BENT

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CHAPTER THREE:
SINUSOIDAL STEADY-STATE
ANALYSIS
PART 1: NODAL & MESH
ANALYSIS
 Learning Outcomes

To analyze ac circuits by using

 Nodal analysis.

 Mesh analysis.

2
 Revision

 Current/Voltage Source:

 Independent

 Dependent

 Branch, Node, Loop

 Kirchhoff’s Laws : KCL & KVL

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 Nodes and meshes

Node: a point where two or more circuit elements join

 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)

Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of

currents entering a node (or a closed boundary) is zero.

i1(t) i5(t)
i2(t) i4(t)
i3(t)

The sum of currents entering the node is zero:

 i (t )  0
j 1
j

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 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KCL)

The sum of voltages around a loop is zero:

n

v
j 1
j (t )  0
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 Introduction to Sinusoidal Steady-State
Analysis
 Two techniques for circuit analysis:

 Nodal Analysis - based on Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL).

 Mesh Analysis - based on Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL).

 The techniques are used to analyze linear circuits by

obtaining a set of simultaneous equations that are then
solved to obtain the required values of current or voltage.

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Nodal Analysis
 Nodal Analysis

 A method for analyzing circuit using node voltages as the circuit

variables.
 Choosing node voltages instead of element voltages as circuit
variables is convenient and reduces number of equations to be
solved simultaneously.
 Nodal analysis assigns unknown voltages to all its essential
nodes (except for one essential node that is arbitrarily chosen as
the reference node)

* Essential node – point which connects more than 2 elements

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 Nodal Analysis
Basic Method
How to find the node
How to voltages?
find the node voltages.
1.
1 Mark all of the essential nodes
2.
2 Select a reference node. Mark the reference node with
the earth sign.
3
3. Assign node voltages (& current directions) at the marked
essential nodes
4.
4 Formulate the node-voltage equations by applying KCL at
the selected nodes
5
5. Solve the equations
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 Nodal Analysis

STEP 3
STEP 1

STEP 2
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 Nodal Analysis
STEP 4

 At node 1, applying KCL gives,

I1 = I2 + i1 + i2 (1)
 At node 2,

I1+ i2 = i3 (2)

Current flows from a higher potential to a lower potential in a resistor

vhigher  vlower
i 12
R
 Nodal Analysis
STEP 4
I1 = I 2 + i 1 + i 2 (1)
I 1+ i 2 = i 3 (2)

v1  0 v1  v2 v2  0 (3)
i1  , i2  , i3 
R1 R2 R3

• Substituting Eq. (3) in Eqs. (1) and (2) results in,

v1 v1  v2
I1  I 2  
STEP 5 Solve this: R1 R2
v1  v2 v2
I2  
R2 R3 13
 Nodal Analysis
Exercise 1
Find the voltage across and the current through all the elements

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 Nodal Analysis

Solution:
STEP
STEP 1
1: Mark all of the essential nodes

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 Nodal Analysis

STEP
STEP 22: Select a reference node. Mark the reference node with
the earth sign.

A reference node is the node from where all other node voltages are referred. (i.e.
the node that is considered to be at 0V)

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 Nodal Analysis

STEP
STEP 33: Assign node voltages (& current directions) at the marked
essential nodes

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 Nodal Analysis

STEP
STEP 44: Formulate the node-voltage equations by applying KCL at
the selected nodes.

KCL: node 1 v1  v2 v1  0
i1  i2  i3  5 
4 2
3v1  v2  20 (1)
KCL: node 2
v1  v2 v2  0
i2  i4  i1  i5   10  5 
4 6
- 3v1  5v2  60 (2)
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 Nodal Analysis

STEP
STEP 55: Solve the equations
4v2  80  v2  20V
Substituting v2 = 20 into Eq. (1) gives

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3v1-20  20  v1   13.333V
3

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 Nodal Analysis
Exercise 2:
Obtain the node voltage in the circuit.

v1 = -2V, v2 = -14V
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 Nodal Analysis

How voltage source affect Nodal

Analysis?
 Nodal Analysis
Nodal Analysis : with Voltage Sources
 Consider 2 possibilities:

CASE 1:
If a voltage source is
connected between the
reference node and a non-
reference node, the voltage at
the non-reference node =
voltage of the voltage source.
For example from figure in the
next slide,

v1 = 10V 22
 Nodal Analysis
Nodal Analysis : with Voltage Sources
CASE 2:
If a voltage source is connected between two non- the reference
node = SUPERNODE

Properties of Supernode:
The voltage source inside the supernode provides
a constraint equation needed to solve for the
node voltages.

A supernode has no voltage of its own.

How to solve supernode?

KCL
+
KVL
 Nodal Analysis
Exercise 3

Answer: 24
Nodal Analysis
 Nodal Analysis
Exercise 4
 Nodal Analysis
Nodal Analysis in AC Circuit

Steps to Analyze AC
Circuits:

1 Transform the circuit to the phasor of

frequency domain.

2 Solve the problem using circuit techniques

(nodal analysis, mesh analysis, superposition,
etc)

3 Transform the resulting phasor to the time

domain.
 Nodal Analysis
Exercise 5
Nodal Analysis
 Nodal Analysis

Solve Eqn (1) and (2) to obtain V1 and V2

Nodal Analysis
 Nodal Analysis
Exercise 6
Nodal Analysis
 Nodal Analysis

Solve Eqn (1) and (2) to obtain V1 and V2

 Nodal Analysis
Exercise 7
Find v1 and v2 using nodal analysis

10 cos 2𝑡 𝐴
 Nodal Analysis

– Transform the circuit to the phasor domain.

– Assign node voltages.
 Nodal Analysis
– Apply KCL at each node.
– Apply Ohm’s Law.
 Nodal Analysis
– Solve the simultaneous equations.
– Convert back into time domain.

11.32 cos 2𝑡 + 60.01° 𝑉

33.02 cos 2𝑡 + 57.12° 𝑉
 Nodal Analysis
Exercise 8
Compute V1 and V2 in the circuit.

Answer: V1 = 25.78-70.48o V
V2 = 31.41-87.18o40V
 Nodal Analysis
Exercise 9:
Compute V1 and V2 in the circuit.

Answer: V1 = 38.7269.67o V
V2 = 6.752165.7o 41
V
Mesh Analysis
 Mesh Analysis

 A method to find the current through all the elements in a

circuit.
 Use mesh currents instead of element currents as circuit
variables.
 A mesh is a loop that does not contain any other loop
within it.
 Apply KVL to find unknown currents.

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 Mesh Analysis
Mesh Currents
 Mesh Analysis
Steps to Analyze AC
Circuits:

1 Assign mesh currents i1, i2……in to the n

meshes.

2 Apply KVL to each of the n meshes. Use

Ohm’s law to express the voltages in terms of
mesh currents.

3 Solve the resulting n simultaneous equations

to obtain the unknown mesh currents.
Tips: If a circuit has n nodes, b branches, then l independent simultaneous
equations are required to solve the circuit using mesh analysis. 45

l=b–n+1
 Mesh Analysis
Exercise 1

Calculate the mesh current of the circuit below.

 Mesh Analysis
Solution:
STEP 1 Assign mesh currents i1, i2……in to the n
meshes.
 Mesh Analysis
Solution:
STEP 2 Apply KVL to each of the n meshes. Use Ohm’s
law to express the voltages in terms of mesh
currents.

STEP 3
Solve the simultaneous
equations
 Mesh Analysis
Exercise 2
 Mesh Analysis
Solution:
 Mesh Analysis
Solution:
 Mesh Analysis
Exercise 3

Find Io using mesh analysis

Answer: 3.58265.45o A
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 Mesh Analysis
Solution:
 Mesh Analysis
Solution:
 Mesh Analysis

How current source affect Mesh

Analysis?
 Mesh Analysis
Mesh Analysis : with Current Sources
 Consider 2 possibilities:

CASE 1:
When a current source exists only in one mesh. For example,

i2 = -5 A

CASE 1
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 Mesh Analysis
Mesh Analysis : with Current Sources
CASE 2:
When a current source exists between two meshes: Create a
supermesh by excluding the current source and any elements
connected in series with it.

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supermesh
 Mesh Analysis
Mesh Analysis: Method for CASE 2
There are TWO major modifications from the basic steps:
1. Perform KVL around the Supermesh

 KVL at supermesh (A Supermesh is treated as it is ONE

mesh when applying KVL): → Refer to next slide

2. Formulate a Supermesh equation

 To express the relationship of the mesh current that form

the supermesh and the current source that it encloses

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 Mesh Analysis

transform

CASE 2
a) Two meshes having a current source in common, b) A supermesh, created by excluding the current

KVL @ SUPERMESH SUPERMESH constraint equation

 20  6i1  10 i2  4i2  0 i2  i1  6
6i1  14 i2  20
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 Mesh Analysis
Exercise 4
Solve for Vo using mesh analysis

Answer: 9.756222.32o A
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 Mesh Analysis
Solution:
 Mesh Analysis
Solution:
 Mesh Analysis
Solution:
 Mesh Analysis
Exercise 5

Find Io.

Answer:
 Mesh Analysis
Exercise 6
Find the current I1

Answer:
65
 Mesh Analysis
Exercise 7 66

Find the current I2

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Mesh or Nodal Analysis?

Go for the analysis that will result in lesser

number of simultaneous equations.

Compare the number of node-voltage

equations to the number of mesh-current
equations required.

The one that is less represents the analysis

that would be the better choice.

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