Math 3342 HS03

Differential Equations 1 – Handout Sheet 03
Solving First Order Homogeneous Differential Equations

Definition 6 Using the substitution v  y x to return to the original
The differential equation variables, we get
M(x , y) dx  N(x , y) dy  0 y2
x 6 (3 2  1)  K .
is called a homogeneous differential equation when x
M( x , y) dx  N( x , y) dy Simplifying the last equation, we find that
can be rewritten as 3x 4 y2  x 6  K
 n [M(x , y) dx  N(x , y)dy]  0 .
is a general solution of the given DE.
Theorem B
When M(x , y) dx  N(x , y) dy  0 is a homogeneous DE, Example 2
the substitutions y  vx and x  vy both transform the given
Solve the BVP: (y  x2  y2 )dx  x dy  0, y(4)  3.
homogeneous DE into a variables separable DE.
Solution:
Since
Example 1
(y  ( x)2  (y)2 )dx  ( x) dy  0,
Solve the DE: (x  2y )dx  xydy  0.
2 2
can be rewritten as
Solution:
Since
 [(y  x2  y2 )dx  x dy]  0,
[( x)2  2(y)2 ]dx  ( x)(y) dy  0 Definition 6 tells us that the given DE is homogeneous.
So, Theorem B tells us that the substitution
can be rewritten as
y  vx , which implies that dy  v dx  x dv ,
 2 [(x2  2y2 )dx  xydy]  0,
transforms the given DE into a variables separable DE.
Definition 6 tells us that the given DE is homogeneous.
Applying the above substitutions to the given DE, we get
So, Theorem B tells us that the substitution
y  vx , which implies that dy  v dx  x dv , (vx  x2  v2 x2 )dx  x(v dx  x dv)  0,
transforms the given DE into a variables separable DE. which simplifies to
Applying the above substitutions to the given DE, we get (vx  x 1  v2 )dx  xv dx  x 2 dv  0,
(x2  2v2 x2 )dx  x(vx)(vdx  xdv)  0,
x v 2  1 dx  x 2 dv  0,
which simplifies to
and finally after separating the variables to
(1  2v2 )dx  v(vdx  xdv)  0, 1 1
dx  dv  0. ←(Eq.1)
(2v2  1)dx  v2 dx  vxdv  0, x v 1
2
(3v2  1)dx  vxdv  0,

and finally after separating the variables to Note: with v  tan (and thus dv  sec2  d ), we find that
1 1 1 dv sec2  d sec2  d
x
dx  ( 2 )(6v) dv  0.
6 3v  1  v2  1

tan2   1

sec2 
  sec d
Integrating the last equation term by term, we get

 ln|sec  tan | ln| v2  1  v|.
ln|x|(1 6)ln|3v  1| C ,
2
which simplifies to Now, integrating (Eq.1) term by term, we get

6ln|x| ln|3v  1| 6C  D,
2
ln| x |ln| v2  1  v | C ,
6
ln[|x||3v2  1|]  D, which simplifies to
|x|
6
| x ||3v2  1| eD  E , ln[ ] C ,
|v  v 2  1|
x 6 (3v2  1)  K.
|x|
 eC  D , Homework Problems for Handout Sheet 03
|v  v  1|
2
1. Solve the DE: (3x  4y) dx  (2x  y) dy  0.

| x | D|v  v 2  1)|,
2. Solve the BVP: (x  4y) dx  (5x  2y)dy  0, y (4)  1.
x  K (v  v 2  1).
3. Solve the DE: (x2  y2 ) dx  5xydy  0.
Using the substitution v  y x to return to the original
variables, we get 4. Solve the BVP: 2xydx  (3x2  y2 )dy  0, y (6)  2.
y2 y
y
x  K (  2  1 ), 5. Solve the DE: [ x cot( )  y]dx  x dy  0.
x x x
which simplifies to Answers:
y x y 2 2
x  K(  ). 1. (y  3x)5  K(y  x).
x x2
After multiplying each term by x, we find that 2. (2y  x)2 12(x  y).
x2  K( y  x2  y2 ) 3. (2y  x)5 (2y  x)5  Kx2 .
is a general solution of the given DE. 4. x2  y2  5y 3 .
However, since we are solving a BVP, we must find the
y
particular solution of the given DE that satisfies y (4)  3, which 5. x cos( )  K .
x
means that y 3 when x 4. So, it follows from the above
general solution of the DE that
(4)2  K (3  42  32 ), and so K 2.
So, the particular solution of the given DE that also satisfies
the boundary condition y (4)  3 is
x2  2( y  x 2  y2 ),
which could be rewritten as
x2  2y  2 x2  y2 ),
(x2  2y)2  4(x2  y2 ),
x 4  4 x 2 y  4y 2  4 x 2  4 y 2 ,
x 4  4 x2 y  4 x2 ,
x2  4y  4,
and finally as
1
y  (x 2  4).
4
In Class Exercise
Solve the DE: xydx  (y2  x2 )dy  0.
Answer: x2  y2 ln(y2 )  Ky2 .

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Differential Equations 1 – Handout Sheet 03

Solving First Order Homogeneous Differential Equations

(3v2  1)dx  vxdv  0,

Integrating the last equation term by term, we get

which simplifies to Now, integrating (Eq.1) term by term, we get

1. Solve the DE: (3x  4y) dx  (2x  y) dy  0.

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