Q1. (A) A Small Sample of Barium Metal Was Added To Water in A Flask. When The
Q1. (A) A Small Sample of Barium Metal Was Added To Water in A Flask. When The
Q1. (A) A Small Sample of Barium Metal Was Added To Water in A Flask. When The
Q1. (a) A small sample of barium metal was added to water in a flask. When the
reaction had ceased, the contents of the flask were treated with a small amount of
dilute aqueous sodium sulphate.
Describe all that you would observe and write equations, with state symbols, for the
reactions that occur.
(8)
(b) Dilute sodium hydroxide solution was added dropwise until in excess to separate
dilute aqueous solutions of beryllium chloride, magnesium chloride and barium
chloride.
Describe what you would observe in each case and account for your observations.
(8)
(ii) For any compound, what is the relationship between empirical and molecular
formula? What additional information is required to determine a molecular
formula from an empirical formula?
(5)
(Total 21 marks)
Q2. (a) Explain why certain elements in the Periodic Table are classified as p-block
elements. Illustrate your answer with an example of a p-block element and give its
electronic configuration.
(3)
(b) Explain the meaning of the term periodicity as applied to the properties of rows of
Page 1
Periodicity
elements in the Periodic Table. Describe and explain the trends in atomic radius, in
electronegativity and in conductivity for the elements sodium to argon.
(13)
(Total 16 marks)
Q3. (a) State the trend in atomic radius down Group II from Be to Ba and give a reason
for this trend.
Trend ............................................................................................................
Reason .........................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) State and explain the trend in melting points of the elements down Group II from Be
to Ba.
Trend ...........................................................................................................
Explanation ..................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(c) State the trend in reactivity with water of the elements down Group II from Be to Ba.
Write an equation for the reaction of magnesium with steam and an equation for the
reaction of strontium with water.
Trend ...........................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
Page 2
Periodicity
(d) Sulphates of the Group II elements from Be to Ba have different solubilities. Give
the formula of the least soluble of these sulphates and state one use that depends
upon the insolubility of this sulphate.
Formula .......................................................................................................
Use ..............................................................................................................
(2)
(e) A solution contains ions of a Group II element, M. When aqueous sodium hydroxide
is added a white precipitate forms. This precipitate dissolves in an excess of
aqueous sodium hydroxide. Identify M and write ionic equations for the two
reactions.
Identity of M .................................................................................................
Equation 1 ....................................................................................................
Equation 2 ....................................................................................................
(3)
(f) With the exception of beryllium chloride, Group II chlorides are classed as ionic.
Explain why beryllium chloride is different by considering how a beryllium ion would
interact with a chloride ion.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 16 marks)
Proton
Neutron
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Periodicity
Electron
(3)
(b) An atom of element Z has two more protons and two more neutrons than an atom of
. Give the symbol, including mass number and atomic number, for this atom of
Z.
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) Complete the electronic configurations for the sulphur atom, S, and the sulphide ion,
S .
2–
S 1s .......................................................................................................
2
S 1s .......................................................................................................
2– 2
(2)
(d) State the block in the Periodic Table in which sulphur is placed and explain your
answer.
Block ...........................................................................................................
Explanation ..................................................................................................
(2)
(e) Sodium sulphide, Na S, is a high melting point solid which conducts electricity when
2
Bonding in Na S ..................................................................................
2
Bonding in CS .....................................................................................
2
(ii) By reference to all the atoms involved explain, in terms of electrons, how Na S 2
.............................................................................................................
Page 4
Periodicity
.............................................................................................................
(iii) Draw a diagram, including all the outer electrons, to represent the bonding
present in CS 2
(iv) When heated with steam, CS reacts to form hydrogen sulphide, H S, and
2 2
carbon dioxide.
Write an equation for this reaction.
.............................................................................................................
(7)
(Total 16 narks)
Q5. (a) The table below gives the melting point for each of the Period 3 elements Na –
Ar.
Element Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
In terms of structure and bonding, explain why silicon has a high melting point, and
why the melting point of sulphur is higher than that of phosphorus.
(7)
Page 5
Periodicity
(b) Draw a diagram to show the structure of sodium chloride. Explain, in terms of
bonding, why sodium chloride has a high melting point.
(4)
(c) Give the conditions under which, if at all, beryllium and magnesium react with water.
For any reaction that occurs, state one observation you would make and write an
equation.
(4)
(Total 15 marks)
1s .......................................................................................................
2
(ii) State the block in the Periodic Table to which aluminium belongs.
.............................................................................................................
(2)
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) Explain why the melting point of magnesium is higher than that of sodium.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
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Periodicity
(d) Explain how metals conduct electricity.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Q7. (a) Iodine and graphite crystals both contain covalent bonds and yet the physical
properties of their crystals are very different.
For iodine and graphite, state and explain the differences in their melting points and
in their electrical conductivities.
(9)
(b) Draw the shape of the BeCl molecule and explain why it has this shape.
2
State and explain the effect that an isolated Be ion would have on an isolated Cl
2+ –
ion and explain how this effect would lead to the formation of a covalent bond.
Give one chemical property of Be(OH) which is atypical of the chemistry of Group II
2
hydroxides.
(6)
(Total 15 marks)
State the ideal gas equation and use it to calculate the number of moles of A in the
sample, and hence calculate the relative molecular mass of A.
(The gas constant R = 8.31 J K mol ) –1 –1
Calculation ............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
Page 7
Periodicity
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(Total 5 marks)
Q9. Define the term electronegativity and explain why the electronegativity values of the
Group II elements Be–Ba decrease down the group.
(Total 4 marks)
Q10. (a) There is a trend in the reactivity of the Group II metals, Be–Ba, with water.
State this trend and give the conditions under which magnesium reacts rapidly with
water.
Write an equation to represent this reaction.
Trend Be to Ba .............................................................................................
Conditions ................................….................................................................
Equation .......................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(b) Describe what you would observe when a few drops of aqueous sodium hydroxide
are added to aqueous beryllium chloride, followed by a large excess of aqueous
sodium hydroxide. Write equations for the two reactions which occur.
......................................................................................................................
Equation ………............................................................................................
Page 8
Periodicity
......................................................................................................................
Equation .......................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 7 marks)
Q11. (i) For the elements Mg–Ba, state how the solubilities of the hydroxides and the
solubilities of the sulphates change down Group II.
(ii) Describe a test to show the presence of sulphate ions in an aqueous solution.
Give the results of this test when performed on separate aqueous solutions
of magnesium chloride and magnesium sulphate. Write equations for any
reactions occurring.
(iii) State the trend in the reactivity of the Group II elements Mg–Ba with water.
Q12. Iodine and diamond are both crystalline solids at room temperature. Identify one
similarity in the bonding, and one difference in the structures, of these two solids.
Explain why these two solids have very different melting points.
(Total 6 marks)
Q13. (a) When aluminium is added to an aqueous solution of copper(II) chloride, CuCl , 2
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Periodicity
copper metal and aluminium chloride, AlCl , are formed. Write an equation to
3
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) (i) State the general trend in the first ionisation energy of the Period 3 elements
from
Na to Ar.
.............................................................................................................
(ii) State how, and explain why, the first ionisation energy of aluminium does not
follow this general trend.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(4)
(c) Give the equation, including state symbols, for the process which represents the
second ionisation energy of aluminium.
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(d) State and explain the trend in the melting points of the Period 3 metals Na, Mg and
Al.
Trend ..........................................................................................................
Explanation ..................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 9 marks)
Page 10
Periodicity
Q14. (a) State the meaning of the term first ionisation energy of an atom.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
1s ................................................................................................................
2
(1)
(c) Identify the block in the Periodic Table to which magnesium belongs.
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(d) Write an equation to illustrate the process occurring when the second ionisation
energy of magnesium is measured.
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(e) The Ne atom and the Mg ion have the same number of electrons. Give two
2+
reasons why the first ionisation energy of neon is lower than the third ionisation
energy of magnesium.
Reason 1 .....................................................................................................
Reason 2 .....................................................................................................
(2)
(f) There is a general trend in the first ionisation energies of the Period 3 elements, Na
– Ar
Trend ……….......................................................................................
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Periodicity
Explanation .........................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(ii) Explain why the first ionisation energy of sulphur is lower than would be
predicted from the general trend.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(5)
(Total 12 marks)
Q15. State the trends in solubility of the hydroxides and of the sulphates of the Group II
elements Mg–Ba.
Describe a chemical test you could perform to distinguish between separate aqueous
solutions of sodium sulphate and sodium nitrate. State the observation you would make
with each solution. Write an equation for any reaction which occurs.
(Total 6 marks)
Q16. (a) The diagram below shows the melting points of some of the elements in Period
3.
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Periodicity
(i) On the diagram, use crosses to mark the approximate positions of the melting
points for the elements silicon, chlorine and argon. Complete the diagram by
joining the crosses.
(ii) By referring to its structure and bonding, explain your choice of position for the
melting point of silicon.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(iii) Explain why the melting point of sulphur, S , is higher than that of phosphorus, P
8 4
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(8)
(b) State and explain the trend in melting point of the Group II elements Ca–Ba.
Trend ...........................................................................................................
Explanation ..................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 11 marks)
Page 13
Periodicity
Q17. The elements phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine and argon are in the p block of the
Periodic Table.
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) State the trend in atomic radius from phosphorus to chlorine and explain the trend.
Trend ...........................................................................................................
Explanation ..................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(c) In terms of structure and bonding, explain why sulfur has a higher melting point than
phosphorus.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(d) In terms of atomic structure, explain why the van der Waals’ forces in liquid argon
are very weak.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Page 14
Periodicity
(a) (i) Explain the meaning of the term first ionisation energy.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) State and explain the general trend in first ionisation energies for the elements
Na to P
Trend ...................................................................................................
Explanation .........................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(3)
(iii) State which one of the elements from Na to P deviates from this general trend
and explain why this occurs.
Trend ..................................................................................................
Explanation .........................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(3)
(b) State which one of the elements from Na to P has the highest melting point and
explain your answer.
Element .......................................................................................................
Explanation ..................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
Page 15
Periodicity
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 11 marks)
Q19. (a) Complete the electronic configuration for the sodium ion, Na +
ls .................................................................................................................
2
(1)
(b) (i) Write an equation, including state symbols, to represent the process for which
the energy change is the second ionisation energy of sodium.
.............................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Explain why the second ionisation energy of sodium is greater than the second
ionisation energy of magnesium.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(3)
(iii) An element X in Period 3 of the Periodic Table has the following successive
ionisation energies.
First Second Third Fourth
.............................................................................................................
(1)
Page 16
Periodicity
(c) State and explain the trend in atomic radius of the Period 3 elements from sodium to
chlorine.
Trend ...........................................................................................................
Explanation ..................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(d) Explain why sodium has a lower melting point than magnesium.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(e) Sodium reacts with ammonia to form the compound NaNH which contains the NH 2 2
–
ion. Draw the shape of the NH ion, including any lone pairs of electrons.
2
–
Shape of NH 2
–
(f) In terms of its electronic configuration, give one reason why neon does not form
compounds with sodium.
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 16 marks)
Page 17
Periodicity
Q20. Ionisation energies provide evidence for the arrangement of electrons in atoms.
1s ................................................................................................................
2
(1)
(b) (i) State the meaning of the term first ionisation energy.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Write an equation, including state symbols, to show the reaction that occurs
when the second ionisation energy of magnesium is measured.
.............................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) Explain why the second ionisation energy of magnesium is greater than the
first ionisation energy of magnesium.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(1)
Page 18
Periodicity
Ionisation energies of
736 1450 10 500 13 629
magnesium / kJ mol –1
(1)
(c) State and explain the general trend in the first ionisation energies of the Period 3
elements sodium to chlorine.
Trend ...........................................................................................................
Explanation ..................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(d) State how the element sulfur deviates from the general trend in first ionisation
energies across Period 3. Explain your answer.
......................................................................................................................
Explanation ..................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(e) A general trend exists in the first ionisation energies of the Period 2 elements lithium
to fluorine. Identify one element which deviates from this general trend.
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 13 marks)
Q21. The following diagram shows the first ionisation energies of some Period 3 elements.
Page 19
Periodicity
(a) Draw a cross on the diagram to show the first ionisation energy of aluminium.
(1)
(b) Write an equation to show the process that occurs when the first ionisation energy
of aluminium is measured.
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) State which of the first, second or third ionisations of aluminium would produce an
ion with the electron configuration 1s 2s 2p 3s 2 2 6 1
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(d) Explain why the value of the first ionisation energy of sulfur is less than the value of
the first ionisation energy of phosphorus.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(e) Identify the element in Period 2 that has the highest first ionisation energy and give
its electron configuration.
Element .......................................................................................................
Page 20
Periodicity
Electron configuration ..................................................................................
(2)
(f) State the trend in first ionisation energies in Group 2 from beryllium to barium.
Explain your answer in terms of a suitable model of atomic structure.
Trend …........................................................................................................
Explanation ..................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 11 marks)
Q22. The following table gives the melting points of some elements in Period 3.
Element Na Al Si P S
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(b) State the type of structure shown by crystals of sulfur and phosphorus.
Explain why the melting point of sulfur is higher than the melting point of
phosphorus.
Page 21
Periodicity
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(c) Draw a diagram to show how the particles are arranged in aluminium and explain
why aluminium is malleable.
(You should show a minimum of six aluminium particles arranged in two
dimensions.)
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(d) Explain why the melting point of aluminium is higher than the melting point of
sodium.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 12 marks)
Page 22
Periodicity
Q23. Indium is in Group 3 in the Periodic Table and exists as a mixture of the isotopes In 113
and In.
115
(a) Use your understanding of the Periodic Table to complete the electron configuration
of indium.
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p ........................................................................
2 2 6 2 6 2 10 6
(1)
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Write an equation, including state symbols, for the ionisation of indium that
requires the minimum energy.
.............................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) State why more than the minimum energy is not used to ionise the sample of
indium.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(1)
(iv) Give two reasons why the sample of indium must be ionised.
Reason 1 ............................................................................................
Reason 2 ............................................................................................
(2)
(c) A mass spectrum of a sample of indium showed two peaks at m/z = 113 and
m/z = 115. The relative atomic mass of this sample of indium is 114.5
Page 23
Periodicity
(i) Give the meaning of the term relative atomic mass.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Use these data to calculate the ratio of the relative abundances of the two
isotopes.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(2)
(d) State and explain the difference, if any, between the chemical properties of the
isotopes In and In
113 115
Explanation ..................................................................................................
(2)
(e) Indium forms a compound X with hydrogen and oxygen. Compound X contains
69.2% indium and 1.8% hydrogen by mass.
Calculate the empirical formula of compound X.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 15 marks)
Page 24
Periodicity
Q24.Trends in physical properties occur across all Periods in the Periodic Table.
This question is about trends in the Period 2 elements from lithium to nitrogen.
(a) Identify, from the Period 2 elements lithium to nitrogen, the element that has the
largest atomic radius.
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) (i) State the general trend in first ionisation energies for the Period 2 elements
lithium to nitrogen.
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Identify the element that deviates from this general trend, from lithium to
nitrogen, and explain your answer.
Element ................................................................................................
Explanation ...........................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(3)
(c) Identify the Period 2 element that has the following successive ionisation energies.
First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(d) Draw a cross on the diagram to show the melting point of nitrogen.
Page 25
Periodicity
(1)
(e) Explain, in terms of structure and bonding, why the melting point of carbon is high.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
Page 26
Periodicity
Q25.There are many uses for compounds of barium.
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) State the trend in reactivity with water of the Group 2 metals from Mg to Ba
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Give the formula of the least soluble hydroxide of the Group 2 metals from Mg to Ba
...............................................................................................................
(1)
Use .................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
Explanation ....................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q26. (a) Boron trichloride (BCl ) can be prepared as shown by the following equation.
3
B O (s)
2 3 + 3C(s) + 3Cl (g)
2 2BCl (g)3 + 3CO(g)
Page 27
Periodicity
A sample of boron oxide (B O ) was reacted completely with carbon and chlorine.
2 3
The two gases produced occupied a total volume of 5000 cm at a pressure of 100 3
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(5)
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
Page 28
Periodicity
........................................................................................................................
(3)
(c) (i) Boron trichloride is easily hydrolysed to form two different acids as shown in
the following equation.
BCl (g)
3 + 3H O(I)
2 H BO (aq)
3 3 + 3HCl(aq)
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(4)
(ii) Boric acid (H BO ) can react with sodium hydroxide to form sodium borate and
3 3
water.
Write an equation for this reaction.
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(d) Boron trichloride can be reduced by using hydrogen to form pure boron.
BCl (g) + 1
3 H (g)
2 B(s) + 3HCl(g)
Page 29
Periodicity
Calculate the percentage atom economy for the formation of boron in this reaction.
Apart from changing the reaction conditions, suggest one way a company producing
pure boron could increase its profits from this reaction.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(3)
(e) A different compound of boron and chlorine has a relative molecular mass of 163.6
and contains 13.2% of boron by mass.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 20 marks)
Page 30
Periodicity
Q27.The elements in Period 2 show periodic trends.
(a) Identify the Period 2 element, from carbon to fluorine, that has the largest atomic
radius. Explain your answer.
Element .........................................................................................................
Explanation ....................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(3)
(b) State the general trend in first ionisation energies from carbon to neon.
Deduce the element that deviates from this trend and explain why this element
deviates from the trend.
Trend .............................................................................................................
Explanation ....................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(4)
(c) Write an equation, including state symbols, for the reaction that occurs when the first
ionisation energy of carbon is measured.
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(d) Explain why the second ionisation energy of carbon is higher than the first ionisation
energy of carbon.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 31
Periodicity
(e) Deduce the element in Period 2, from lithium to neon, that has the highest second
ionisation energy.
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
Page 32
Periodicity
(b) with BeCl and NaOH get a white precipitate (1) (or solid etc)
2
(Be(OH) )) (1)
4
2–
Because Mg(OH) is sparingly soluble (or insoluble) (1) (or white ppt is
2
Mg(OH) ) 2
With BaCl no ppt formed (1) (or no reaction) (or remains in solution)
2
Ba(OH) (aq) 2
from equations
Wrong formula for M(OH) loses mark 2
max 8
Ca : S : O : H = (1)
Allow 40, 32
= 1: 1: 6: 4:
therefore formula: CaSO H (1) 6 4
Page 33
Periodicity
2
electronegativity
increases across the row (1)
Page 34
Periodicity
number of protons increases (1) (or nuclear charge)
atomic radius decreases (1) (or shielding remains the same or electrons
in the same shell) more attraction for bonding or shared electrons (1)
conductivity
decreases row (1)
OR significant drop from Al to Si
Page 35
Periodicity
Equation for magnesium: Mg + H O → MgO + H (1) 2 2
(f) Be ion has high charge density, (charge / size ratio) (1)
2+
Penalise Be
3
[16]
M4. (a)
Particle Relative charge Relative mass
Page 36
Periodicity
Proton +1 or 1+ 1 (1)
or negligible
or zero
or 5.0 × 10 to 5.6 × 10–4 –4
(b) (1)(1)
Allow numbers before or after Ar
2
(c) S: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p (1)
2 2 6 2 4
S : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p (1)
2– 2 2 6 2 6
Page 37
Periodicity
(iii)
(iv) CS + 2H O → CO + 2H S (1)
2 2 2 2
Mg reacts with steam or reacts slowly with cold/hot water (1)
or Mg glows or burns (with bright white light) Not ‘fizzes’ or ‘gas evolved’
Page 39
Periodicity
Stronger attraction between ions and delocalised / free electrons etc. (1)
Max 3
Note: ‘intermolecular attraction/ forces’ or covalent
molecules = CE
Accept stronger ‘electrostatic attraction’ if phrase prescribed
elsewhere
Ignore references to m/z values
If Mg or Na compared to Al, rather than to each other, then:
Max 2
Treat description that is effectively one for Ionisation Energy
as a ‘contradiction’
3
Page 40
Periodicity
M7. (a) I sublimes when heated / has low melting point AND
2
CE = 0 if ‘ionic’
loses M2, M3, M4
Max 1 if I-I bond broken
Van der Waals forces / induced or temporary dipole-dipole / London forces (1)
Whch are weak or easily overcome (so low melting point) (1)
Page 41
Periodicity
diag with correct charges (1)
Because of high charge density on Be OR high charge / size ratio (1)
2+
contradiction
Electrons / electron cloud from Cl ion forms covalent bond (with Be) /
–
range 80 – 80.3
min 2 s.f. conseq
If ‘V’ wrong lose M2; ‘p’ wrong lose M3; ‘inverted’ lose M3
and M4
[5]
Page 42
Periodicity
In a covalent bond
(tied to M1 – unless silly slip in M1)
(If molecule/ion then = CE = 0) (NOT electron (singular) for
M1)
Mark as 2 + 2
1
Mg + H O → MgO + H
2 2
Or Be + 2OH → Be(OH)
2+ –
2
Page 43
Periodicity
[NOT ]
1
[7]
M1]
1
Page 44
Periodicity
Ba + 2H O → Ba(OH) + H
2 2 2
1
[11]
QoL Iodine Weak van der Waals’ forces / induced dipole-induced
dipole
1
(accept multiples/fractions)
Page 45
Periodicity
OR
atomic/ionic radius;
stronger attraction between (cat)ions and delocalised/free/mobile e –
OR
Page 46
Periodicity
(could get M2 from a correct equation here)
(accept ‘Enthalpy/energy change for the process...’
followed by an appropriate equation, for both marks)
(accept molar definitions)
1
(b) 1s 2s 2p
2 2 6
Mg (g) + e → Mg (g) + 2e or
+ – 2+ –
Mg (g) – e → Mg (g)
+ – 2+
allow (1))
1
Page 47
Periodicity
repulsion between the e in this e pair– –
[Note: If M3 not awarded but test would work, allow correct observations
and equations]
Na SO
2 white precipitate / solid / suspension
4
[not cloudy/milky]
1
Page 48
Periodicity
M16. (a) (i)
Page 49
Periodicity
(b) Trend: Decreases
[If trend wrong = CE = 0]
1
(b) decreases
1
(d) Argon particles are single atoms with electrons closer to nucleus
1
Page 50
Periodicity
(ii) Increase;
If blank mark on
If incorrect CE = 0
1
(iii) Aluminium/Al;
If incorrect CE = 0
1
(b) Silicon/Si;
Page 51
Periodicity
If incorrect CE = 0
If silicone, silica Si , Si mark on. 8 4
M19. (a) 2s 2p ;
2 6
One mark for equation and one mark for state symbols
M2 dependent on M1
Allow Na (g) – e → Na(g)+ (–)
nd
2 shell and Mg requires loss of e from a 3(s) orbital or 3
(2+) – rd
e closer to nucleus/ more attraction (of electron to nucleus) (in Na);
(–)
M3 needs to be comparative
1
Page 52
Periodicity
(c) Decreases;
If not decreases CE = 0
If blank, mark on
1
first 2 marks.
(ie charge / size / attraction).
M3 allow weaker metallic bonding.
1
Page 53
Periodicity
(f) Ne has full sub-levels/ can’t get any more electrons in the sub-levels/
Ne has full shells;
Not 2s 2p alone.2 6
M20. (a) 2s 2p 3s
2 6 1
1s can be rewritten
2
Allow 2s 2p 2p 2p 3s 2
x
2
y
2
z
2 1
OR
Energy to form one mole of positive ions from one mole of atoms
OR
Mg (g) + e → Mg (g) + 2e
+ (–) 2+ (–)
Mg (g) – e → Mg (g)
+ (–) 2+
Do not penalise MG
Not equation with X
1
Page 54
Periodicity
(iii) Electron being removed from a positive ion (therefore need more
energy)/electron being removed is closer to the nucleus/Mg +
(c) Increase
If decrease CE = 0/3
If blank mark on
1
(d) Lower
If not lower CE = 0/3
If blank mark on
Allow does not increase
1
1
[13]
Page 55
Periodicity
Al(g) – e– → Al (g) +
(c) 2 /second/2/II
nd
Only
1
repel
1
(e) Neon/Ne
No consequential marking from wrong element
1
1s 2s 2p /[He}2s 2p
2 2 6 2 6
(f) Decreases
CE if wrong
1
Page 56
Periodicity
Atomic radius increases/electron removed further from nucleus
or nuclear charge/electron in higher energy level/Atoms
get larger/more shells
Accept more repulsion between more electrons for M2
Mark is for distance from nucleus
Must be comparative answers from M2 and M3
CE M2 and M3 if mention molecules
Not more sub-shells
1
QoL
Allow more electrons in sulfur molecule or S 8
Page 57
Periodicity
Do not allow contradictions
1
Page 58
Periodicity
OR
In(g) → In (g) + e
+ –
In(g) – e → In (g)
– +
The state symbols need not be present for the electron - but
if they are they must be (g)
No need to show charge on electron
If I CE = 0
Ignore any equations using M
1
Page 59
Periodicity
(c) (i) Average/mean mass of (1) atom(s) (of an element)
1
OR
OR
OR
12
C)
Allow if moles of atoms on both lines
Accept answer in words
Can have top line × 12 instead of bottom line ÷12
If atoms/moles mixed, max = 1
(ii)
Allow idea that there are 4 × 0.5 divisions between 113 and
115
1
(d) None
1
Page 60
Periodicity
1
(e) 29.0%/29% O
If no O calculated, allow M2 if In and H divided by the correct
A r
or
1 3 3
EF = In H O 3 3
Allow In(OH) 3
M24.(a) Lithium / Li
Penalise obvious capital I (second letter).
1
(ii) Boron / B
If not Boron, CE = 0/3
1
Page 61
Periodicity
If p orbital specified it must be 2p
1
Which is higher in energy (so more easily lost) / more shielded (so more
easily lost) / further from nucleus
1
(d) Below Li
Page 62
Periodicity
a lot of energy to break
Ignore weakening / loosening bonds
If ionic / metallic/molecular/ dipole dipole/ H bonds/ bonds
between molecules, CE = 0/3
Ignore van der Waals forces
Ignore hard to break
1
[10]
(b) Mg(OH) 2
Page 63
Periodicity
= 2.81 (g)
M5 is for their answer to 3 sig figures.
2.81 (g) gets 5 marks.
1
Accept multiples.
1
3 bonds
1
Page 64
Periodicity
Conc HCl =
Allow moles of HCl × 1000 / 500
1
Allow 2.2
Allow 2 significant figures or more
1
(ii) H BO + 3NaOH → Na BO + 3H O
3 3 3 3 2
(d)
Mark is for both M values correctly as numerator and
r
denominator.
1
8.98(%)
Allow 9(%).
Page 65
Periodicity
1
Cl = 86.8%
Cl = 142 g
1
B Cl
B Cl
1
2:4 ratio
1
81.8 x 2 = 163.6
Formula = B Cl 2 4
B Cl 2 4
1
[20]
M27.(a) Carbon / C
If M1 incorrect, CE = 0 / 3
1
Page 66
Periodicity
Fewest protons / smallest nuclear charge / least attraction between protons (in
the nucleus) and electrons / weakest nuclear attraction to electrons
Allow comparative answers.
Allow converse answers for M2
1
Similar shielding
Allow same shielding.
1
(b) Increase
1
Oxygen / O
If not oxygen, then cannot score M2, M3 and M4
1
OR
C(g) + e → C (g) + 2e
(−) + (−)
OR
C(g) − e → C (g)
(−) +
Page 67
Periodicity
(d) (More energy to) remove an electron from a (more) positive ion / cation
Allow electron closer to the nucleus in the positive ion.
1
Page 68