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    Thinking: Reasoning Problem Solving

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    Joshua Marquez
    - The document discusses different types of reasoning including deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, and abductive reasoning. It also discusses problem solving approaches like problem space theory and analogy. - Types of errors like slips and mistakes are explained along with theories of emotion and how emotion can influence cognitive processes and problem solving. - Individual differences that may impact thinking and reasoning like long term and short term factors are also briefly covered.

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    Thinking: Reasoning Problem Solving

    Uploaded by

    Joshua Marquez
    23 views13 pages
    - The document discusses different types of reasoning including deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, and abductive reasoning. It also discusses problem solving approaches like problem space theory and analogy. - Types of errors like slips and mistakes are explained along with theories of emotion and how emotion can influence cognitive processes and problem solving. - Individual differences that may impact thinking and reasoning like long term and short term factors are also briefly covered.

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    - The document discusses different types of reasoning including deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, and abductive reasoning. It also discusses problem solving approaches like problem space theory and analogy. - Types of errors like slips and mistakes are explained along with theories of emotion and how emotion can influence cognitive processes and problem solving. - Individual differences that may impact thinking and reasoning like long term and short term factors are also briefly covered.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    23 views13 pages

    Thinking: Reasoning Problem Solving

    Uploaded by

    Joshua Marquez
    - The document discusses different types of reasoning including deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, and abductive reasoning. It also discusses problem solving approaches like problem space theory and analogy. - Types of errors like slips and mistakes are explained along with theories of emotion and how emotion can influence cognitive processes and problem solving. - Individual differences that may impact thinking and reasoning like long term and short term factors are also briefly covered.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 13

    Thinking

    Reasoning
    deduction, induction, abduction
    Problem solving
    Deductive Reasoning

    • Deduction:
    – derive logically necessary conclusion from given
    premises.
    e.g. If it is Friday then she will go to work
    It is Friday
    Therefore she will go to work.

    • Logical conclusion not necessarily true:


    e.g. If it is raining then the ground is dry
    It is raining
    Therefore the ground is dry
    Deduction (cont.)

    • When truth and logical validity clash …


    e.g. Some people are babies
    Some babies cry
    Inference - Some people cry
    Correct?

    • People bring world knowledge to bear


    Inductive Reasoning

    • Induction:
    – generalize from cases seen to cases unseen
    e.g. all elephants we have seen have trunks
    therefore all elephants have trunks.

    • Unreliable:
    – can only prove false not true

    … but useful!
    • Humans not good at using negative evidence
    e.g. Wason's cards.
    Abductive reasoning

    • reasoning from event to cause


    e.g. Sam drives fast when drunk.
    If I see Sam driving fast, assume drunk.

    • Unreliable:
    – can lead to false explanations
    Problem solving

    • Process of finding solution to unfamiliar task


    using knowledge.
    • Several theories.
    • Gestalt
    – problem solving both productive and reproductive
    – productive draws on insight and restructuring of problem
    – attractive but not enough evidence to explain `insight'
    etc.
    – move away from behaviourism and led towards
    information processing theories
    Problem solving (cont.)

    Problem space theory


    – problem space comprises problem states
    – problem solving involves generating states using legal
    operators
    – heuristics may be employed to select operators
    e.g. means-ends analysis
    – operates within human information processing system
    e.g. STM limits etc.
    – largely applied to problem solving in well-defined areas
    e.g. puzzles rather than knowledge intensive areas
    Problem solving (cont.)

    • Analogy
    – analogical mapping:
    • novel problems in new domain?
    • use knowledge of similar problem from similar domain
    – analogical mapping difficult if domains are semantically
    different

    • Skill acquisition
    – skilled activity characterized by chunking
    • lot of information is chunked to optimize STM
    – conceptual rather than superficial grouping of problems
    – information is structured more effectively
    Errors and mental models

    Types of error
    • slips
    – right intention, but failed to do it right
    – causes: poor physical skill,inattention etc.
    – change to aspect of skilled behaviour can cause slip

    • mistakes
    – wrong intention
    – cause: incorrect understanding
    humans create mental models to explain behaviour.
    if wrong (different from actual system) errors can occur
    Emotion
    • Various theories of how emotion works
    – James-Lange: emotion is our interpretation of a
    physiological response to a stimuli
    – Cannon: emotion is a psychological response to a
    stimuli
    – Schacter-Singer: emotion is the result of our
    evaluation of our physiological responses, in the
    light of the whole situation we are in
    • Emotion clearly involves both cognitive and
    physical responses to stimuli
    Emotion (cont.)
    • The biological response to physical stimuli is
    called affect

    • Affect influences how we respond to situations


    – positive → creative problem solving
    – negative → narrow thinking

    “Negative affect can make it harder to do


    even easy tasks; positive affect can make
    it easier to do difficult tasks”
    (Donald Norman)
    Emotion (cont.)

    • Implications for interface design


    – stress will increase the difficulty of problem
    solving
    – relaxed users will be more forgiving of
    shortcomings in design
    – aesthetically pleasing and rewarding
    interfaces will increase positive affect
    Individual differences

    • long term
    – sex, physical and intellectual abilities
    • short term
    – effect of stress or fatigue
    • changing
    – age

    Ask yourself:
    will design decision exclude section of user
    population?

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