La Consolacion College Bacolod

Galo corner Gatuslao Streets, Bacolod City, 6100 Philippines

Tel. Nos. +63(34) 4349661 to 64 | Fax +63(34)4335190
Website: www.lcc.edu.ph | Email: principal.shs@lccbonline.edu.ph

Instructional Module for Basic Calculus

UNIT 2: Basic Concepts of Derivatives

Lesson 7 – Optimization

OVERVIEW
One common application of calculus is calculating the minimum or maximum
value of a function. For example, companies often want to minimize production costs
or maximize revenue. In manufacturing, it is often desirable to minimize the amount
of material used to package a product with a certain volume. In this section, we show
how to set up these types of minimization and maximization problems and solve them
by using the tools developed in this lesson.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:

a. Cognitive: determine the concepts about optimization.
b. Affective: evaluate the maximum and minimum points on curves in
optimization problem.
c. Psychomotor: Set up and solve optimization problems in several applied
fields.
“Prayer before class”

Direct, we beg You, O Lord. Our actions by Your Holy inspirations,

And carry them on by Your gracious assistance,
That by every prayer and work of ours may begin always with You,
And through You be happily ended.
Amen.

LEARNING EXPERIENCES

Warm-Up Activity
For the following activity, find the critical points in the domains of the
following functions.(see the given example)
Example: find the critical points 𝑦 = −3𝑥 2 + 15𝑥 + 1
Solution:
Step 1: find the derivative of the function
𝑦′ = −6𝑥 + 15
Step 2: equate the derived function to zero. 𝑦 ′ = 0
0 = −6𝑥 + 15
Step 3: solve for x
6𝑥 = 15
𝑥 = 2.5
Step 4: go back to the original equation, substitute the value of x and solve for y.
 𝑦 = −3(2.5)2 + 15(2.5) + 1
𝑦 = 19.75
Thus the critical point (𝑥, 𝑦) of the function 𝑦 = −3𝑥 2 + 15𝑥 + 1 is at (2.5,19.75).

Now try to do the following!

1.𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5

2. 𝑦 = 4𝑥 3 − 3𝑥

3. 𝑦 = 4√𝑥 − 𝑥 2

1
4. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2

5. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 2

Guide Questions

As you proceed with your learning materials, take note of the following guide
questions that will help you better understand your lesson:
 What is optimization?
 How does optimization works?
 What are the steps used in solving optimization problem?
 What are the problems involves in solving optimization problem?

Your Learning Materials

Solving Optimization Problems over a Closed, Bounded Interval

The basic idea of the optimization problems that follow is the same. We have
a particular quantity that we are interested in maximizing or minimizing. However,
we also have some auxiliary condition that needs to be satisfied. For example, in
Example 1, we are interested in maximizing the area of a rectangular garden.
Certainly, if we keep making the side lengths of the garden larger, the area will
continue to become larger. However, what if we have some restriction on how much
fencing we can use for the perimeter? In this case, we cannot make the garden as
large as we like. Let’s look at how we can maximize the area of a rectangle subject
to some constraint on the perimeter.

Example 1: Maximizing the Area of a Garden

A rectangular garden is to be constructed using a rock wall as one side of the
garden and wire fencing for the other three sides (Figure 1). Given 100 ft of wire
fencing, determine the dimensions that would create a garden of maximum area.
What is the maximum area?

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 Figure 1. We want to determine the measurements x and y that will create
a garden with a maximum area using 100 ft of fencing.

Solution
Let x denote the length of the side of the garden perpendicular to the rock
wall and y denote the length of the side parallel to the rock wall. Then the area of
the garden is

𝐴 = 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑦.
We want to find the maximum possible area subject to the constraint that
the total fencing is 100ft. From Figure 1, the total amount of fencing used will be
2𝑥 + 𝑦. Therefore, the constraint equation is

2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 100.
Solving this equation for y, we have 𝑦 = 100 − 2𝑥. Thus, we can write the area
as

𝐴(𝑥) = 𝑥 ⋅ (100 − 2𝑥) = 100𝑥 − 2𝑥 2

Before trying to maximize the area function 𝐴(𝑥) = 100𝑥 − 2𝑥 2, we need to
determine the domain under consideration. To construct a rectangular garden, we
certainly need the lengths of both sides to be positive. Therefore, we need 𝑥 > 0 and
𝑦 > 0. Since 𝑦 = 100 − 2𝑥, if 𝑦 > 0, then 𝑥 < 50. Therefore, we are trying to determine
the maximum value of 𝐴(𝑥) for x over the open interval (0,50). We do not know that
a function necessarily has a maximum value over an open interval. However, we do
know that a continuous function has an absolute maximum (and absolute
minimum) over a closed interval. Therefore, let’s consider the function 𝐴(𝑥) = 100𝑥 −
2𝑥 2 over the closed interval [0,50]. If the maximum value occurs at an interior point,
then we have found the value x in the open interval (0,50) that maximizes the area
of the garden. Therefore, we consider the following problem:

Maximize 𝐴(𝑥) = 100𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 over the interval [0,50].

As mentioned earlier, since A is a continuous function on a closed, bounded

interval, by the extreme value theorem, it has a maximum and a minimum. These

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extreme values occur either at endpoints or critical points. At the endpoints, 𝐴(𝑥) =
0. Since the area is positive for all x in the open interval (0,50), the maximum must
occur at a critical point. Differentiating the function 𝐴(𝑥), we obtain
𝐴′(𝑥) = 100 − 4𝑥.
Therefore, the only critical point is 𝑥 = 25 (Figure 2). We conclude that the
maximum area must occur when 𝑥 = 25. Then we have 𝑦 = 100 − 2𝑥 = 100 − 2(25) =
50. To maximize the area of the garden, let 𝑥 = 25 ft and 𝑦 = 50𝑓𝑡. The area of this
garden is 1250𝑓𝑡 2 .

The function 𝐴(𝑥) = 100𝑥 – 2𝑥 2 is graphed. At its maximum there is an

intersection of two dashed lines and text that reads “Maximum area is 1250 square
feet when 𝑥 = 25 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡.”

Figure 2. To maximize the area of the garden, we need to find the maximum
value of the function 𝐴(𝑥) = 100𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 .

PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY: SOLVING OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS

1. Introduce all variables. If applicable, draw a figure and label all variables.
2. Determine which quantity is to be maximized or minimized, and for what
range of values of the other variables (if this can be determined at this time).
3. Write a formula for the quantity to be maximized or minimized in terms of
the variables. This formula may involve more than one variable.
4. Write any equations relating the independent variables in the formula from
step 3. Use these equations to write the quantity to be maximized or
minimized as a function of one variable.
5. Identify the domain of consideration for the function in step 4 based on the
physical problem to be solved.
6. Locate the maximum or minimum value of the function from step 4. This
step typically involves looking for critical points and evaluating a function at
endpoints.

Now let’s apply this strategy to maximize the volume of an open-top box given a
constraint on the amount of material to be used.

Example 2: Maximizing the Volume of a Box

An open-top box is to be made from a 24 in. by 36 in. piece of cardboard by
removing a square from each corner of the box and folding up the flaps on each

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side. What size square should be cut out of each corner to get a box with the
maximum volume?

Solution
Step 1: Let x be the side length of the square to be removed from each corner
(Figure 3). Then, the remaining four flaps can be folded up to form an open-top box.
Let V be the volume of the resulting box.

Figure 3. A square with side length x inches is removed from each corner of the piece of
cardboard. The remaining flaps are folded to form an open-top box.

Step 2: We are trying to maximize the volume of a box. Therefore, the problem is to
maximize V.
Step 3: As mentioned in step 2, are trying to maximize the volume of a box. The
volume of a box is 𝑉 = 𝐿 ⋅ 𝑊 ⋅ 𝐻, where L,W,andH are the length, width, and height,
respectively.

Step 4: From Figure 3, we see that the height of the box is 𝑥 inches, the length is
36 − 2𝑥 inches, and the width is 24 − 2𝑥 inches. Therefore, the volume of the box is

𝑉(𝑥) = (36 − 2𝑥)(24 − 2𝑥)𝑥 = 4𝑥 3 − 120𝑥 2 + 864𝑥.

Step 5: To determine the domain of consideration, let’s examine Figure 3.

Certainly, we need 𝑥 > 0. Furthermore, the side length of the square cannot be
greater than or equal to half the length of the shorter side, 24 𝑖𝑛.; otherwise, one of
the flaps would be completely cut off. Therefore, we are trying to determine whether
there is a maximum volume of the box for x over the open interval (0,12). Since V is
a continuous function over the closed interval [0,12], we know 𝑉 will have an
absolute maximum over the closed interval. Therefore, we consider 𝑉 over the closed
interval [0,12] and check whether the absolute maximum occurs at an interior point.

Step 6: Since 𝑉(𝑥) is a continuous function over the closed, bounded interval
[0,12], V must have an absolute maximum (and an absolute minimum). Since
V(x)=0 at the endpoints and 𝑉(𝑥) > 0 for 0 < 𝑥 < 12, the maximum must occur at a
critical point. The derivative is

𝑉′(𝑥) = 12𝑥 2 − 240𝑥 + 864.

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To find the critical points, we need to solve the equation

12𝑥 2 − 240𝑥 + 864 = 0.

Dividing both sides of this equation by 12, the problem simplifies to solving the
equation
𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 72 = 0.

−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
Using the quadratic formula 𝑥 = , we find that the critical points are
2𝑎
20 ± √202 − 4(1)(72) 20 ± √112 20 ± 4√7
𝑥= = = = −10 ± 2√7.
2(1) 2 2

Since 10 + 2√7 is not in the domain of consideration, the only critical point we need
to consider is 10 − 2√7.Therefore, the volume is maximized if we let 𝑥 = 10 − 2√7𝑖𝑛.
The maximum volume is 𝑉(10 − 2√7) = 640 + 448√7 ≈ 1825𝑖𝑛. 3 as shown in the
following graph.

Figure 4. Maximizing the volume of the box leads to finding the maximum value of a cubic
Example 3: Minimizing
polynomial. Travel Time
An island is 2mi due north of its closest point along a straight shoreline. A
visitor is staying at a cabin on the shore that is 6mi west of that point. The visitor is
planning to go from the cabin to the island. Suppose the visitor runs at a rate of
8mph and swims at a rate of 3mph. How far should the visitor run before swimming
to minimize the time it takes to reach the island?

Solution
Step 1: Let x be the distance running and let y be the distance swimming (Figure
5). Let T be the time it takes to get from the cabin to the island.

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 Figure 5. How can we choose x and y to minimize the travel time from the cabin to the island?

Step 2: The problem is to minimize T.

Step 3: To find the time spent traveling from the cabin to the island, add the time
spent running and the time spent swimming. Since Distance = Rate × Time
(𝐷 = 𝑅 × 𝑇), the time spent running is

𝐷𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥
𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = ,
𝑅𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 8
and the time spent swimming is

𝐷𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦
𝑇𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = .
𝑅𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 3
Therefore, the total time spent traveling is

𝑥 𝑦
+ . 𝑇=
8 3
Step 4: From Figure 5, the line segment of y miles forms the hypotenuse of a right
triangle with legs of length 2𝑚𝑖 and 6 − 𝑥 𝑚𝑖. Therefore, by the Pythagorean theorem,
22 + (6 − 𝑥)2 = 𝑦 2 , and we obtain 𝑦 = √(6 − 𝑥)2 + 4. Thus, the total time spent
traveling is given by the function

𝑥 √(6 − 𝑥)2 + 4
+ 𝑇(𝑥) =
8 3
Step 5: From Figure 5, we see that 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 6. Therefore, [0,6] is the domain of
consideration.

Step 6: Since 𝑇(𝑥) is a continuous function over a closed, bounded interval, it has a
maximum and a minimum. Let’s begin by looking for any critical points of T over
the interval [0,6]. The derivative is
1
′ (𝑥)
1 1 [(6 − 𝑥)2 + 4]−2 1 6−𝑥
𝑇 = − ⋅ 2(6 − 𝑥) = − .
8 2 3 8 3√(6 − 𝑥)2 + 4
If 𝑇′(𝑥) = 0, then

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 1 6−𝑥
= .
8 3√(6 − 𝑥)2 + 4

Therefore,

3√(6 − 𝑥)2 + 4 = 8(6 − 𝑥) 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 5.

Squaring both sides of this equation, we see that if x satisfies this equation, then x
must satisfy

9[(6 − 𝑥)2 + 4] = 64(6 − 𝑥)2 ,

which implies

55(6 − 𝑥)2 = 36.

We conclude that if x is a critical point, then x satisfies

36
(𝑥 − 6)2 =
.
55
Therefore, the possibilities for critical points are

6
𝑥 =6±
√55
6
Since 𝑥 = 6 + is not in the domain, it is not a possibility for a critical point. On the
√55
6
other hand, 𝑥 = 6 − is in the domain. Since we squared both sides of Equation 5
√55
6
to arrive at the possible critical points, it remains to verify that 𝑥 = 6 − satisfies
√55
6 6
Equation 5. Since 𝑥 = 6 − does satisfy that equation, we conclude that 𝑥 = 6 −
√55 √55
is a critical point, and it is the only one. To justify that the time is minimized for this
value of x, we just need to check the values of 𝑇(𝑥) at the endpoints 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 6,
6
and compare them with the value of 𝑇(𝑥) at the critical point 𝑥 = 6 − . We find that
√55
6
𝑇(0) ≈ 2.108ℎ and 𝑇(6) ≈ 1.417ℎ, whereas 𝑇 (6 − ) = 1.368ℎ. Therefore, we conclude
√55
that T has a local minimum at 𝑥 ≈ 5.19 𝑚𝑖.

Example 4: Maximizing Revenue

Owners of a car rental company have determined that if they charge customers 𝑝
dollars per day to rent a car, where 50 ≤ 𝑝 ≤ 200, the number of cars n they rent per
day can be modeled by the linear function 𝑛(𝑝) = 1000 − 5𝑝. If they charge $50 per
day or less, they will rent all their cars. If they charge $200 per day or more, they will
not rent any cars. Assuming the owners plan to charge customers between $50 per
day and $200 per day to rent a car, how much should they charge to maximize their
revenue?

Solution
Step 1: Let p be the price charged per car per day and let n be the number of cars
rented per day. Let R be the revenue per day.

Step 2: The problem is to maximize R.

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Step 3: The revenue (per day) is equal to the number of cars rented per day times the
price charged per car per day—that is, 𝑅 = 𝑛 × 𝑝.

Step 4: Since the number of cars rented per day is modeled by the linear function
𝑛(𝑝) = 1000 − 5𝑝, the revenue R can be represented by the function

𝑅(𝑝) = 𝑛 × 𝑝 = (1000 − 5𝑝)𝑝 = −5𝑝2 + 1000𝑝.

Step 5: Since the owners plan to charge between $50 per car per day and $200 per
car per day, the problem is to find the maximum revenue R(p) for p in the closed
interval [50,200].

Step 6: Since R is a continuous function over the closed, bounded interval [50,200],
it has an absolute maximum (and an absolute minimum) in that interval. To find the
maximum value, look for critical points. The derivative is 𝑅′(𝑝) = −10𝑝 + 1000.
Therefore, the critical point is 𝑝 = 100. When 𝑝 = 100, 𝑅(100) = $50,000. When 𝑝 = 50,
𝑅(𝑝) = $37,500. When p=200, 𝑅(𝑝) = $0. Therefore, the absolute maximum occurs at
𝑝 = $100. The car rental company should charge $100 per day per car to maximize
revenue as shown in the following figure.

Figure 6. To maximize revenue, a car rental company has to balance the price of a rental against the
number of cars people will rent at that price.

“Prayer after class”

Lord, thank you for giving us the opportunity to learn and the capacity to understand.
Let our knowledge be of service not only for the attainment of our goals but also for the benefit of
others. - Amen.

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 GLOSSARY

Optimization problems
problems that are solved by finding the maximum or minimum value of a function

REFERENCES
Gilbert Strang, Edwin “Jed” Herman. (Mar 30, 2016). Title of document. Retrieved from
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/4-7-applied-optimization-
problems
Larson, R. (2014). College Algebra Ninth Edition. (G. Whalen, S. Green, C. Ashton, S. Lugtu, &
L. Pham, Eds.) (Ninth Edit). Liz Covello Acquisitions. Retrieved from
www.cengagebrain.com.
Stewart, J. (2014). Calculus Early TranscEndEnTals. (K. Townes, Ed.) (EighTh Edi). 20 Channel
Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA Cengage: Cengage Learning. Retrieved from
www.cengage.com/highered
Stewart, J., RedLin, L., & Watson, S. (2016). Precalculus (Seventh Ed). 20 Channel Center
Street Boston, MA 02210 USA: Cengage Learning. Retrieved from
www.cengage.com/highered
University, M. S., & SullivanIII, M. (2013). ALGEBRA & TRIGONOMETRY. (A. Kelly, D. Murrin,
& J. Colella, Eds.) (Sixth Edit). Chicago State University: Pearson Education, Inc.
Retrieved from www.pearsonhighered.com/irc

HELPLINES
You may contact these persons in case you need assistance, we’d be happy to assist you,
always! 
 GUIDANCE OFFICE: (034) 434 9661 local 212
 EDUCATION TECHNOLOGY SPECIALIST: Ms. Razel S. Valdez
edtech@lccbonline.edu.ph (034) 434 9661 local 332
 CSF/COACH MENTOR (Grade 12): Ms. Wilma Grace Amar
wilmagraceamar@lccbonline.edu.ph (034) 434 9661 local 112
 CSF/COACH MENTOR (Grade 11): Mr. Joselito M. Diaz
joselitodiaz@lccbonline.edu.ph (034) 434 9661 local 312
 CAMPUS MINISTER: Ms. Mary Joy R. Servicio
maryjoyservicio@lccboline.edu.ph (034) 434 9661 local 211

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Task 1 – Estimating Limit numerically by constructing a table and
graphically by drawing a graph.
Name: Track 3
Section: Basic Calculus
Date of Submission: Lesson 7

A. For the following exercises, set up and evaluate each optimization problem. (Work in separate
paper to show each following solutions 10pts each)

1. Suppose the dimensions of the cardboard in Example 2 are 20 in. by 30 in. Let x be the side
length of each square and write the volume of the open-top box as a function of x. Determine
the domain of consideration for x.

2. A car rental company charges its customers p dollars per day, where 60 ≤ 𝑝 ≤ 150. It has found
that the number of cars rented per day can be modeled by the linear function 𝑛(𝑝) = 750 − 5𝑝.
How much should the company charge each customer to maximize revenue?

3. Suppose the island is 1 mi from shore, and the distance from the cabin to the point on the shore
closest to the island is 15mi. Suppose a visitor swims at the rate of 2.5mph and runs at a rate of
6mph. Let x denote the distance the visitor will run before swimming, and find a function for the
time it takes the visitor to get from the cabin to the island.

4. You have 400ft of fencing to construct a rectangular pen for cattle. What are the dimensions of
the pen that maximize the area?

5. 320. You have 800ft of fencing to make a pen for hogs. If you have a river on one side of your
property, what is the dimension of the rectangular pen that maximizes the area?

REMINDERS
 Task1 are to be submitted on ________________.
 Next week’s lesson: Chain Rule
Prepared by John Mark H. LIbo-on
Subject Teacher, Basic Calculus
Checked by GEFF B. SAGALA, MDC
Strand Chair, STEM

This instructional material is exclusively for LCCB only | Page 11

La Consolacion College Bacolod
Galo corner Gatuslao Streets, Bacolod City, 6100 Philippines
Tel. Nos. +63(34) 4349661 to 64 | Fax +63(34)4335190
Website: www.lcc.edu.ph | Email: principal.shs@lccbonline.edu.ph

Instructional Module for Basic Calculus

UNIT 2: Basic Concepts of Derivatives

Lesson 8 –Chain Rule

OVERVIEW
We have seen the techniques for differentiating basic functions
(𝑥 𝑛 , 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, 𝑒𝑡𝑐. ) as well as sums, differences, products, quotients, and constant
multiples of these functions. However, these techniques do not allow us to
differentiate compositions of functions, such as ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 3 ) or 𝑘(𝑥) = √3𝑥 2 + 1. In
this section, we study the rule for finding the derivative of the composition of two or
more functions.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:

a. Cognitive: State the chain rule for the composition of two functions.
b. Affective: Recognize the chain rule for a composition of three or more
functions.
c. Psychomotor:
 Apply the chain rule together with the power rule.
 Apply the chain rule and the product/quotient rules correctly in
combination when both are necessary.
“Prayer before class”

Direct, we beg You, O Lord. Our actions by Your Holy inspirations,

And carry them on by Your gracious assistance,
That by every prayer and work of ours may begin always with You,
And through You be happily ended.
Amen.

LEARNING EXPERIENCES

Warm-Up Activity

Complete the table to find the derivative of the function

Original function Rewrite Differentiate Simplify
5
1. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2
 3
2. 𝑦 =
2𝑥 4

6
3. 𝑦 = (5𝑥)3

Guide Questions

As you proceed with your learning materials, take note of the following guide
questions that will help you better understand your lesson:
 What is Chain Rule?
 What problem strategy are used in solving Chain Rule?
 Does Chain applies to the rules learned in the previous lessons?
 What particular set-up can we use chain rule?

Your Learning Materials

Deriving the Chain Rule

When we have a function that is a composition of two or more functions, we could
use all of the techniques we have already learned to differentiate it. However, using
all of those techniques to break down a function into simpler parts that we are able
to differentiate can get cumbersome. Instead, we use the chain rule, which states
that the derivative of a composite function is the derivative of the outer function
evaluated at the inner function times the derivative of the inner function.

To put this rule into context, let’s take a look at an example: ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 3 ). We can
think of the derivative of this function with respect to x as the rate of change of 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 3 )
relative to the change in x. Consequently, we want to know how 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 3 ) changes as x
changes. We can think of this event as a chain reaction: As x changes, 𝑥 3 changes,
which leads to a change in 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 3 ). This chain reaction gives us hints as to what is
involved in computing the derivative of 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 3 ). First of all, a change in x forcing a
change in 𝑥 3 suggests that somehow the derivative of 𝑥 3 is involved. In addition, the
change in 𝑥 3 forcing a change in 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 3 ) suggests that the derivative of 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑢) with
respect to u, where 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 , is also part of the final derivative.

We can take a more formal look at the derivative of ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 3 ) by setting up the
limit that would give us the derivative at a specific value a in the domain of ℎ(𝑥) =
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 3 ).

𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 3 ) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎3 )
ℎ′(𝑎) = lim .
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎

This expression does not seem particularly helpful; however, we can modify it by
multiplying and dividing by the expression 𝑥 3 − 𝑎3 to obtain

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 sin(𝑥 3 ) − sin(𝑎3 ) 𝑥 3 − 𝑎3
ℎ′(𝑎) = lim ∙
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 3 − 𝑎3 𝑥−𝑎
From the definition of the derivative, we can see that the second factor is the
derivative of 𝑥 3 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎. That is,

𝑥 3 − 𝑎3 𝑑
lim = 3 (𝑥 3 )𝑥=𝑎 = 3𝑎2
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑑

However, it might be a little more challenging to recognize that the first term is also
a derivative. We can see this by letting u=x3 and observing that as x→a,u→a3:

sin(𝑥 3 ) − sin(𝑎3 ) sin 𝑢 − sin(𝑎3 )

lim = lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 3 − 𝑎3 𝑥→𝑎 𝑢 − 𝑎3
𝑑
= (sin 𝑢)𝑢=𝑎
𝑑𝑢
= cos(𝑎3 )
Thus, ℎ′(𝑎) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎3 ) ⋅ 3𝑎2 .

In other words, if ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 3 ), then ℎ′(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 3 ) ⋅ 3𝑥 2 . Thus, if we think of

ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 3 ) as the composition (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) where 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 and
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 , then the derivative of ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 3 ) is the product of the derivative of
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 and the derivative of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 evaluated at the function
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 . At this point, we anticipate that for ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑔(𝑥)), it is quite likely that
ℎ′(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑔(𝑥))𝑔′(𝑥). As we determined above, this is the case for ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 3 ).

Now that we have derived a special case of the chain rule, we state the general case
and then apply it in a general form to other composite functions. An informal proof
is provided at the end of the section.

RULE: THE CHAIN RULE

Let f and g be functions. For all x in the domain of g for which g is differentiable at x
and f is differentiable at g(x), the derivative of the composite function

ℎ(𝑥) = (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))

is given by

ℎ′(𝑥) = 𝑓′(𝑔(𝑥))𝑔′(𝑥).
Alternatively, if y is a function of u, and u is a function of x, then

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ⋅ .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥

PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY: APPLYING THE CHAIN RULE

1. To differentiate ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)), begin by identifying 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥).
2. Find 𝑓′(𝑥) and evaluate it at 𝑔(𝑥) to obtain 𝑓′(𝑔(𝑥)).
3. Find 𝑔′(𝑥).
4. Write ℎ′(𝑥) = 𝑓′(𝑔(𝑥)) ⋅ 𝑔′(𝑥).
Note: When applying the chain rule to the composition of two or more functions, keep
in mind that we work our way from the outside function in. It is also useful to
remember that the derivative of the composition of two functions can be thought of

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as having two parts; the derivative of the composition of three functions has three
parts; and so on. Also, remember that we never evaluate a derivative at a derivative.

The Chain and Power Rules Combined

We can now apply the chain rule to composite functions, but note that we often need
to use it with other rules. For example, to find derivatives of functions of the form
𝑛
ℎ(𝑥) = (𝑔(𝑥)) , we need to use the chain rule combined with the power rule. To do so,
𝑛
we can think of ℎ(𝑥) = (𝑔(𝑥)) as 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) where 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛 . Then 𝑓′(𝑥) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 . Thus,
𝑛−1
𝑓′(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑛(𝑔(𝑥)) . This leads us to the derivative of a power function using the
chain rule,

𝑛−1
ℎ′(𝑥) = 𝑛(𝑔(𝑥)) 𝑔′(𝑥)

RULE: POWER RULE FOR COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS

For all values of x for which the derivative is defined, if
𝑛
ℎ(𝑥) = (𝑔(𝑥)) .
Then
𝑛−1
ℎ′(𝑥) = 𝑛(𝑔(𝑥)) 𝑔′(𝑥)

Example 1: Using the Chain and Power Rules

1
Find the derivative of ℎ(𝑥) = (3𝑥2 2.
+1)

Solution
1
First, rewrite ℎ(𝑥) = (3𝑥2 +1)2 = (3𝑥 2 + 1)−2 .

Applying the power rule with 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 1, we have

ℎ′(𝑥) = −2(3𝑥 2 + 1)−3 (6𝑥).

Rewriting back to the original form gives us

12𝑥
ℎ′(𝑥) = − .
(3𝑥2 + 1)3
Example 2: Using the Chain and Power Rules with a Trigonometric Function
Find the derivative of ℎ(𝑥) = sin3 𝑥.

Solution
First recall that sin3 𝑥 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)3 , so we can rewrite ℎ(𝑥) = sin3 𝑥 as ℎ(𝑥) = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)3 .

Applying the power rule with 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, we obtain

ℎ′(𝑥) = 3(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 3 sin2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

Example 3: Finding the Equation of a Tangent Line

1
Find the equation of a line tangent to the graph of ℎ(𝑥) = (3𝑥−5)2 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 2.
Solution

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Because we are finding an equation of a line, we need a point. The x-coordinate of the
1
point is 2. To find the y-coordinate, substitute 2 into ℎ(𝑥). Since ℎ(2) = (3(2)−5)2 = 1,
the point is (2,1).

For the slope, we need ℎ′(2). To find h′(x), first we rewrite ℎ(𝑥) = (3𝑥 − 5)−2 and apply
the power rule to obtain

ℎ′ (𝑥) = −2(3𝑥 − 5)−3 (3) = −6(3𝑥 − 5)−3 .

By substituting, we have ℎ′(2) = −6(3(2) − 5)−3 = −6. Therefore, the line has equation
𝑦 − 1 = −6(𝑥 − 2). Rewriting, the equation of the line is 𝑦 = −6𝑥 + 13.

Example 4. Using the Chain Rule on a General Cosine Function

Find the derivative of ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑔(𝑥)).

Solution
Think of ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑔(𝑥)) as 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) where 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥. Since 𝑓′(𝑥) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. we have
𝑓′(𝑔(𝑥)) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑔(𝑥)). Then we do the following calculation.

ℎ′(𝑥) = 𝑓′(𝑔(𝑥))𝑔′(𝑥) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑔(𝑥))𝑔′(𝑥) Apply the chain rule. Substitute 𝑓′(𝑔(𝑥)) =

−𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑔(𝑥)).
Thus, the derivative of ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑔(𝑥)) is given by ℎ′(𝑥) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑔(𝑥))𝑔′(𝑥).

Example 5.Using the Chain Rule on a Cosine Function

Find the derivative of ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(5𝑥 2 ).

Solution
Let 𝑔(𝑥) = 5𝑥 2 . Then 𝑔′(𝑥) = 10𝑥. Using the result from the previous example,

ℎ′ (𝑥) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛(5𝑥 2 ) ⋅ 10𝑥 = −10𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛(5𝑥 2 ).

Example 6. Using the Chain Rule on Another Trigonometric Function

Find the derivative of ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐(4𝑥 5 + 2𝑥).

Solution
Apply the chain rule to ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑔(𝑥)) to obtain

ℎ′(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑔(𝑥))𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑔(𝑥))𝑔′(𝑥).

In this problem, 𝑔(𝑥) = 4𝑥 5 + 2𝑥, so we have 𝑔′(𝑥) = 20𝑥 4 + 2. Therefore, we obtain

ℎ′(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐(4𝑥 5 + 2𝑥)𝑡𝑎𝑛(4𝑥 5 + 2𝑥)(20𝑥 4 + 2) = (20𝑥 4 + 2)𝑠𝑒𝑐(4𝑥 5 + 2𝑥)𝑡𝑎𝑛(4𝑥 5 + 2𝑥).

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Example 7: Combining the Chain Rule with the Product Rule
Find the derivative of ℎ(𝑥) = (2𝑥 + 1)5 (3𝑥 − 2)7 .

Solution
First apply the product rule, then apply the chain rule to each term of the product.

𝑑 𝑑
ℎ′ (𝑥) = 𝑑𝑥 ((2𝑥 + 1)5 ) ⋅ (3𝑥 − 2)7 + 𝑑𝑥 ((3𝑥 − 2)7 ) ⋅ (2𝑥 + 1)5 Apply the product rule.
4 7 6
= 5(2𝑥 + 1) ⋅ 2 ⋅ (3𝑥 − 2) + 7(3𝑥 − 2) ⋅ 3 ⋅ (2𝑥 + 1) 5
Apply the chain rule.
= 10(2𝑥 + 1)4 (3𝑥 − 2)7 + 21(3𝑥 − 2)6 (2𝑥 + 1)5 Simplify
4 6
= (2𝑥 + 1) (3𝑥 − 2) (10(3𝑥 − 2) + 21(2𝑥 + 1)) Factor out.(2𝑥 + 1)4 (3𝑥 − 2)6
4
= (72𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 + 1) (3𝑥 − 2) 6
Simplify.

RULE: CHAIN RULE FOR A COMPOSITION OF THREE FUNCTIONS

For all values of x for which the function is differentiable, if

𝑘(𝑥) = ℎ(𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))),

then

𝑘′(𝑥) = ℎ′(𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)))𝑓′(𝑔(𝑥))𝑔′(𝑥).

Example 8. Differentiating a Composite of Three Functions

Find the derivative of 𝑘(𝑥) = cos4 (7𝑥 2 + 1).

Solution
First, rewrite 𝑘(𝑥) as

4
𝑘(𝑥) = (𝑐𝑜𝑠(7𝑥 2 + 1)) .

Then apply the chain rule several times.

𝑑
𝑘 ′ (𝑥) = 4(cos(7𝑥 2 + 1))3 (𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠(7𝑥 2 + 1)) Apply the chain.

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 𝑑
= 4(cos(7𝑥 2 + 1))3 (− sin(7𝑥 2 + 1)) ( (7𝑥 2 + 1)) Apply the chain.
𝑑𝑥

= 4(cos(7𝑥 2 + 1))3 (− sin(7𝑥 2 + 1))(14𝑥) Apply the chain.

= −56𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛(7𝑥 2 + 1) cos 3(7𝑥2 + 1) Simplify.

Example 9. Using the Chain Rule in a Velocity Problem

A particle moves along a coordinate axis. Its position at time t is given by 𝑠(𝑡) =
𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑡) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(3𝑡). What is the velocity of the particle at time 𝑡 = 6 ?

Solution
To find 𝑣(𝑡), the velocity of the particle at time 𝑡, we must differentiate 𝑠(𝑡). Thus,

𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑠′(𝑡) = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑡) − 3𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝑡).

𝜋 𝜋
Substituting 𝑡 = 6 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑣(𝑡), we obtain 𝑣 ( 6 ) = −2.

“Prayer after class”

Lord, thank you for giving us the opportunity to learn and the capacity to understand.
Let our knowledge be of service not only for the attainment of our goals but also for the benefit of
others. - Amen.

GLOSSARY

CHAIN RULE
Is defined as f and g be functions. For all x in the domain of g for which g is
differentiable at x and f is differentiable at g(x), the derivative of the composite
function

ℎ(𝑥) = (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))

is given by

ℎ′(𝑥) = 𝑓′(𝑔(𝑥))𝑔′(𝑥).
Alternatively, if y is a function of u, and u is a function of x, then

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ⋅ .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥

POWER RULE FOR COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS

For all values of x for which the derivative is defined, if
𝑛
ℎ(𝑥) = (𝑔(𝑥)) .
Then
𝑛−1
ℎ′(𝑥) = 𝑛(𝑔(𝑥)) 𝑔′(𝑥)

This instructional material is exclusively for LCCB only | Page 7

 REFERENCES
Gilbert Strang, Edwin “Jed” Herman. (Mar 30, 2016). Title of document. Retrieved from
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/4-7-applied-optimization-
problems
Larson, R. (2014). College Algebra Ninth Edition. (G. Whalen, S. Green, C. Ashton, S. Lugtu, &
L. Pham, Eds.) (Ninth Edit). Liz Covello Acquisitions. Retrieved from
www.cengagebrain.com.
Stewart, J. (2014). Calculus Early TranscEndEnTals. (K. Townes, Ed.) (EighTh Edi). 20 Channel
Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA Cengage: Cengage Learning. Retrieved from
www.cengage.com/highered
Stewart, J., RedLin, L., & Watson, S. (2016). Precalculus (Seventh Ed). 20 Channel Center
Street Boston, MA 02210 USA: Cengage Learning. Retrieved from
www.cengage.com/highered
University, M. S., & SullivanIII, M. (2013). ALGEBRA & TRIGONOMETRY. (A. Kelly, D. Murrin,
& J. Colella, Eds.) (Sixth Edit). Chicago State University: Pearson Education, Inc.
Retrieved from www.pearsonhighered.com/irc

HELPLINES
You may contact these persons in case you need assistance, we’d be happy to assist you,
always! 
 GUIDANCE OFFICE: (034) 434 9661 local 212
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edtech@lccbonline.edu.ph (034) 434 9661 local 332
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 Task 1 – Estimating Limit numerically by constructing a table and
graphically by drawing a graph.
Name: Track 3
Section: Basic Calculus
Date of Submission: Lesson 8

𝒅𝒚
A. For the following exercises, find 𝒅𝒙 for each function.

1. 𝑦 = (3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1)4

2. 𝑦 = (5 − 2𝑥)−2

3. 𝑦 = cos 3(𝜋𝑥)

4. 𝑦 = (2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 1)3
1
5. 𝑦 = sin2 𝑥

6. 𝑦 = (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)−3

7. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥

8. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑐𝑜𝑠7𝑥)

9. 𝑦 = √6 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜋𝑥 2

10. 𝑦 = cot 3(4𝑥 + 1)

B. For the following exercises, set up and evaluate each following problem. (Work in separate
paper to show the solutions 10pts each)

4. A particle moves along a coordinate axis. Its position at time t is given by 𝑠(𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(4𝑡). Find its
acceleration at time t.

5. Find the equation of the line tangent to the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 2)3 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = −2.

REMINDERS
 Task1 are to be submitted on ________________.
 Next week’s lesson: Implicit Differentiation
Prepared by John Mark H. LIbo-on
Subject Teacher, Basic Calculus
Checked by GEFF B. SAGALA, MDC
Strand Chair, STEM

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