Rectangular Waveguide

Analysis of Waveguide
Generally:
𝐸 = 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦𝑎𝑦 + 𝐸𝑧𝑎𝑧
𝐻 = 𝐻𝑥𝑎𝑥 + 𝐻𝑦𝑎𝑦 + 𝐻𝑧𝑎𝑧
Longitudinal components (Ez, Hz)
Transverse components (Ex,Ey, Hx, Hy)
Let us write the total field as
𝐸 = 𝐸⊥+𝐸𝑧𝑎𝑧
𝐻 = 𝐻⊥+H𝑧𝑎𝑧
𝐸⊥ and 𝐻⊥ are vectors lying in XY plane, (Ez, Hz) are scalars

1
Rectangular wave guide

2
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦+ 𝑎𝑧= 𝛻⊥+ 𝑎𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
For source free homogeneous medium, conductivity σ =0
𝛻𝑋𝐻 = 𝑗𝜔𝜖𝐸
𝛻𝑋𝐸 = −𝑗𝜔μ𝐻
𝜕
(𝛻⊥+ 𝑎𝑧)x(𝐸⊥+𝐸𝑧𝑎𝑧)=-𝑗𝜔μ(𝐻⊥+H𝑧𝑎𝑧)
𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝜕
(𝛻⊥X 𝐸⊥)+(𝛻⊥x𝐸𝑧𝑎𝑧)+( 𝑎𝑧x 𝐸⊥)+( 𝑎𝑧x𝐸𝑧𝑎𝑧)=-𝑗𝜔μ(𝐻⊥+H𝑧𝑎𝑧)
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Equating transverse fields,
𝜕
(𝛻⊥x𝐸𝑧𝑎𝑧)+( 𝑎𝑧x 𝐸⊥)=-𝑗𝜔μ𝐻⊥
𝜕𝑧
1 𝜕
𝐻⊥=- [(𝛻⊥x𝐸𝑧𝑎𝑧)+( 𝑎𝑧x 𝐸⊥) ] -------------(1)
𝑗𝜔μ 𝜕𝑧

3
 1 𝜕
𝐻⊥=- [(𝛻⊥x𝐸𝑧𝑎𝑧)+( 𝑎𝑧x 𝐸⊥) ]
𝑗𝜔μ 𝜕𝑧
• Similarly for one more Maxwell equation,
1 𝜕
𝐸⊥= [(𝛻⊥x𝐻𝑧𝑎𝑧)+( 𝑎𝑧x H⊥)] -------------(2)
𝑗𝜔ε 𝜕𝑧
Substituting 𝐻⊥ in above equation,
1 1 𝜕 −1 𝜕
E⊥= (𝛻⊥x𝐻𝑧𝑎𝑧)+ ( 𝑎𝑧X[ (𝛻⊥x𝐸𝑧𝑎𝑧)+( 𝑎𝑧x 𝐸⊥)]
𝑗𝜔ε 𝑗𝜔ε 𝜕𝑧 𝑗𝜔μ 𝜕𝑧
Multiply both sides by w2με
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
w2με E⊥=−𝑗𝜔μ[(𝛻⊥x𝐻𝑧𝑎𝑧)+ ( 𝑎𝑧X (𝛻⊥x𝐸𝑧𝑎𝑧)+( 𝑎𝑧X 𝑎𝑧x 𝐸⊥)]
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
w2με E⊥-( 𝑎𝑧X 𝑎𝑧x 𝐸⊥) =−𝑗𝜔μ(𝛻⊥x𝐻𝑧𝑎𝑧)+ ( 𝑎𝑧X (𝛻⊥x𝐸𝑧𝑎𝑧)) –(3)
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧

4
Using Vector triple product identity
AxBxC=(A.C)B-(A.B)C
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕2 𝜕2
( 𝑎𝑧X 𝑎𝑧x 𝐸⊥)=( 𝑎𝑧. 𝐸⊥) 𝑎𝑧 − 2 𝐸⊥= - 2 𝐸⊥
𝜕𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑎𝑧X 𝛻⊥x𝐸𝑧𝑎𝑧=( 𝑎𝑧. 𝐸z𝑎𝑧)𝛻⊥ − ( 𝑎𝑧.𝛻⊥) 𝐸z𝑎𝑧
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝜕
= 𝛻⊥( 𝐸z)-0
𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
w2με E⊥-( 𝑎𝑧X 𝑎𝑧x 𝐸⊥) =−𝑗𝜔μ(𝛻⊥x𝐻𝑧𝑎𝑧)+ ( 𝑎𝑧X (𝛻⊥x𝐸𝑧𝑎𝑧)) –(3)
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧

Therefore equation 3 becomes

𝜕2 𝜕
w2με E⊥+ 2 𝐸⊥=−𝑗𝜔μ(𝛻⊥x𝐻𝑧𝑎𝑧)+ 𝛻⊥( 𝐸z)) -------(4)
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Let us assume the wave has propagation constant γ all field components
will have Z variation e- γz.

5
E= Eo e- γz ., H= Ho e- γz .,
The derivatives with respect to Z can then be written as,
𝜕 𝜕2
= -γ, = γ 2.
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧2
Substituting this in equation 4,
𝜕2 𝜕
w2με E⊥+ 2 𝐸⊥=−𝑗𝜔μ(𝛻⊥x𝐻𝑧𝑎𝑧)+ 𝛻⊥( 𝐸z) -------(4)
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
w2με E⊥+γ2𝐸⊥=−𝑗𝜔μ(𝛻⊥x𝐻𝑧𝑎𝑧)+ 𝛻⊥(−γ𝐸z)
(w2με+γ2)𝐸⊥= −𝑗𝜔μ(𝛻⊥x𝐻𝑧𝑎𝑧)+ 𝛻⊥(−γ𝐸z)
w2με+γ2 = h2.
The transverse E field can be written as,
𝑗𝜔𝜇 γ
𝐸⊥= − 2 (𝛻⊥x𝐻𝑧𝑎𝑧)− 2 𝛻⊥𝐸z ----------(5)
h h
6
Similarly transverse magnetic field can be written as,
𝑗𝜔𝜇 γ
𝐸⊥= − 2 (𝛻⊥x𝐻𝑧𝑎𝑧)− 2 𝛻⊥𝐸z ----------(5)
h h
𝑗𝜔ε γ
H⊥= − 2 (𝛻⊥x𝐸𝑧𝑎𝑧)− 2 𝛻⊥Hz ----------(6)
h h
For a lossless medium γ is purely imaginary,
γ=jβ, h2=w2με−β2 -------(7)
w2με-square of the phase constant in medium
β is the propagation constant in the Z direction
h- represents the phase constant of the wave in transverse
plane.
7
Determining Transverse curl(𝛻⊥x𝐻𝑧𝑎𝑧) and Transverse gradient (𝛻⊥𝐸z)
and equating x and y components on both sides,

8
 RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDES

𝐸𝑧 = (𝐶1 cos 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑥) 𝐶3 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶4𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐵𝑦 𝐶5−𝑗𝛽𝑧 -------1

Applying Boundary condition, tangential component of E is continuous,

Ez=0 at x=0, x=a
and Ez=0 at y=0, y=b
X=0, Ez=0 => 0= (𝐶1 cos 0 + 𝐶2 𝑆𝑖𝑛 0) 𝐶3 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶4𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐵𝑦 𝐶5−𝑗𝛽𝑧
(𝑐1 𝐶3 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶4𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐵𝑦 𝐶5𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧 = 0
c1=0

Substituting C1 = 0 and Applying Boundary condition at y=0, Ez=0

𝐸𝑧 = (𝐶2 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑥) 𝐶3 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶4𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐵𝑦 𝐶5𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
Ez=0 at Y = 0
0= (𝐶2 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑥) 𝐶3 𝐶𝑜𝑠0 + 𝐶4𝑆𝑖𝑛 0 𝐶5𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧 = 𝐶2 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑥 𝐶3 𝐶5𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧 , 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐶3 = 0

Substituting C3 = 0, 𝐸𝑧 = 𝐶 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑥 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐵𝑦 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧 , 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝐶2𝑥𝐶4𝑥𝐶5 = 𝐶

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 • 𝐸𝑧 = 𝐶 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑥 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐵𝑦 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧 ,
Using another boundary condition,
At x=a and y=b, we have Ez=0;
𝐸𝑧 = 0 = 𝐶 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑎 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐵𝑏 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧

Therefore,
Sin Aa =0 and Sin Bb = 0
Sin Aa=mπ and Sin Bb=nπ
𝑚𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝐴= and B= 𝑏
𝑎

Again substituting A and B in Ez

𝑚𝜋 𝑛𝜋
Ez=C sin sin 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧 ------(2)
𝑎 𝑏

This is the complete solution of the wave equation for TM mode.

Constant c remains unknown as it governs the amplitude of the wave
nothing to do with boundary conditions.

10
 Transverse Electric Mode

• Ez=0 and Hz not equal to zero

𝛻 2 𝐻𝑍 +𝜔2 𝜇𝜖𝐻𝑍 =0,
We will follow the separation of variables method which is identical to
TM Modes. The general solution of Hz is,
𝐻𝑧 =(D1 cosAx+D2 sin Ax)(D3 cos By+D4 sin By)𝐷5𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧 --(1)
Hz is tangential component to waveguide walls, But there is no
appropriate boundary condtn. For Tangential components. Magnetic
boundary conditions are normal component related conditions.
First derive transverse components(Ex, Ey) after that we will apply
boundary conditions,

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Considering the generalized Ex, Ey field expressions,
𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝜕𝐻𝑧 𝑗𝛽 𝜕𝐸𝑧 𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝜕𝐻𝑧 𝑗𝛽 𝜕𝐸𝑧
𝐸𝑥 =- 2 - ; 𝐸𝑦 = 2 -
ℎ 𝜕𝑦 ℎ2 𝜕𝑥 ℎ 𝜕𝑥 ℎ2 𝜕𝑦
For TE wave Ez=0, and using Eqn. in Ex and Ey
𝐻𝑧 =(D1 cosAx+D2 sin Ax)(D3 cos By+D4 sin By)𝐷5𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧 --(1)
𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝜕𝐻𝑧
𝐸𝑥 =- 2
ℎ 𝜕𝑦
𝑗𝜔𝜇
=- 2 (D1 cosAx+D2 sin Ax){D3(−sinBy)B+D4 (B)CosBy)}𝐷5𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
ℎ
𝑗𝜔𝜇
𝐸𝑥 =- 2 (D1 cosAx+D2 sin Ax){−D3(sinBy)B+D4 (B)CosBy)}𝐷5𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧 --(2)
ℎ
𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝜕𝐻𝑧
𝐸𝑦 = 2
ℎ 𝜕𝑥
𝑗𝜔𝜇
= 2 (−D1.A.sinAx+D2.A.cosAx)(D3cosBy+D4sinBy)}𝐷5𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧 -----(3)
ℎ
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Applying boundary condition to Ex
Ex=0 at y=0, applying it in (2)
𝑗𝜔𝜇
𝐸𝑥 =- 2 (D1 cosAx+D2 sin Ax){−D3(sinBy)B+D4 (B)CosBy)}𝐷5𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧 --(2)
ℎ
𝑗𝜔𝜇
𝐸𝑥 =0=- 2 (D1 cosAx+D2 sin Ax){0+D4.B}𝐷5𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
ℎ
If B=0, then Ex will be abruptly zero, ∴ 𝐷4 = 0
𝑗𝜔𝜇
𝐸𝑥 =- 2 (D1 cosAx+D2 sin Ax){−D3(sinBy)B}𝐷5𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
ℎ
Ex=0 at y=b, applying it in Ex
𝑗𝜔𝜇
𝐸𝑥 =0=- 2 (D1 cosAx+D2 sin Ax){−D3(sinBb)B}𝐷5𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
ℎ
𝑛𝜋
sinBb=0=>B=
𝑏
Since Ey is tangential to vertical walls of the waveguide we have, Ey=0 at x=0 & x=a
𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝜕𝐻𝑧 𝑗𝜔𝜇
𝐸𝑦 = = (−D1sinAx(A)+D2cos Ax(A))D3cosBy}𝐷5𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
ℎ2 𝜕𝑥 ℎ2

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 𝑗𝜔𝜇
𝐸𝑦 = 2 (−D1sinAx(A)+D2cos Ax(A))D3cosBy. 𝐷5𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
ℎ
Ey=0, at x=0;
𝑗𝜔𝜇
0= 0+D2cos 0(A)).D3cosBy}𝐷5𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
ℎ2
D2.A(D3cosBy)𝐷5𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧 =0
If A= 0 then Ey will be abruptly zero, ∴ 𝐷2 = 0
𝑗𝜔𝜇
𝐸𝑦 = −D1sinAx(A)D3cosBy. 𝐷5𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
ℎ2
Ey=0, at x=a;
𝑗𝜔𝜇
𝐸𝑦 =0= 2 −D1.A.sinAa.D3cosBy. 𝐷5𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
ℎ
D.sinAa.cosBy. 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧 =0; (D1.D3.D5=D)
Already vaiable B is evaluated in Ex..
𝑚𝜋
sinAa=0 =>A=
𝑎

14
Substituting the results of Boundary condtn. In Hz
𝑛𝜋 𝑚𝜋
D4=0; B= ; D2=0; A=
𝑏 𝑎
𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑦 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝐻𝑧 =D cos cos 𝑒 -----(3)
𝑎 𝑏
The corresponding transverse component can be obtained as,
𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝜕𝐻𝑧 𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝜕 𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑦 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝐸𝑥 =- 2 =- 2 {D cos cos 𝑒 }
ℎ 𝜕𝑦 ℎ 𝜕𝑦 𝑎 𝑏
𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑦 𝑛𝜋 −𝑗𝛽𝑧 𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑦 𝑛𝜋 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
=- 2 {Dcos (-sin( ). 𝑒 )}= 2 {Dcos sin . 𝑒 }
ℎ 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏 ℎ 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏
𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝜕𝐻𝑧 𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝜕 𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑦 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝐸𝑦 = 2 = {D cos cos 𝑒 }
ℎ 𝜕𝑥 ℎ2 𝜕𝑥 𝑎 𝑏
𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝑚𝜋 𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑦 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝐸𝑦 = 2 D. (-sin ) cos 𝑒
ℎ 𝑎 𝑎 𝑏

15
Similarly magnetic field components can be obtained as,
𝑗𝜔𝜖 𝜕𝐸𝑧 𝑗𝛽 𝜕𝐻𝑧 𝑗𝜔𝜖 𝜕𝐸𝑧 𝑗𝛽 𝜕𝐻𝑧
𝐻𝑦 =- 2 - 2 ; 𝐻𝑥 = 2 - 2
ℎ 𝜕𝑥 ℎ 𝜕𝑦 ℎ 𝜕𝑦 ℎ 𝜕𝑥
𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑦 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
Ez=0; 𝐻𝑧 =D cos cos 𝑒
𝑎 𝑏
𝑗𝛽 𝜕𝐻𝑧 𝑗𝛽 𝜕 𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑦 −𝑗𝛽𝑧 𝑗𝛽 𝑛𝜋 𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑦 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝐻𝑦 =- 2 = - 2 {D cos cos 𝑒 }= 2 D cos sin 𝑒
ℎ 𝜕𝑦 ℎ 𝜕𝑦 𝑎 𝑏 ℎ 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
𝑗𝛽 𝜕𝐻𝑧 𝑗𝛽 𝜕 𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑦 −𝑗𝛽𝑧 𝑗𝛽 𝑚𝜋 𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑦
𝐻𝑥 =- 2 =- 2 {D cos cos 𝑒 }= 2 D s𝑖𝑛 cos
𝑒−𝑗𝛽𝑧 ℎ 𝜕𝑥 ℎ 𝜕𝑥 𝑎 𝑏 ℎ 𝑎 𝑎 𝑏

𝑚𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 2
ℎ2 =𝐴2 +𝐵2 =( ) +( )
𝑎 𝑏
𝑚𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 2
𝛽 2 =𝜔2 𝜇𝜖 2 2
− ℎ =𝜔 𝜇𝜖 − ( ) − ( )
𝑎 𝑏
2 𝑚𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 2
For the wave to propagate 𝛽 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙, 𝜔 𝜇𝜖 ≥ ( ) +( )
𝑎 𝑏
1 𝑚𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 2 1 1 𝑚𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 2
𝜔= ( ) + ( ) ; 𝑓𝑐 = {( ) + ( ) }
𝜇𝜀 𝑎 𝑏 2𝜋 𝜇𝜀 𝑎 𝑏
16
◼ The cutoff frequency occurs when


=
m 
+

n
=
+ =
2 2

    then
2
When
c j 0
a b

fc=
11 m 
n
2 2

or  +  
 
2 a b

◼ Evanescent:
2 

m

When

+

n
 =

=
 
and
0
2 2


a
b
 Means no propagation, everything is attenuated

◼ Propagation: 
m




+
When

n
 = 

=
jand
0
 
2
2 2


a
b
 This is the case we are interested since is
when the wave is allowed to travel through the guide.
attenuation Propagation
of mode mn

fc,mn
17
 TEM Wave in Rectangular waveguide
For TEM wave Select both Ez=0 and Hz=0,
Both E & H will have only transverse components. Since H-fields close on
themselves , the H-field form loop in XY plane. According to amperes law H-
field must enclose a current. Wave guide is hollow no conduction current
enclosed, only displacement current possible, but the displacement current
will need a longitudinal field which is not present for TEM mode.

18
 Dominant modes in Rectangular waveguide
• From the field expressions the m and n represent the mode of propagation and in
dicates the number of half cycle variations of the field in the x and y directions.
• Note that for the TE mode,
• The dominant mode is the mode with lowest cutoff frequency.
𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑦 𝑛𝜋 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝐸𝑥 = 2 Dcos sin . 𝑒 m n Nature of fields Cut-off freq
ℎ 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏
𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝑚𝜋 𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑦 −𝑗𝛽𝑧 0 0 All fields are zero -
𝐸𝑦 = 2 D. (-sin ) cos 𝑒 0 1 Ex & Hy exists
ℎ 𝑎 𝑎 𝑏 Fc1
Ey & Hx=0 – Wave propagation
𝑗𝛽 𝑛𝜋 𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑦 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝐻𝑦 = 2 D cos sin 𝑒 possible
ℎ 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 1 0 Ex & Hy =0
−𝑗𝛽 𝑚𝜋 𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑦 −𝑗𝛽𝑧 Fc2
𝐻𝑥 = 2 D cos sin 𝑒 Ey & Hx exists Wave propagation
ℎ 𝑎 𝑎 𝑏 possible
It’s always TE10
The order of the next modes change depending on the dimensions of the guide.
19
TM Waves field expressions
If either m or n zero makes all field to zero, there fore both m and n
should exist. The minimum value applicable is m=n=1,
Fc for this case is greater than fc1 and fc2.
  m   mx  ny  −z
Ex = − 2  Eo cos sin e
h  a   a   b 
  n   mx  ny  −z
Ey = − 2  Eo sin cos e
h b  a   b 
j n   mx  ny  −z
Hx = 2  Eo sin cos e
h b  a   b 
j m   mx  ny  −z
Hy = − 2  Eo cos sin e
h  a   a   b  20
    

c
2
When=
 + =

  then+j=0
a b
• Cut-off Frequency
fc=
11 m 
+

n
2 2

or    
 
2 a b
Always a>b, Therefore Fc2<Fc1.
Therefore the dominant mode for rectangular waveguide is TE10
𝜔 𝑚𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 2
Phase velocity(Vp)=> 𝑉𝑝 = ; 𝛽2 =𝜔2 𝜇𝜖 − ℎ2 =𝜔2 𝜇𝜖 − ( ) − ( )
𝛽 𝑎 𝑏
𝑚𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 2 1 𝑚𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 2
𝛽= 𝜔 2 𝜇𝜖 − ( ) + ( ) =ω 𝜇𝜖 1 − 2 ( ) + ( )
𝑎 𝑏 𝜔 𝜇𝜀 𝑎 𝑏

2
1 𝑚𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 2 𝑓𝑐
= ω 𝜇𝜖 1 − ( ) + ( ) =ω 𝜇𝜖 1 −
(2𝜋𝑓)2 𝜇𝜀 𝑎 𝑏 𝑓
𝜔 𝜔 𝑣
𝑉𝑝 = = =
𝛽
𝑓𝑐 2 𝑓𝑐 2
ω 𝜇𝜖 1− 𝑓
1− 𝑓

21
 Group Velocity
The speed at which information travels is given by the group velocity vg.
In unbounded space, vg=vp
So the speed of information is equal to the phase velocity in that case.
In a rectangular waveguide
2 2
1 𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑐
𝑣𝑔 = 𝑑𝛽 => 𝛽 = ω 𝜇𝜖 1 − = 𝜇𝜖 𝜔2 1 −
𝑓 𝑓
𝑑𝜔

2 −0.5
𝑑𝛽 1 𝑓𝑐 𝜇𝜖
= 𝜇𝜖 𝜔2 [1 − ] . 2𝜔 =
𝑑𝜔 2 𝑓
𝑓𝑐 2
1− 𝑓
𝑓𝑐 2
1−
1 𝑓 𝜐
𝑣𝑔 = 𝑑𝛽 = =
𝜇𝜖 𝑓𝑐 2
𝑑𝜔 1−
𝑓

2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 𝑣 𝜆
Guided wavelength 𝜆𝑔 = = = = =
𝛽 𝑓𝑐 2 2𝜋𝑓 𝜇𝜖
𝑓𝑐 2 𝑓𝑐 2 𝑓𝑐 2
𝜔 𝜇𝜖 1− 1−
𝑓
𝑓 1−
𝑓
1−
𝑓 22
𝑓
 Rectangular Waveguide TM Modes
(Cont’d..)
2
The cutoff wavelength, c =
2 2
m n
  + 
 a  a
The phase constant,
2
 fc 
 =   1 −  
 f 

The intrinsic wave impedance,

2
 fc  Where,  ' =  Intrinsic impedance
TM =  ' 1 −   in the medium
 f  
Phase velocity and impedance

24