Analysis of

Transmission Lines

Dr. H. Rahaman, Associate Professor

Department of Electronics and Communication, BKBIET Pilani
 Objective

 Analysis of Transmission line model.

 Rectangular waveguide design.
 Find different modes – TE/ TM.
 Different parameters related to each mode.
 Recap

 We discussed on uniform plane waves and equations

and characteristics – impedance, phase velocity, phase
constant, wavenumber etc.
 Concept of modes and different kind of modes.
 Different types of losses in these modes.
 Electromagnetic Waves Transmission

Electromagnetic waves are carried from one point to other by

different means – Coaxial line, two wire line, strip line, micro
strip line, optical fiber, waveguides etc.
Two wire lines are inexpensive but lacks shielding.
Coaxial lines are shielded but are difficult to fabricate complex
microwave components in a medium.
Waveguides have the advantage of high power handling capacity and
low loss but are bulky and expensive at low frequencies.
Planar transmission lines provide an alternative in the form of
stripline, micro stripline, slot lines, co planar waveguides etc.
 Waveguide components
Waveguide – Basically a hollow metal pipe in rectangular or circular
form. Based on dimension, it allows rf frequencies in a certain range.

Straight sections waveguide Coupler waveguide

Isolator Terminator Power divider/ Tees

 Rectangular waveguide

 Rectangular waveguides are one of the earliest types

of transmission lines used to transport microwave signals and
are still in used today.
 High power microwave systems, satellite systems, some
precise applications for scientific and industrial requirement.
 Hollow rectangular waveguide supports TE and TM modes
but not TEM modes because it has only one conductor.
 TE and TM modes have cut off frequencies below which
propagation is not possible.
 TE Modes

The waveguide is filled with a material of permittivity 𝜖 and

permeability 𝜇 .
TE mode is characterized by Ez = 0, Hz  0. The wave equation is
𝜵𝟐 𝑯 𝒛 + 𝒌 𝟐 𝑯 𝒛 = 0 where 𝑯𝒛 = 𝒉𝒛 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒆−𝒋𝜷𝒛
𝜕
Reduces to two dimensional 2 𝜕2 2
wave equation. 2
+ 2
+ 𝑘 𝑐 𝐻𝑧 = 0 𝒌𝒄 = 𝒌 𝟐 − 𝜷𝟐
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

The partial differential equation can be solved by using Cutoff wave number
separation of variables. for TE waves .

𝒉𝒛 = 𝑿 𝒙 𝒀(𝒚)
 TE Modes
𝜕2 𝜕2
Wave + + 𝑘 2
𝐻𝑧 = 0 𝒌𝒄 = 𝒌 𝟐 − 𝜷𝟐
2 2 𝑐
equation 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Substitute by separation of variables. ℎ𝑧 = 𝑋 𝑥 𝑌(𝑦)

2
1𝑑 𝑋
+ +𝑘 =0
𝑋 𝑑 𝑥 2
2
𝑑2 2 1𝑑 𝑌
𝑌 𝑑𝑦 2

2
𝑐
Each of
the term will be equal to constant
𝑋 2 𝑑 𝑌 2
2 = −𝑘𝑥 𝑋(𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 2 = −𝑘 𝑦 𝑌(𝑦) ⟹ 𝑘𝑐2 = 𝑘𝑥2 + 𝑘𝑦2
𝑑𝑥
The general equation is

Recall
Boundary condition tells that the tangential electric field on the waveguide wall
will be zero.
𝑒𝑥 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0 𝑦 = 0, 𝑏

𝑒𝑦 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0 𝑥 = 0, 𝑎
 TE Modes
𝑒𝑥 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0 𝑦 = 0, 𝑏

𝑒𝑦 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0 𝑥 = 0, 𝑎

𝑛𝜋 𝑚𝜋
𝐷 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘𝑦 = 𝑏 𝐵 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘𝑥 =
𝑎 𝑯𝒛 = 𝒉𝒛 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒆−𝒋𝜷𝒛

From

The complete solution is 𝑯𝒛 = 𝒉𝒛 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒆−𝒋𝜷𝒛

𝒎𝝅𝒙 𝒏𝝅𝒚
𝑯𝒛 (𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) = 𝑯𝒐𝒛 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒆−𝒋𝜷𝒛
𝒂 𝒃
Hoz is an amplitude constant composed of constants A and C.
m, n = 0, 1, 2, 3,,……but both cannot be zero.
 TE Modes
𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑦
𝐻𝑧 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝑎 𝑏
𝐻𝑜𝑧 𝐶𝑜𝑠

The transverse components of the TEmn mode

Ex, Ey, Hx, Hy

Ez = 0, Hz ≠ 0

𝒌𝒄 = 𝒌 𝟐 − 𝜷𝟐

The propagation constant 𝛽= 𝑘 2 − 𝑘𝑐2

There are 3 conditions 𝒌𝟐 > 𝒌𝟐𝒄 𝒐𝒓 𝒌𝟐 < 𝒌𝟐𝒄 𝒐𝒓 𝒌𝟐 = 𝒌𝟐𝒄

Wave propagates Wave attenuates No propagation
 TE Modes
The propagation constant is real and 𝒌𝟐 > 𝒌𝟐𝒄 𝑘𝑐2 = 𝑘𝑥2 + 𝑘𝑦2
corresponding to a propagating mode.
𝑛𝜋 𝑚𝜋
Boundary condition states 𝐷 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘𝑦 = 𝑏 𝐵 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘𝑥 =
𝑎
The cut off wave number is 𝑘 = 𝜔 𝜇𝜖

𝑚𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 2 ⇒ 𝑘𝑐 = 𝜔𝑐 𝜇𝜖
𝑘𝑐 = 𝑘𝑥2 + 𝑘𝑦2 = +
𝑎 𝑏
Each mode (with a combination of m and n) has a cut off frequency given by

1 1 𝑚𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 2
𝑓𝑐 𝑚𝑛 = 𝑘𝑐 = +
2𝜋 𝜇𝜖 2𝜋 𝜇𝜖 𝑎 𝑏

The lowest mode with m=1, n=0 is TE10 mode 𝒂𝟏

𝒇𝒄𝟏𝟎 =
𝟐 𝝁𝝐
The frequency with lowest mode is called the dominant mode.
If m=n=0, then all transverse fields are zero.
 TE Modes
𝑣𝑝 𝑚 2 𝑛 2
Cut off frequency is 𝑓𝑐 𝑚 𝑛 = +
2 𝑎 𝑏
Where 𝑣𝑝 = 1/ 𝜇𝜖 is the phase velocity in unbounded dielectric.
𝒗
𝒑
Cut off frequency for the dominant TE10 𝒇𝒄𝟏𝟎 =
𝟐𝒂
mode
The propagation constant/ phase constant inside the waveguide is

𝛽 = 𝛽𝑔 = 𝑘 2 − 𝑘𝑐2 𝑘 = 𝜔 𝜇𝜖 ⇒ 𝑘𝑐 = 𝜔𝑐 𝜇𝜖

2
𝑓𝑐
𝛽𝑔 = 𝜔 𝜇𝜖 1 −
𝑓

The phase velocity in the waveguide is

𝑔 𝜔 1 𝜔 𝑓
𝑣 =𝛽 = or 𝑔
𝑣 = =
𝑔 2
𝛽𝑔
𝜇𝜖 1 − 𝑓𝑐 𝑐
𝑓
 𝑣𝑝

1 2
𝑓
−
 TE Modes
Recalling lecture 3-3

2
𝑓𝑐
𝛽𝑔 = 𝜔 𝜇𝜖 1 −
𝑓
(1) Ez =0

𝑗𝛽𝑔 𝐸𝑦 = −𝑗𝜔𝜇𝐻𝑥

−𝑗𝛽𝑔 𝐸𝑥 = −𝑗𝜔𝜇𝐻𝑦

The wave impedance of the waveguide is

𝑍 𝐸𝑥 𝐸𝑦 𝜔𝜇 𝜔𝜇 𝜇 1 Fo
𝑔 = =− = = =
𝐻𝑦 𝐻𝑥 𝛽𝑔 𝜖 𝜂 un
𝑓𝑐 2
𝑓𝑐
2 𝑍𝑔 = m
𝜇𝜖 1 − 1− 𝑓
𝜔 𝑓 𝑓𝑐
The guided wavelength is 1−
2𝜋 𝑓
𝜆𝑔 = = 𝜆 𝑣𝑝
2𝜋 𝛽𝑔 𝜆= 𝑓 𝜔𝜇
𝛽𝑔 = 𝑓𝑐 2 𝜂= 𝑘 =
𝜆𝑔
−
1 𝑓
2

𝜇
𝜖
 TE10 Mode 𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑦
𝜋𝑥 𝑒 𝐻𝑧 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑎
𝐶𝑜𝑠
𝑏
𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝐻𝑧 = −𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝑎
𝐻𝑜𝑧 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝐻𝑜𝑧 𝐶𝑜𝑠

the transverse field components are

the dominant TE10 mode
frequency 𝒗𝒑
𝒇𝒄𝟏𝟎 =
𝟐 𝒂
𝜋𝑥
𝐸𝑦 = 𝐸𝑜𝑦 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝑎
𝜋𝑥
𝐻𝑥 =
𝑎 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝐻𝑜𝑥 𝑆𝑖𝑛

Ex= Hy= Ez=0

 TE Modes 𝑣 2
𝑝 𝑚 𝑛 2
We can calculate modes/ frequencies for given 𝑐 = +
𝑓 𝑚𝑛 2 𝑎 𝑏
dimensions

The mode with lowest cut off frequencies in a particular waveguide is called
a dominant mode. For a>b in a rectangular waveguide, the dominant mode is
TE10. Each mode has a specific field pattern.
 TE Mode- Problem
Given an air filled waveguide. Find cut off
frequency. Find other parameters at 3.5 GHz.
𝑣 𝐶 𝐶 3𝑥108
𝑝
𝑓𝑐10 = = 𝑓𝑐10 = = = 2.14 𝐺𝐻𝑧
2𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑥7𝑥10−2
Phase velocity
1 𝑣𝑝
1 𝑐
= 1.26 𝑣𝑔 = = 3𝑥108 𝑥1.26 = 3.78𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠
𝑓 10
2=
2.14
2
𝑓 2
1− 1 − 3.5 𝑐
𝑓 −
1 𝑓
Guide wavelength
Phase constant
𝜆 1.26𝑥3𝑥1010
𝜆𝑔 = = = 10.8𝑐𝑚 2𝜋
2 3.5𝑥109 𝛽𝑔 = = 0.58𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑐𝑚
𝑓 𝜆𝑔
1− 𝑐
𝑓

Waveguide impedance
𝜂
𝑍𝑔 =
120𝜋𝑥1.26 = 475Ω
= 2
1 − 𝑓𝑐
𝑓
TE Mode- Field Pattern
 TM Modes

The waveguide is filled with a material of permittivity 𝜖 and

permeability 𝜇 .
TE mode is characterized by Ez  0, Hz = 0. The wave equation is
𝜵𝟐 𝑬𝒛 + 𝒌 𝟐 𝑬𝒛 = 0 where 𝑬𝒛 = 𝒆𝒛 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒆−𝒋𝜷𝒛
𝜕
Reduces to two dimensional 2 𝜕2 2
wave equation. 2
+ 2
+ 𝑘 𝑐 𝐸𝑧 = 0 𝒌𝒄 = 𝒌 𝟐 − 𝜷𝟐
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

The partial differential equation can be solved by using Cutoff wave number
separation of variables. for TE waves .

𝒆𝒛 = 𝑿 𝒙 𝒀(𝒚)
 TM
𝜕
Modes
2 𝜕2
Wave + + 𝑘 2
𝐸𝑧 = 0 𝒌𝒄 = 𝒌 𝟐 − 𝜷𝟐
2 2 𝑐
equation 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Substitute by separation of variables. 𝐸𝑧 = 𝑋 𝑥 𝑌(𝑦)

1 𝑑2 𝑋 1 𝑑2 𝑌
2 + 2
+ 𝑘𝑐2 = 0
𝑋 𝑑𝑥 𝑌 𝑑𝑦
Each of the term will be equal to constant
𝑑2 𝑋 2 𝑑2 𝑌
2 = −𝑘𝑥 𝑋(𝑥) 2
2
= −𝑘𝑦 𝑌(𝑦) ⟹ 𝑘𝑐2 = 𝑘𝑥2 + 𝑘𝑦2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
The general equation is

Boundary condition tells that the tangential electric field on the waveguide wall
will be zero.
𝑒𝑧 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0 𝑥 = 0, 𝑎
𝑒𝑧 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0 𝑦 = 0, 𝑏
Using boundary conditions
TM Modes
𝑒𝑧 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0 𝑥 = 0, 𝑎
𝑒𝑧 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0 𝑦 = 0, 𝑏
𝑚𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝐴 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘𝑥 = 𝐶 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘𝑦 = 𝑏
𝑎
The complete solution is 𝑬𝒛 = 𝒆𝒛 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒆−𝒋𝜷𝒛
𝒎𝝅𝒙 𝒋𝜷𝒛
𝑬𝒛 (𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) = 𝑬𝒐𝒛 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒏𝝅𝒚 𝒆−
𝒂 𝒃
Eoz is amplitude constant due to constants A and C. m, n = 1, 2, 3,,…….
The transverse components of the TMmn mode
The propagation constant
𝛽 = 𝑘2 − 𝑘2
𝑐

Ex, Ey, Hx, Hy

Ez = 0, Hz ≠ 0

𝒌𝒄 = 𝒌 𝟐 − 𝜷𝟐
 TM Modes
The propagation constant is real and 𝒌𝟐 > 𝒌𝟐𝒄
𝛽= 𝑘 2 − 𝑘𝑐2
corresponding to a propagating mode.
The frequency of different modes is given 𝑘𝑐2 = 𝑘𝑥2 + 𝑘𝑦2
by
1 𝑚𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 2 𝑣𝑝 2 𝑛 2
𝑓𝑐 𝑚 𝑛 = + = +
2𝜋 𝜇𝜖 𝑎 𝑚𝑏 𝑏
2 𝑎
The propagation constant/ phase The phase velocity in the waveguide is
constant inside the waveguide is
𝜔 𝑣𝑝
𝑔 2 𝑣𝑔 = =
𝑓𝑐 𝛽𝑔 2
𝛽 = 𝜔 𝜇𝜖 1 − 𝑓 𝑓𝑐
1− 𝑓

The guided wavelength is The wave impedance of the waveguide

is
 2𝜋 𝜆
𝜆𝑔 = = 𝛽 𝑓
𝛽 𝑔 2 𝑔 𝑐
2
𝑓𝑐 𝑍𝑔 = = 1−
1− 𝑓 𝜔𝜖 𝑓
𝜂
 TM Modes
We can calculate modes/ frequencies for given 𝑣 2
𝑝 𝑚 𝑛 2
dimensions 𝑐 = +
𝑓 𝑚𝑛 2 𝑎 𝑏

TM mode field pattern

TE mode TM mode
 Summary

 Design of rectangular waveguides.

 Different modes: TE and TM modes of propagation.
 Dominant mode, higher order modes.
 Different parameters calculation like phase constant,
phase velocity, impedance & wavelength correspond
to each mode.
 TE & TM modes pattern in rectangular waveguides.
Thank you !