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    Variable, Reducible Variable, Homogeneous, Non-Homogeneous

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    Parth Anajwala
    - The variables separable method can be used to solve first order differential equations of the form dy/dx = f(x)g(y) by separating the variables and integrating both sides. - Homogeneous equations have the property that f(tx,ty) = tf(x,y) and can be converted to variables separable form by substituting y=zx. - Some non-homogeneous equations can also be solved by making an appropriate substitution to convert them to homogeneous form.

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    Variable, Reducible Variable, Homogeneous, Non-Homogeneous

    Uploaded by

    Parth Anajwala
    19 views21 pages
    - The variables separable method can be used to solve first order differential equations of the form dy/dx = f(x)g(y) by separating the variables and integrating both sides. - Homogeneous equations have the property that f(tx,ty) = tf(x,y) and can be converted to variables separable form by substituting y=zx. - Some non-homogeneous equations can also be solved by making an appropriate substitution to convert them to homogeneous form.

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    Maths - 3

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    - The variables separable method can be used to solve first order differential equations of the form dy/dx = f(x)g(y) by separating the variables and integrating both sides. - Homogeneous equations have the property that f(tx,ty) = tf(x,y) and can be converted to variables separable form by substituting y=zx. - Some non-homogeneous equations can also be solved by making an appropriate substitution to convert them to homogeneous form.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    19 views21 pages

    Variable, Reducible Variable, Homogeneous, Non-Homogeneous

    Uploaded by

    Parth Anajwala
    - The variables separable method can be used to solve first order differential equations of the form dy/dx = f(x)g(y) by separating the variables and integrating both sides. - Homogeneous equations have the property that f(tx,ty) = tf(x,y) and can be converted to variables separable form by substituting y=zx. - Some non-homogeneous equations can also be solved by making an appropriate substitution to convert them to homogeneous form.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    C. K.

    Pithawala College Of Engineering &


    Technology

    VARIABLE, REDUCIBLE VARIABLE,


    HOMOGENEOUS, NON-HOMOGENEOUS

    Group Member:

    1. Anajwala Parth A. - 160093106001


    2. Bhagat Harsh G. - 160093106002
    3. Kotak Jeet L. - 160093106005
    4. Sapariya Kuldeep K. - 160093106010 1
    FIRST ORDER
    DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
    In this lecture we discuss various methods
    of solving first order differential equations.
    These include:
    • Variables separable
    • Homogeneous equations
    Variables Separable

    The first-order differential equation


    dy
     f  x, y 
    dx (1)

    is called separable provided that f(x,y)


    can be written as the product of a
    function of x and a function of y.
    Suppose we can write the above equation as
    dy
     g ( x ) h( y )
    dx
    We then say we have “ separated ” the
    variables. By taking h(y) to the LHS, the
    equation becomes
    1
    dy  g ( x)dx
    h( y )
    Integrating, we get the solution as

    1
     h( y ) 
    dy  g ( x ) dx  c

    where c is an arbitrary constant.


    dy
    Example 1. Consider the DE y
    dx
    Separating the variables, we get
    1
    dy  dx
    y
    Integrating we get the solution as
    ln | y | x  k

    or y  ce , c an arbitrary constant.
    x
    Example 2. Consider the DE
    3
    2 x
    3 x ln y dx  dy  0
    y
    Separating the variables, we get
    1 3
    dy   dx
    ln y y x
    Integrating we get the solution as
    ln | ln y | 3 ln x  k

    or c an arbitrary constant.
    ln y  3 , c
    x
    Homogeneous equations
    Definition A function f(x, y) is said to be
    homogeneous of degree n in x, y if
    f (tx , ty )  t f ( x, y ) for all t, x, y
    n

    Examples f ( x, y )  x  2 xy  y
    2 2

    is homogeneous of degree 2.
    y yx
    f ( x, y )   sin( )
    x x
    is homogeneous of degree 0.
    A first order DE M ( x, y ) dx  N ( x, y ) dy  0
    is called homogeneous if M ( x, y ) , N ( x, y )
    are homogeneous functions of x and y of the
    same degree.
    This DE can be written in the form
    dy
     f ( x, y )
    dx
    where f ( x, y )   M ( x, y ) / N ( x, y ) is
    clearly homogeneous of degree 0.
    The substitution y = z x converts the given
    equation into “variables separable” form and
    hence can be solved. (Note that z is also a (new)
    variable,) We illustrate by means of examples.
    Example 3. Solve the DE

    (3 x  y ) dy  2 xy dx  0
    2 2

    dy 2 xy
    That is 
    dx (3 x  y )
    2 2

    Let y = z x. Hence we get


    2
    dz 2z x 2z
    zx  
    dx (3 x  z x ) (3  z )
    2 2 2 2
    dz 2z z z 3
    or x  z
    dx (3  z )
    2
    (3  z )
    2

    Separating the variables, we get


    (3  z )
    2
    dx
    dz 
    z z
    3
    x
    Integrating we get
    (3  z )
    2
    dx
     z 3  z dz   x
    We express the LHS integral by partial
    fractions. We get
     3 1 1  dx
       z  z  1  z  1  dz   x  ln c
    3
    or z ( z  1)( z  1)  cx, c an arbitrary constant.
    Noting z = y/x, the solution is:
    ( y  x)( y  x)  c y , c an arbitrary constant
    3

    or x  y  c y , c an arbitrary constant
    2 2 3
    Non-homogeneous equations

    We shall now see that some equations can


    be brought to homogeneous form by
    appropriate substitution.

    Example 5 Solve the DE


    (2 x  y  1) dx  ( x  3 y  2) dy  0
    dy (2 x  y  1)
    That is 
    dx ( x  3 y  2)
    We shall now put x = u+h, y = v+k
    where h, k are constants ( to be chosen).
    Hence the given DE becomes
    dv (2u  v  2h  k  1)
    
    du (u  3v  h  3k  2)
    We now choose h, k such that
    2h  k  1  0 Hence
    1 3
    h  3k  2  0 h , k 
    5 5
    Hence the DE becomes
    dv (2u  v)
    
    du (u  3v)
    which is homogeneous in u and v.
    Let v = z u. Hence we get
    dz (2  z )
    z u 
    du (1  3 z )
    dz (2  z ) (2  2 z  3z ) 2

    or u  z
    du (1  3z ) (1  3 z )
    Separating the variables, we get
    (1  3z ) du
    dz  
    2  2 z  3z 2
    u
    Integrating we get u (2  2 z  3z )  c
    2 2

    i.e. 2u  2uv  3v  c
    2 2

    1 3 3 2
    or 2( x  1/ 5)  2( x  )( y  )  3( y  )  c
    2

    5 5 5
    Example 6 Solve the DE
    (6 x  4 y  3) dx  (3 x  2 y  2) dy  0
    dy (6 x  4 y  3)
    That is 
    dx (3 x  2 y  2)

    Now the previous method does not work as


    the lines 6x  4 y  3  0
    3x  2 y  2  0
    are parallel. We now put u = 3x + 2y.
    The given DE becomes
    1 du (2u  3)
    (  3)  
    2 dx (u  2)
    du (4u  6)  u
    or  3 
    dx (u  2) u  2
    Separating the variables, we get
    u2
    du   dx
    u
    u2
    du   dx
    u
    Integrating, we get

    u  ln u   x  c
    2

    i.e.

    3 x  2 y  ln (3 x  2 y )  x  c
    2

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