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    Aula 3-IFN

    Uploaded by

    Salvador Santos
    The document introduces nuclear physics and particle physics. It discusses the semi-empirical mass formula from 1935 which relates the mass of an isotope to its number of protons and neutrons using experimentally determined constants. The formula is fitted to reproduce experimental nuclear mass data and can predict properties of unknown isotopes. It also examines how the mass formula explains isobars with the same mass number but different proton numbers, and considers beta decay and stability for odd and even mass nuclei.

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    Aula 3-IFN

    Uploaded by

    Salvador Santos
    19 views9 pages
    The document introduces nuclear physics and particle physics. It discusses the semi-empirical mass formula from 1935 which relates the mass of an isotope to its number of protons and neutrons using experimentally determined constants. The formula is fitted to reproduce experimental nuclear mass data and can predict properties of unknown isotopes. It also examines how the mass formula explains isobars with the same mass number but different proton numbers, and considers beta decay and stability for odd and even mass nuclei.

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    The document introduces nuclear physics and particle physics. It discusses the semi-empirical mass formula from 1935 which relates the mass of an isotope to its number of protons and neutrons using experimentally determined constants. The formula is fitted to reproduce experimental nuclear mass data and can predict properties of unknown isotopes. It also examines how the mass formula explains isobars with the same mass number but different proton numbers, and considers beta decay and stability for odd and even mass nuclei.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    19 views9 pages

    Aula 3-IFN

    Uploaded by

    Salvador Santos
    The document introduces nuclear physics and particle physics. It discusses the semi-empirical mass formula from 1935 which relates the mass of an isotope to its number of protons and neutrons using experimentally determined constants. The formula is fitted to reproduce experimental nuclear mass data and can predict properties of unknown isotopes. It also examines how the mass formula explains isobars with the same mass number but different proton numbers, and considers beta decay and stability for odd and even mass nuclei.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 9

    Aula 3

    Introdução à Física Nuclear


    Introdução à Física Nuclear e à Física de Partículas
    MEFT 2022-2023
    Patrícia Gonçalves - patricia@lip.pt
    Semi-Empirical Mass Formula:
    1935 Weizsacker
    It is a semi-empirical formula:
    With a theoretical basis, but with a number of constants found by fitting experimental data

    M Z, A = Z(𝑚𝑝 + 𝑚𝑒 ) + (𝐴 − 𝑍)𝑚𝑛 − 𝐵/𝑐 2

    𝐵 2 𝑍2 𝑍 − 𝐴/2 2 𝑎5
    2
    = 𝑎1 𝐴 − 𝑎2 𝐴3 − 𝑎3 1/3 − 𝑎4 ± 1/2
    𝑐 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴

    2 𝑍2 𝑍 − 𝐴/2 2 𝑎5
    M Z, A = Z(𝑚𝑝 + 𝑚𝑒 ) + (𝐴 − 𝑍)𝑚𝑛 − 𝑎1 𝐴 + 𝑎2 𝐴 3 + 𝑎3 + 𝑎4 ∓ 1/2
    𝐴1/3 𝐴 𝐴
    Constants from fits to experimental data

    (*)

    2
    (*) 93.14 a4 Z − N
    a4 = = 23.35 if f4 Z , A = +
    4 4 A
    Isobars and the SEMF
    For constant A, the only variable is Z !!!
    2 𝐴 2
    𝑍2 𝑍− 1
    2
    M A, Z = (𝑚𝑝 +𝑚𝑒 ) 𝑍 + 𝑚𝑛 𝐴 − 𝑍 − 𝑎𝑣 𝐴 − 𝑎𝑠 𝐴 − 𝑎𝐶 3 1 − 4𝑎𝑎 + 𝑘 𝑎𝑝 1
    𝐴
    𝐴3 𝐴2
    2
    𝐴
    2 𝑍2 𝑍− 1
    2
    M A, Z = (𝑚𝑝 +𝑚𝑒 ) 𝑍 − 𝑚𝑛 𝑍 + 𝑚𝑛 𝐴 − 𝑎𝑣 𝐴 + 𝑎𝑠 𝐴3 + 𝑎𝐶 1 + 4𝑎𝑎 − 𝑘 𝑎𝑝 1
    𝐴
    𝐴3 𝐴2

    Terms in Z2
    𝑍2 𝑍2
    𝑎𝐶 𝐴1/3 + 4𝑎𝑎 𝐴

    Terms in Z:

    (𝑚𝑝 +𝑚𝑒 ) 𝑍 − 𝑚𝑛 𝑍 − 4𝑎𝑎 𝑍 = ((𝑚𝑝 +𝑚𝑒 ) − 𝑚𝑛 − 4𝑎𝑎 ) 𝑍

    Constant term:
    2 1
    𝑚𝑛 𝐴 − 𝑎𝑣 𝐴 + 𝑎𝑠 𝐴3 + 𝑎𝑎 𝐴 − 𝑘 𝑎𝑝 1
    𝐴2
    Considerations on beta decay
    Odd-mass nuclei
    mass excess vs Z for A =111 isobars

    Mass excess = M(Z,A) [amu] – A


    Positron emission competes with electron capture:
    Even-mass nuclei
    mass excess vs Z for A=102 isobars

    stable

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