white light)  Not ‘fizzes’ or ‘gas evolved’

Mg + H O → MgO + H    Mg + 2H O → Mg(OH) + H (1)


2 2 2 2 2

Condition, equation and observation marks are tied.


Candidate can’t mix-and-match but, when both conditions
quoted, select the higher scoring option
4
[15]

Page 39
Periodicity

M6.          (a)     (i)      1s 2s 2p 3s 3p (1)


2 2 6 2 1

Allow subscripted electron numbers

(ii)     p (block) (1)


Allow upper or lower case ‘s’ and ‘p’ in (a)(i) and (a)(ii)
2

(b)     Lattice of metal / +ve ions/ cations / atoms (1)


Not +ve nuclei/centres
Accept regular array/close packed/tightly packed/uniformly
arranged

          (Surrounded by) delocalised electrons (1)


Note: Description as a ‘giant ionic lattice’ = CE
2

(c)     Greater nuclear or ionic charge or more protons (1)

          Smaller atoms / ions (1)


Accept greater charge density for either M1 or M2

          More delocalised electrons / e in sea of e / free e (1)


– – –

          Stronger attraction between ions and delocalised / free electrons etc. (1)
Max 3
Note: ‘intermolecular attraction/ forces’ or covalent
molecules = CE
Accept stronger ‘electrostatic attraction’ if phrase prescribed
elsewhere
Ignore references to m/z values
If Mg or Na compared to Al, rather than to each other, then:
Max 2
Treat description that is effectively one for Ionisation Energy
as a ‘contradiction’
3

(d)     (Delocalised) electrons (1)

          Move / flow in a given direction (idea of moving non-randomly)


or under the influence applied pd   QoL mark   (1)
Allow ‘flow through metal’
Not: ‘Carry the charge’; ‘along the layers’; ‘move through the
metal’
2
[9]

Page 40
Periodicity
 

M7.          (a)     I sublimes when heated / has low melting point AND
2

graphite has (very) high melting point (1)

          I is (simple) molecular / I / I-I (1)


2 2

CE = 0 if ‘ionic’
loses M2, M3, M4
Max 1 if I-I bond broken

          Van der Waals forces / induced or temporary dipole-dipole / London forces (1)

          Whch are weak or easily overcome (so low melting point) (1)

Graphite is macromolecular / giant covalent / giant molecular / giant atomic / (1)


Diagram
min 3 correctly fused rings – ignore diagram unless no description offered
CE = 0 if ‘ionic’ or ‘metallic’    loses M5, M6, M7

          (Many) covalent bonds need to be broken (1)


covalent may be inferred from structure

          Which takes much energy / bonds are strong (1)

          Only graphite conducts (1)


NOT just graphite is a better conductor

          As it has delocalised / free / mobile electrons (1)

All e in iodine are used in bonding and lone pairs


OR as it has no delocalised / free / mobile e (1)–

M9 and M10 tied to correct statements about graphite =


conductor and iodine = non-conductor
Max 9

(b)     Diagram Cl–Be–Cl (clearly linear) (1)


CE = 0 if lone pair(s) on Be, loses M1 and M2

          (Equal) repulsion between 2 bonding pairs / bonds (1)


‘2’ may be inferred from a correct diag
NOT repulsion between Cl atoms

Cl ion polarised by Be / distorts e cloud (must be ions) /


– 2+ –

Page 41
Periodicity
diag with correct charges (1)

          Because of high charge density on Be OR high charge / size ratio (1)
2+

NOT just Be is smaller. Treat higher m/z value as a


2+

contradiction

Electrons / electron cloud from Cl ion forms covalent bond (with Be) /

electrons in new bond are from Cl ion (wtte) (1) –

Accept a correct dot-and-cross diagram


Penalise missing charges or ions once only for M3, M4 and
M5

          Be(OH) is amphoteric / description / dissolves in base (1)


2

NOT Beryllium is amphoteric


6
[15]

M8.          Ideal gas equation: pV = nRT (1)

          Calculation: n = pV/RT =  (1)


mark for volume conversion fully correct

                                             = 3.79 × 10 (mol) (1)


–3

range 3.79 × 10 to 3.8 × 10


–3 –3

          M = m/n = .304/3.79 × 10 = 80.1 (1)


r
–3

range 80 – 80.3
min 2 s.f. conseq
If ‘V’ wrong lose M2; ‘p’ wrong lose M3; ‘inverted’ lose M3
and M4
[5]

M9.          Tendency or strength or ability or power of an atom/element/nucleus to


attract/withdraw electrons / e density / bonding pair / shared pair

Page 42
Periodicity
          In a covalent bond
(tied to M1 – unless silly slip in M1)
(If molecule/ion then = CE = 0) (NOT electron (singular) for
M1)
Mark as 2 + 2
1

Increase in size or number of shells or increased shielding or bonding


electrons further from nucleus
[NOT ‘increase in number of electrons’]
1

          Decreased attraction for (bonding) electrons


(tied to M3)
(If ‘ion’ here, lose M3 and M4) (NOT ‘attraction of covalent
bond’)
(Ignore reference to proton number or effective nuclear
charge)
1
[4]

M10.          (a)     Increases


1

Heat or steam or gas phase or H temp (>100°) (NOT ‘hot’)


1

Mg + H O → MgO + H
2 2

(Ignore state symbols – even if they are wrong)


1

(b)     White precipitate/solid/suspension    (Not ‘cloudy / milky’)


BeCl + 2NaOH → Be(OH) + 2NaCl
2 2

Or Be + 2OH → Be(OH)
2+ –
2

(Accept BeCl + 2OH → Be(OH) + 2Cl )


2

2

          Ppt (re)dissolves        or solution goes clear


(Allow ‘ppt disappears’)
(NOT ‘solution forms’)
1

          Be(OH) + 2OH → 2


Page 43
Periodicity

[NOT ]

          Or     Be(OH) + 2NaOH → Na Be(OH)


2 2 4

1
[7]

M11.          (i)      Hydroxide        solubility increases            (need trend)


1

Sulphate          solubility decreases         (need trend)


(If both Mg/Ba salts correctly compared - but no trend- allow
1 max)
1

Add acid           name/correct formula       HCl


1

(ii)      (accept HNO /CH COOH)              [NOT hydrogen chloride]


3 3

[If acid added is H SO = CE – allow only M2]2 4

          Add Ba salt   name/correct formula BaCl


2+
2

(accept Ba(NO ) / Ba(CH COO) ) 3 2 3 2

[If reagent added is BaSO /Ba/Ba(OH) = CE – allow only 4 2

M1]
1

          MgCl 2                    No change / no ppt / no reaction


1

MgSO         White ppt / solid / suspension [NOT chalky, milky]


4

Both observations tied to Ba ions being added 2+

          MgSO + BaCl → BaSO + MgCl


4 2 4 2

Accept ionic equation


1

          (Reagent mark (M2) can be awarded from full equation)


1

          [Treat incorrect equation for MgCl as contradiction of correct equation]


2

(Ignore carbonate equations)            (Ignore state


symbols)
1

Page 44
Periodicity

(iii)     Reactivity   increases (down group)         [NOT solubility increases]


1

          Ba + 2H O → Ba(OH) + H
2 2 2

1
[11]

M12.          QoL       Bonding      Both covalent


(linked statement)
1

         Structure     Iodine  = molecular /I (stated or in diagram)


2

[treat incorrect diagram as contradiction]


1

                        Diamond = giant molecular/macromolecular/giant


           covalent / giant atomic (stated only)
Reference to van der Waals’ /dipole-dipole = contradiction
1

          QoL       Iodine         Weak van der Waals’ forces / induced dipole-induced
               dipole
1

          Diamond    Covalent bonds would need to be broken


1

          Many / strong covalent bonds OR much energy needed


                   Tied to M5                     or near miss
[If ionic/metallic structure suggested then CE for that
substance]
[If hydrogen bonding suggested, for I lose M2 & M4; for
2

diamond lose M3,M5&M6]


1
[6]

M13.          (a)     2Al + 3CuCl   →  2AlCl + 3Cu;


2 3

(accept multiples/fractions)

Page 45
Periodicity
OR

2Al+ 3Cu → 2Al + 3Cu;


2+ 3+

(b)     (i)      increases;


1

(ii)     lower than expected / lower than Mg /


1

less energy needed to ionise; e removed from (3)p sub-level;


(‘e removed’ may be implied)


of higher energy / further away from nucleus / shielded by 3s e s;–

(c)     Al (g) → Al (g) + e ;


+ 2+ –

(d)     trend:  increases;


1

more protons / higher charge on cation / more delocalised e / smaller


atomic/ionic radius;
stronger attraction between (cat)ions and delocalised/free/mobile e –

OR

stronger metallic bonding;


1
[9]

M14.          (a)     enthalpy/energy change/required when an electron is removed/


knocked out / displaced/ to form a uni-positive ion
(ignore ‘minimum’ energy)
1

from a gaseous atom

Page 46
Periodicity
(could get M2 from a correct equation here)
(accept ‘Enthalpy/energy change for the process...’
followed by an appropriate equation, for both marks)
(accept molar definitions)
1

(b)     1s 2s 2p
2 2 6

(accept capitals and subscripts)


1

(c)     ‘s’ block


(not a specific ‘s’ orbital – e.g. 2s)
1

(d)     Mg (g) → Mg (g) + e or


+ 2+ –

Mg (g) + e → Mg (g) + 2e or
+ – 2+ –

Mg (g) – e → Mg (g)
+ – 2+

(e)     Mg ion smaller than Ne atom / Mg e closer to nucleus


2+ 2+ –

(Not ‘atomic’ radius fo Mg ) 2+

Mg has more protons than Ne / higher nuclear charge or


2+

e is removed from a charged Mg ion / neutral neon atom


– 2+

(accept converse arguments)


(If used ‘It’ or Mg/magnesium/Mg etc. & 2 correct reasons,
3+

allow (1))
1

(f)      (i)      trend: increases


(if ‘decreases’, CE = 0/3)
1

Expl : more protons / increased proton number /


n

increased nuclear charge


(NOT increased atomic number)
1

same shell / same shielding / smaller size


1

(ii)     QoL reference to the e pair in the 3p sub-level


(penalise if wrong shell, e.g. ‘2p’, quoted)


1

Page 47
Periodicity
repulsion between the e in this e pair– –

(if not stated, ‘e pair’ must be clearly implied)


(mark M4 and M5 separately)


1
[12]

M15.          Hydroxide:           solubility increases


1

Sulphate:             solubility decreases               [BOTH inc/dec allow 1/2]

[Allow correct solubilities of top (Mg) and bottom (Ba) cpds]


1

Add:                     BaCl (aq) / Ba(NO ) (aq) / Ba(OH) (aq)


2 3 2 2

[Not solid added]


[Not Ba / Ba / Ba + HCl / Pb(NO ) (aq)]
2+
3 2

[If BaSO / H SO used, M3 to M6 = CE = 0]


4 2 4

[Allow any sensible nitrate test as an alternative to


the sulphate test]
1

[Note: If M3 not awarded but test would work, allow correct observations
and equations]

          Na SO
2 white precipitate / solid / suspension
4                                

[not cloudy/milky]
1

          NaNO                  no change


3

          BaCl + Na SO → BaSO + 2NaCl


2 2 4 4

Accept ionic equation


1
[6]

Page 48
Periodicity
M16.          (a)     (i)     

M1    Si:          cross ≥ 1200


1

M2    Cl:          cross below S


1

M3    Ar:          cross below Cl


[allow, even if M2 wrong)
[If Cl cross missing and Ar below S, allow M3]
1

(ii)     Si is macromolecular/giant molecular/giant covalent/ giant atomic


1

Covalent bonds need to be broken/accept ‘overcome’


[Not loosened/weakened]
1

Covalent bonds are strong / many covalent bonds involved/


requires much energy/hard to break
[Tied to ‘break’ or near miss in M2]   [Not ‘structure’ is broken]
[Must mention ‘covalent’ somewhere in part (a)(ii) to earn
M2/M3]
[If van der Waals’/IMF mentioned M2/M3 = CE = 0.
[If ions mentioned M1/M2/M3 = CE = 0]
1

(iii)     Intermolecular force = van der Waals’/induced


dipole–dipole/dispersion forces
1

QoL  Sulphur has greater M / size / surface area/more electrons/more


r

atoms so stronger intermolecular forces (comparison)


[Mark separately] [Not ‘more shells’]
1

Page 49
Periodicity
(b)     Trend:      Decreases
[If trend wrong = CE = 0]
1

Increase in size of ion/atom / more shells / decrease in charge density /


decrease in charge size ratio
1

Weaker attraction for delocalised/free/sea of electrons / weaker


metallic bonding
[Ignore shielding]
[van der Waals’ etc. = CE = 0 for M2 and M3]
1
[11]

M17.          (a)     Outer electrons are in p orbitals


1

(b)     decreases
1

Number of protons increases


1

Attracting outer electrons in the same shell (or similar shielding)


1

(c)     Sulfur molecules (S ) are larger than phosphorus (P )


8 4

Therefore van der Waals’ forces between molecules are stronger


1

Therefore more energy needed to loosen forces between molecules


1

(d)     Argon particles are single atoms with electrons closer to nucleus
1

Cannot easily be polarised (or electron cloud not easily distorted)


1
[9]

Page 50
Periodicity
 

M18.          (a)     (i)      Energy/enthalpy (change)/∆H/ needed to remove


1 mole of electrons;
Allow 1 electron
Not heat alone
1

         From 1 mol of gaseous atoms;


From 1 gaseous atom
Not mix and match moles and one electron.
Allow 1 for balanced eq with ss
1

(ii)     Increase;
If blank mark on
If incorrect CE = 0
1

         Increasing nuclear charge/ increasing number of protons;


Not increasing atomic number
1

         Same or similar shielding /same number of shells or energy


levels/ (atomic) radius decreases/electron closer to nucleus;
Not same distance from nucleus.
1

(iii)     Aluminium/Al;
If incorrect CE = 0
1

         Electron in higher energy /p or 3p orbital;


Not 2p
Ignore shielding
1

Less energy needed to lose electron/ electron more easily


lost/ ionisation energy less;
1

(b)     Silicon/Si;

Page 51
Periodicity
If incorrect CE = 0
If silicone, silica Si , Si mark on. 8 4

          Macromolecular/ Giant molecular or atomic or covalent;


If IMFor ionic or metallic in Silicon then CE = 0 for
explanation
1

Many or strong covalent bonds need to be broken/


lots of energy needed to break the covalent bonds;
Not loosened bonds
1
[11]

M19.          (a)     2s 2p ;
2 6

If ignored the 1s given and written 1s 2s 2p mark as correct


2 2 2 6

Allow capitals and subscripts


1

(b)     (i)      Na (g) → Na (g) + e ;


+ 2+ (–)

One mark for equation and one mark for state symbols

         Na (g) + e → Na (g) + 2e ;


+ (–) 2+ (–)

M2 dependent on M1
Allow Na (g) – e → Na(g)+ (–)

Allow X (g) → X (g) + e = 1 mark


+ 2+

(ii)     Na requires loss of e from a 2(p) orbital or 2 energy level or


(2+) – nd

nd
2 shell and Mg requires loss of e from a 3(s) orbital or 3
(2+) – rd

energy level or 3 shell / Na loses e from a lower (energy)


rd (2+)

orbital/ or vice versa;


Not from 3p
1

         Less shielding (in Na);


Or vice versa for Mg
1

         e closer to nucleus/ more attraction (of electron to nucleus) (in Na);
(–)

M3 needs to be comparative
1

Page 52
Periodicity

(iii)     Aluminium /Al;


1

(c)     Decreases;
If not decreases CE = 0
If blank, mark on
1

          Increasing nuclear charge/ increasing number of protons;


1

          Electrons in same shell or level/ same shielding/ similar shielding;


1

(d)     Answer refers to Na;


Allow converse answers relating to Mg.

          Na fewer protons/smaller nuclear charge/ fewer delocalised electrons;


Allow Mg is 2+ and Na is +.
If vdw CE = 0.
1

          Na is a bigger ion/ atom;


1

          Smaller attraction between nucleus and delocalised electrons;


If mentioned that charge density of Mg is greater then allow
2+

first 2 marks.
(ie charge / size / attraction).
M3 allow weaker metallic bonding.
1

(e)     (Bent) shape showing 2 lone pairs + 2N−H bond pairs;


Atoms must be labelled.
Lone pairs can be with or without lobes.
1

          Bent / v shape/ triangular;


Not tetrahedral.
Allow non-linear.
Bent-linear = contradiction.
1

Page 53
Periodicity
(f)      Ne has full sub-levels/ can’t get any more electrons in the sub-levels/
Ne has full shells;
Not 2s 2p alone.2 6

Not stable electron configuration.


1
[16]

M20.          (a)     2s 2p 3s
2 6 1

1s can be rewritten
2

Allow 2s 2p 2p 2p 3s 2
x
2
y
2
z
2 1

Allow subscripts and capitals


1

(b)     (i)      Energy/enthalpy (needed) to remove one mole of electrons


from one mole of atoms/compounds/molecules/elements
1

OR

Energy to form one mole of positive ions from one mole of atoms

OR

Energy/enthalpy to remove one electron from one atom

In the gaseous state (to form 1 mol of gaseous ions)


Energy given out loses M1
M2 is dependent on a reasonable attempt at M1
Energy needed for this change
X(g) → X (g) + e = 2 marks + (–)

This equation alone scores one mark


1

(ii)     Mg (g) → Mg (g) + e


+ 2+ (–)

Mg (g) + e → Mg (g) + 2e
+ (–) 2+ (–)

Mg (g) – e → Mg (g)
+ (–) 2+

Do not penalise MG
Not equation with X
1

Page 54
Periodicity
(iii)     Electron being removed from a positive ion (therefore need more
energy)/electron being removed is closer to the nucleus/Mg +

smaller (than Mg)/Mg more positive than Mg


+

Allow from a + particle/species


Not electron from a higher energy level/or higher sub-level
More protons = 0
1

(iv)    Range from 5000 to 9000 kJ mol –1

(c)     Increase
If decrease CE = 0/3
If blank mark on
1

Bigger nuclear charge (from Na to Cl)/more protons


QWC
1

electron (taken) from same (sub)shell/similar or same shielding/


electron closer to the nucleus/smaller atomic radius
If no shielding = 0
Smaller ionic radius = 0
1

(d)     Lower
If not lower CE = 0/3
If blank mark on
Allow does not increase
1

Two/pair of electrons in (3)p orbital or implied


Not 2p
1

repel (each other)


M3 dependent upon a reasonable attempt at M2
1

(e)     Boron/B or oxygen/O/O 2

1
[13]

Page 55
Periodicity

M21.          (a)     Cross between the Na cross and the Mg cross


1

(b)     Al(g) → Al (g) + e–


+

Al(g) – e– → Al (g) +

Al(g) + e– → Al (g) + 2e–


+

One mark for state symbols consequential on getting


equation correct.
Electron does not have to have the – sign on it
Ignore (g) if put as state symbol with e but penalise state

symbol mark if other state symbols on e –

(c)     2 /second/2/II
nd

Only
1

(d)     Paired electrons in (3)p orbital


Penalise wrong number
If paired electrons repel allow M2
1

repel
1

(e)     Neon/Ne
No consequential marking from wrong element
1

1s 2s 2p /[He}2s 2p
2 2 6 2 6

Allow capital s and p


Allow subscript numbers
1

(f)      Decreases
CE if wrong
1

Page 56
Periodicity
Atomic radius increases/electron removed further from nucleus
or nuclear charge/electron in higher energy level/Atoms
get larger/more shells
Accept more repulsion between more electrons for M2
Mark is for distance from nucleus
Must be comparative answers from M2 and M3
CE M2 and M3 if mention molecules
Not more sub-shells
1

As group is descended more shielding


1
[11]

M22.          (a)     Macromolecular/giant covalent/giant molecular/giant atomic


If IMF/H-bonds/Ionic/metallic CE = 0/3
covalent bond between molecules CE = 0/3
If giant unqualified M1 = 0 but mark on
1

Many/strong covalent bonds


M2 and M3 can only be scored if covalent mentioned in
answer
Ignore metalloid and carbon
Ignore bp
1

Bonds must be broken/overcome


Ignore numbers of bonds and references to energy
1

(b)     (Simple) molecular


QoL
Do not allow simple covalent for M1
Giant covalent/ionic/metallic, CE = 0
If breaking covalent bonds CE= 0/3
1

S bigger molecule (than P) or S and P references


8 4

QoL
Allow more electrons in sulfur molecule or S 8

Do not allow S is bigger then P


Allow S molecule has a bigger M r

Page 57
Periodicity
Do not allow contradictions
1

So more/stronger van der Waals’ forces (to be broken or overcome)


Not just more energy to break
1

(c)     Regular arrangement of minimum of 6 particles in


minimum of 2 rows
Ignore e–
Do not allow ring arrangements OR structures bonded with
electrons
1

+ charge in each one (of 6)


Allow +, (1+, 2+ or 3+) in ions/or in words
1

Rows/planes/sheets/layers (of atoms/ions) can slide (owtte)


over one another
M3 independent
If ionic bonding/molecules/IMF/vdw/covalent, penalise M3
Ignore layers of electrons sliding
1

(d)     Bigger charge (3+ compared to 1+)


CE = 0 if molecules, ionic, covalent, IMF
(Allow Al )
2+

OR smaller atom/ion in Al/more protons/bigger nuclear charge


1

More free/delocalised electrons (in Al)/bigger sea of electrons in Al


Accept 2 or 3 delocalised electrons compared to 1 in Na
1

Stronger metallic bonding/stronger (electrostatic) attraction


between the (+) ions or nuclei and the (delocalised) electrons
(or implied)
Must be implied that the electrons are the delocalised ones
not the electrons in the shells.
Accept converse arguments
1
[12]

Page 58
Periodicity

M23.          (a)     4d 5s 5p in any order


10 2 1

Allow subscripts for numbers


Allow capitals
1

(b)     (i)      Using an electron gun/(beam of) high energy/fast


moving electrons
Ignore ‘knocks out an electron’
1

(ii)     In(g) + e → In (g) + 2e


– + –

OR

In(g) → In (g) + e
+ –

In(g) – e → In (g)
– +

The state symbols need not be present for the electron - but
if they are they must be (g)
No need to show charge on electron
If I CE = 0
Ignore any equations using M
1

(iii)     So no more than 1 electron is knocked out/so only one electron


is knocked out/prevent further ionisation
Allow stop 2+ and 3+/other ions being formed
Not to get wrong m/z
1

(iv)    Any two processes from

•        Accelerate (owtte)

•        Deflect (owtte)

•        Detect (owtte)


Ignore wrong causes of process
2 max

Page 59
Periodicity
(c)     (i)      Average/mean mass of (1) atom(s) (of an element)
1

1/12 mass of one atom of C


12

OR

(Average) mass of one mole of atoms

1/12 mass of one mole of C


12

OR

(Weighted) average mass of all the isotopes

1/12 mass of one atom of C


12

OR

Average mass of an atom/isotope compared to C-12 on a


scale in which an atom of C-12 has a mass of 12
Not average mass of 1 molecule
Allow the wording Average mass of 1 atom of an element
compared to 1/12 mass atom of C (or mass 1/12 atom of
12

12
C)
Allow if moles of atoms on both lines
Accept answer in words
Can have top line × 12 instead of bottom line ÷12
If atoms/moles mixed, max = 1

(ii)    
Allow idea that there are 4 × 0.5 divisions between 113 and
115
1

ratio (113:115) = 1:3 OR 25:75 OR 0.5:1.5 etc


Correct answer scores M1 and M2
If 1:3 for In(115):In(113), max = 1
1

(d)     None
1

Same no of electrons (in the outer shell)/same electron configuration)


Ignore electrons determine chemical properties/ignore
protons
M2 dependent on M1 being correct

Page 60
Periodicity
1

(e)     29.0%/29% O
If no O calculated, allow M2 if In and H divided by the correct
A r

or

0.603      1.8      1.81

   1            3          3

EF = In H O 3 3

Allow In(OH) 3

Do not allow last mark just for ratio 1:3:3


If InO H given with no working then allow 3 marks
3 3

If I not In, lose M3


1
[15]

M24.(a)    Lithium / Li
Penalise obvious capital I (second letter).
1

(b)     (i)     Increase / gets bigger


Ignore exceptions to trend here even if wrong
1

(ii)     Boron / B
If not Boron, CE = 0/3
1

Electron removed from (2)p orbital /sub-shell / (2)p electrons removed

Page 61
Periodicity
If p orbital specified it must be 2p
1

Which is higher in energy (so more easily lost) / more shielded (so more
easily lost) / further from nucleus
1

(c)     C / carbon


1

(d)     Below Li

The cross should be placed on the diagram, on the column


for nitrogen, below the level of the cross printed on the
diagram for Lithium.
1

(e)     Macromolecular / giant molecular / giant atomic


Allow giant covalent (molecule) = 2
1

Covalent bonds in the structure


1

Strong (covalent) bonds must be broken or overcome / (covalent) bonds need

Page 62
Periodicity
a lot of energy to break
Ignore weakening / loosening bonds
If ionic / metallic/molecular/ dipole dipole/ H bonds/ bonds
between molecules, CE = 0/3
Ignore van der Waals forces
Ignore hard to break
1
[10]

M25.         (a)      (i)     Ba + 2H O  


2 Ba(OH) + H
2 2

Ignore state symbols


Credit multiples and correct ionic equations
1

(ii)     (Reactivity with water) increase(s) / increasing / increased (down the Group /


from Mg to Ba)
Accept “greater” or “gets more” or similar words to that
effect.
Ignore reference to “increase in solubility / gets more
soluble”
1

(b)     Mg(OH) 2

Accept Mg (OH ) / Mg(HO)


2+ –
2 2

Insist on brackets and correct case


1

(c)     M1    Barium meal / barium swallow / barium enema or (internal) X-ray or to


          block X-rays

M2    BaSO / barium sulfate is insoluble (and therefore not toxic)


4

Accept a correct reference to M1 written in the explanation in


M2, unless contradictory
For M2 NOT barium ions
            NOT barium
            NOT barium meal and NOT “It”
Ignore radio-tracing
2
[5]

Page 63
Periodicity
 

M26.          (a)     P = 100 000 (Pa) and V = 5.00 x 10 (m ) –3 3

M1 is for correctly converting P and V in any expression or


list Allow 100 (kPa) and 5 (dm ) for M1.
3

M2 is correct rearrangement of PV = nRT


1

= 0.202 moles (of gas produced)


This would score M1 and M2.

Therefore = 0.0404 moles B O 2 3

M3 is for their answer divided by 5


1

Mass of B O = 0.0404 x 69.6


2 3

M4 is for their answer to M3 x 69.6


1

= 2.81 (g)
M5 is for their answer to 3 sig figures.
2.81 (g) gets 5 marks.
1

(b)     B + 1.5 Cl → BCl


2 3

Accept multiples.
1

3 bonds
1

Page 64
Periodicity

Pairs repel equally/ by the same amount


Do not allow any lone pairs if a diagram is shown.
1

(c)     (i)      43.2/117.3 (= 0.368 moles BCl ) 3

0.368 x 3 (= 1.105 moles HCl)


Allow their BCl moles x 3
3

Conc HCl =
Allow moles of HCl × 1000 / 500
1

= 2.20 to 2.22 mol dm –3

Allow 2.2
Allow 2 significant figures or more
1

(ii)     H BO + 3NaOH → Na BO + 3H O
3 3 3 3 2

Allow alternative balanced equations to form acid salts.


Allow H BO + NaOH → NaBO + 2H O
3 3 2 2

(d)     
Mark is for both M values correctly as numerator and
r

denominator.
1

8.98(%)
Allow 9(%).

Page 65
Periodicity
1

Sell the HCl


1

(e)     Alternative method

Cl = 86.8%
Cl = 142 g
1

  B                 Cl

           
  B                 Cl

           
1

1.22           2.45 or ratio 1:2 or BCl 2

2:4 ratio
1

BCl has M of 81.8 so


2 r

81.8 x 2 = 163.6
Formula = B Cl 2 4

B Cl 2 4

Allow 4 marks for correct answer with working shown.


Do not allow (BCl ) 2 2

1
[20]

M27.(a)    Carbon / C
If M1 incorrect, CE = 0 / 3
1

Page 66
Periodicity

Fewest protons / smallest nuclear charge / least attraction between protons (in
the nucleus) and electrons / weakest nuclear attraction to electrons
Allow comparative answers.
Allow converse answers for M2
1

Similar shielding
Allow same shielding.
1

(b)     Increase
1

Oxygen / O
If not oxygen, then cannot score M2, M3 and M4
1

Paired electrons in a (2)p orbital


If paired electrons in incorrect p orbital, lose M3 but can
award M4
1

(Paired electrons in a p orbital) repel


1

(c)     C(g) → C (g) + e


+ (−)

OR

C(g) + e → C (g) + 2e
(−) + (−)

OR

C(g) − e → C (g)
(−) +

Ignore state symbols for electron.


1

Page 67
Periodicity
(d)     (More energy to) remove an electron from a (more) positive ion / cation
Allow electron closer to the nucleus in the positive ion.
1

(e)     Lithium / lithium / Li

If formula given, upper and lower case letters must be as shown.


1
[10]

Page 68

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