Python Features

History of Python:
National Research Institute for mathematics and computer science in the

Netherlands.
It is a successor to ABC language.
Its version 0.9.0 was released in 1991 with features functions, data types.
Python version 1.0 was released in 1994 with functional programming tools
such as lambda, map, and reduce.
2.0 released in 2000 with features List comprehension, Unicode and garbage
collector.
3.0 released in 2008 by removing duplicate programming constructs and
modules.
Latest python version is 3.7.4 (as on 15/8/2019)
Note:
Surprisingly Python is older than Java, java script and R.
Why is it called Python? When he began implementing Python, Guido van
Rossum was also reading Python's Flying
needed a name that was short, unique, and slightly mysterious, so he

decided to call the language Python.
Python Features:
Python provides lots of features that are listed below.
1) Easy to Learn and Use

Python is easy to learn and use. It is developer-friendly and high level
programming language.
2) Expressive Language
Python language is more expressive means that it is more
understandable and readable.
3) Interpreted Language
Python is an interpreted language i.e. interpreter executes the code line
by line at a time. This makes debugging easy and thus suitable for beginners.
4) Cross-platform Language
Python can run equally on different platforms such as Windows, Linux,
Unix and Macintosh etc. So, we can say that Python is a portable language.
5) Free and Open Source
Python language is freely available at offical web address.The source-
code is also available. Therefore it is open source.
6) Object-Oriented Language
Python supports object oriented language and concepts of classes and
objects come into existence.
7) Extensible
It implies that other languages such as C/C++ can be used to compile
the code and thus it can be used further in our python code.
8) Large Standard Library
Python has a large and broad library and provides rich set of module and
functions for rapid application development.
9) GUI Programming Support
Graphical user interfaces can be developed using Python.
10) Integrated
It can be easily integrated with languages like C, C++, JAVA etc.
Literal Constants:
in the program. Constant is a fixed value that does not change. Let us see
Number and string constants in C.
Numbers:
It is a numerical value. We can use four numbers in python. They are

Binary numbers, Integral numbers, floating point numbers and complex
numbers.
Binary Numbers made up of
begins with either 0b or 0B (zero b).Eg:0b1110 , 0B1111
Integral numbers can be whole numbers or integer number or octal number or
Hexadecimal Number.
a) Integer numbers like 10, 34567, 123456778889999907788,-
9876.Integer can be small, long, positive or negative. In python integer
numbers are identified by word int. Integer number never have a decimal
point.
b) Octal numbers start with either 0o or 0O(zero capital O).Octal number is
made of digits(0-7).Eg:0o57 is a valid octal number,0o876 is not a valid
octal number. Octal numbers identified by oct word.
c) Hexa decimal numbers start with either 0x or 0X.It is made of digits(0-9)
and letters(A-Z or a-z).Eg:oxface oXbeaf,ox975b are valid but
0xbeer,ox5vce are not valid. Hexa decimal numbers identified by hex
word.
Floating point numbers are like 5.678,91.45e-2,91.4E-2(it equals to 91.4*10-
2).In python Floating numbers are identified by word float which has a
decimal point.
Complex numbers have real ,imaginary part like a+bj
Eg:1+5j ,7-8J
Complex numbers are identified by the word by complex.
Note: Commas are not allowed in numerical. Eg: 3,567 -8,90876 are
invalid numbers.
No size limit for integer number that can be represented in python but
floating point number have a range of 10-323 to 10308 with 15 digits
precision.
Issues with floating point numbers:
Arithmetic Overflow Problem: It occurs when a result is too large in
size to be represented. Eg: 2.7e200*4.3e200 you will get infinity.
Arithmetic Underflow Problem: It occurs when a result is too small in
size to be represented. Eg: 2.7e-200/4.3e200 you will get infinity.
Loss of precision: Any floating number has a fixed range and precision,
the result is just approximation of actual or true value. Slight loss in
accuracy is not a concern in practically but in scientific computing ,it is
an issue.
Strings
A string is a group of characters.
Using Single Quotes ('): For example, a string can be written as 'HELLO'.
Using Double Quotes ("): Strings in double quotes are exactly same as those in
single quotes. Therefore, 'HELLO' is same as "HELLO".
Using Triple Quotes (''' '''): You can specify multi-line strings using triple
quotes. You can use as many single quotes and double quotes as you want in a
string within triple quotes.
Examples:
Escape Sequences
Some characters (like ", \) cannot be directly included in a string. Such
characters must be escaped by placing a backslash before them.
Example:
\\Vmeg\\
Output:Welocme to \Vmeg\
\ \
Output:Welcom to Vmeg
Output:
Use of Triple Quotes:
The tr
1) Triple quotes can be used for multi line string literals

Example:
How are
Output:Hello
How are
You?
How are
Output:Hello
How are
You?
2) Triple quotes can be used for printing a single quotes or double quotes
llo
How are
Output:Hello
You?
Output:Hello
You?
String Formatting:
The format function can be used to control the display of strings.
Format(string, format specifier)
The strings can be left,right,central justification in a specified width.
) left justification
o/p:
H E L L O
Rightt justification(>)
H E L L O
Central Justification ( ^)
H E L L O
By using format function, we can fill the width with other characters also
Ex
o/p: hello **********
Identifiers:
An identifier is a name used to identify a variable, function, class, module, or
object.
In Python, an identifier is like a noun in English.
Identifier helps in differentiating one entity from the other. For
example, name and age which speak of two different aspects are
called identifiers.
Python is a case-sensitive programming language. Means, Age and age are two
different identifiers in Python.
Let us consider an example:
Name = "VMEG"
name = "VMEG"
Here the identifiers Name and name are different, because of the difference in
their case.
Below are the rules for writing identifiers in Python:
1. Identifiers can be a combination of lowercase letters (a to z) or uppercase
letters (A to Z) or digits (0 to 9) or an underscore ( _ ).
Eg: myClass, var_1, print_this_to_screen, _number are
valid Python identifiers.
2. An with a digit.
Eg: 1_variable is invalid, but variable_1 is perfectly fine.
3.Keywords cannot be used as identifiers. (Keywords are reserved words
in Python which have a special meaning).
Eg: Some of the keywords are def, and, not, for, while, if, else and so on.
4.Special symbols like !, @, #, $, % ,space or gap etc. are not allowed

in identifiers. Only one special symbol underscore (_) is allowed.
Eg: company#name, $name, email@id ,simple interst are
invalid Python identifiers.
5.Identifiers can be of any length.
Variables:
Variable is a name used to store a constant. Like other languages like c,
c++, java, no need to declare or write type of a variable.
You can store any piece of information in a variable. Variables are
stored. To be identified easily, each variable is given an appropriate name.

Examples of valid variable names are a, b, c,sum, __my_var, num1, r,
var_20, first, etc.
Examples of invalid variable names are 1num, my-var, %check, Basic
Sal, H#R&A, etc.
UNDERSTANDING VARIABLES:
In Python a variable is a reserved memory location used to store values.
For example in the below code snippet, age and city are variables which store
their respective values.
age = 21
city = "Tokyo"
Usually in programming languages like C, C++ and Java, we need to

declare variables along with their types before using them. Python being
a dynamically typed language, there is no need to declare variables or declare
their types before using them.
Python has no command for declaring a variable. A variable is created the

moment, a value is assigned to it.
The equal-to (=) operator is used to assign value to a variable.
Note: Operators are special symbols used in programming languages that

represent particular actions. = is called the assignment operator.
For example :
marks = 100 # Here marks is the variable and 100 is the value assigned to it.
Note: As a good programming practice, we should use meaningful names for

variables. For example, if we want to store the age of a person, we should not
name the variable as x, or y or a, or i. Instead we should name the variable
as age.
Python interpreter automatically determines the type of the data based on the
data assigned to it.
Note: Henceforth, where ever we say Python does this or that, it should be
understood that it is the Python interpreter (the execution engine) which we are
referring to.
In Python, we can even change the type of the variable after they have been set
once (or initialized with some other type). This can be done by assigning a value
of different type to the variable.
A variable in Python can hold any type of value
like 12 (integer), 560.09 (float), "Vmeg" (string) etc.
Associating a value with a variable using the assignment operator (=) is called
as Binding.
In Python, assignment create references, not copies.

We cannot use Python variables without assigning any value.
If we try to use a variable without assigning any value then, Python interpreter
shows error like "name is not defined".
Let us assign the variables value1 with 99, value2 with "Hello Python"
and value3 with "Hello World", and then print the result.
Sample Input and Output:
99
Hello Python
Hello World
#python program
Value1=99
print(Value1)
print(Value2)
print(Value3)
ASSIGNMENT OF VARIABLES:
Python variables do not need explicit declaration to reserve memory space.
The declaration happens automatically when you assign a value to a variable.
The equal sign (=) is used to assign values to variables.
The operand to the left of the = operator is the name of the variable and the
operand (or expression) to the right of the = operator is the value stored in the
variable.
Let us consider the below example:

counter = 100 # An integer assignment
print(counter) # Prints 100
miles = 1000.50 # A floating point assignment
print(miles) # Prints 1000.5
name = "John" # A string assignment
print(name) # Prints John
In the above example 100, 1000.50, and "John" are the values assigned to the
variables counter, miles, and name respectively.
The above example program produces the result as:

100
1000.5
John
Write a program which does the following:
1. Create a variable kilometers and assign 6 to it.

2. Create a variable convertfactor and assign 0.621371 to it.
3. Calculate the product of kilometers and convertfactor and assign it to a
variable miles
4. Print the values of miles as "Miles:" miles
Expected Output:
Miles:·3.7282260000000003
UNDERSTANDING MULTIPLE ASSIGNMENTS

standing Multiple Assignment
Python allows you to assign a single value to several
variables simultaneously.
Let us consider an example:

number1 = number2 = number3 = 100
Here an integer object is created with the value 100, and all the three
variables are references to the same memory location. This is called chained
assignment.
We can also assign multiple objects to multiple variables, this is called multiple
assignment.

value1, value2, value3 = 1, 2.5, "Ram"
Here the integer object with value 1 is assigned to variable value1, the float
object with value 2.5 is assigned to variable value2 and the string object with
the value "Ram" is assigned to the variable value3.
Write a program to assign the integer 999, float 24.789 and string "Python
Interpreter" to three variables using multiple assignment and print them
individually.

999
24.789
Python Interpreter
CHAINED ASSIGNMENT:
n Python, assignment statements do not return a value. Chained assignment

is recognised and supported as a special case of the assignment statement.
A statement like a = b = c = x is called a chained assignment in which the value
of x is assigned to multiple variables a, b, and c.
Let us consider a simple example:

a = b = c = d = 10
print(a) # will print result as 10
print(b) # will print result as 10
print(c) # will print result as 10
print(d) # will print result as 10
Here, we initialising the a, b, c, d variables with value 10.
Write a program to assign a user given value to a, b, c variables.
At the time of execution, the program should print message on the console as:
Enter a value:
For example, if the user gives the input as:

Enter a value: 100
then the program's result is as follows :

Value of a: 100
Value of b: 100
Value of c: 100
Note: Let us assume that input() is used to read values given by the user. We
will learn about input() later sections.
Here,
a = b = c = str

Enter a value: Hello Python
Value of a: Hello Python
Value of b: Hello Python
Value of c: Hello Python
Data Types:
Variables can hold values of different data types. Python is a dynamically typed
language hence we need not define the type of the variable while declaring it.
The interpreter implicitly binds the value with its type.
Python enables us to check the type of the variable used in the program.
Python provides us the type() function which returns the type of the variable
passed.
Consider the following example to define the values of different data types and
checking its type.
1. A=10
2. b="Hi Python"
3. c = 10.5
4. print(type(a));
5. print(type(b));
6. print(type(c));
Output:
<type 'int'>
<type 'str'>
<type 'float'>
Standard data types
A variable can hold different types of values. For example, a person's name
must be stored as a string whereas its id must be stored as an integer.
Python provides various standard data types that define the storage method on
each of them. The data types defined in Python are given below.
1. Numbers
2. String
3. List
4. Tuple
5. Dictionary
Python Keywords
Python Keywords are special reserved words which convey a special meaning to
the compiler/interpreter. Each keyword have a special meaning and a specific
operation. These keywords can't be used as variable. Following is the List of
Python Keywords.
True False None and as
Asset def Class continue break
Else finally Elif del except
Global for If from import
Raise try Or return pass
Nonlocal in Not is lambda
Comments:
A computer program is a collection of instructions or statements.
A Python program is usually composed of multiple statements.

Each statement is composed of one or a combination of the following:
1. Comments
2. Whitespace characters
3. Tokens
In a computer program, a comment is used to mark a section of code as non-

executable.
Comments are mainly used for two purposes:
1. To mark a section of source code as non-executable, so that the Python

interpreter ignores it.
2. To provide remarks or an explanation on the working of the given section
of code in plain English, so that a fellow programmer can read the
comments and understand the code.
In Python, there are two types of comments:
1. single-line comment : It starts with # (also known as

the hash or pound character) and the content following # till the end of
that line is a comment.
2. Docstring comment : Content enclosed between tripple quotes,
either ''' or """. (We will learn about it later).
INPUT AND OUTPUT STATEMENTS
In Python, to read the input from the user, we have an in-built function
called input().
The syntax for input() function is :

input([prompt])
here, the optional prompt string will be printed to the user output and
then will wait for the user input. The prompt string is to used to tell the
user what to input.
Reading string inputs
name = input("Enter your Name: ")

print("User Name:", name)
Sample input output of this program is as follows

Enter your Name: Anand Vihan
User Name: Anand Vihan
If the input is given as "Jacob", the result will be
User Name: Jacob

Eg:
Write a program to print your favorite place. At the time of execution, the
program should print the message on the console as:
Enter your favourite place:
Enter your favourite place: Hyderabad
then the program should print the result as:
My favourite place is: Hyderabad
UNDERSTANDING OUTPUT IN PYTHON:
We already discussed this function to print output on Screen.
It is print() function, which is a built-in function in Python. We can pass

zero or more number of expressions separated
by commas(,) to print() function.
The print() function converts those expressions into Strings and write
the result to standard output which then displays the result on Screen.
Let us consider an example of print() with multiple values with comma

separator.
print("Hi", "Hello", "Python") # will print output as follows

Hi Hello Python
Let us discuss another example:
a = 10
b = 50
print("A value is", a, "and", "B value is", b) # will print output as follows
A value is 10 and B value is 50
Here we have assigned values 10 and 50 to a and b respectively.
The above print() statement consists of both strings and integer values.
Write a program to print your favourite programming language.
At the time of execution, the program should print the message on the
console as:
Enter Language:
Enter Language: Python
then the program should print the result as:
My Favourite Language is Python

Python Operators
The operator can be defined as a symbol which is responsible for a particular
operation between two operands. Operators are the pillars of a program on
which the logic is built in a particular programming language. Python provides
a variety of operators described as follows.
o Arithmetic operators
o Comparison operators
o Assignment Operators
o Logical Operators
o Unary operators
o Bitwise Operators
o Membership Operators
o Identity Operators
1.Arithmetic Operators:
Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic operations between two

operands. It includes +(addition), - (subtraction), *(multiplication), /(divide),
%(reminder), //(floor division), and exponent (**).In the table a=100,b=200
I
2.Comparison Operators:
Comparison operators are used to comparing the value of the two operands
and returns boolean true or false accordingly. The comparison operators are
described in the following table a=5,b=6
3. Assignment operators
The assignment operators are used to assign the value of the right expression
to the left operand. The assignment operators are described in the following
table.
Operator Description
= It assigns the the value of the right expression to the left operand.
+= It increases the value of the left operand by the value of the right
operand and assign the modified value back to left operand. For
example, if a = 10, b = 20 => a+ = b will be equal to a = a+ b and
therefore, a = 30.
-= It decreases the value of the left operand by the value of the right
example, if a = 20, b = 10 => a- = b will be equal to a = a- b and
therefore, a = 10.
*= It multiplies the value of the left operand by the value of the right
example, if a = 10, b = 20 => a* = b will be equal to a = a* b and
therefore, a = 200.
%= It divides the value of the left operand by the value of the right
operand and assign the reminder back to left operand. For example, if
a = 20, b = 10 => a % = b will be equal to a = a % b and therefore, a =
0.
**= a**=b will be equal to a=a**b, for example, if a = 4, b =2, a**=b will
assign 4**2 = 16 to a.
//= A//=b will be equal to a = a// b, for example, if a = 4, b = 3, a//=b

will assign 4//3 = 1 to a.
4. Logical Operators:
The logical operators are used primarily in the expression evaluation to make a
decision. Python supports the following logical operators.
And If both the expression are true, then the condition will be true. If a
and b are the two expressions, a true, b true => a and b
true.
Or If one of the expressions is true, then the condition will be true. If a

and b are the two expressions, a true, b false => a or b true.
Not If an expression a is true then not (a) will be false and vice versa.
5. Unary Operators:
Unary operators act on single operands. Python supports unary minus

operator. Unary minus operator is strikingly different from the arithmetic
operator that operates on two operands and subtracts the second operand from
the first operand. When an operand is preceded by a minus sign, the unary
operator negates its value.
For example, if a number is positive, it becomes negative when preceded with a

unary minus operator. Similarly, if the number is negative, it becomes positive
after applying the unary minus operator. Consider the given example.
b = 10 a = -(b)
The result of this expression, is a = -10, because variable b has a positive

value. After applying unary minus operator (-) on the operand b, the value
becomes -10, which indicates it as a negative value.
6. Bitwise Operators:
The bitwise operators perform bit by bit operation on the values of the two
operands.
& (binary If both the bits at the same place in two operands are 1, then 1 is
and) copied to the result. Otherwise, 0 is copied.
| (binary or) The resulting bit will be 0 if both the bits are zero otherwise the
resulting bit will be 1.
^ (binary The resulting bit will be 1 if both the bits are different otherwise
xor) the resulting bit will be 0.
~ (negation) It calculates the negation of each bit of the operand, i.e., if the bit
is 0, the resulting bit will be 1 and vice versa.
<< (left The left operand value is moved left by the number of bits
shift) present in the right operand.
>> (right The left operand is moved right by the number of bits present in
shift) the right operand.
For example,
1. if a = 7;
2. b = 6;
3. then, binary (a) = 0111
4. binary (b) = 0011
5. hence, a & b = 0011 (3 in decimal number)
6. a | b = 0111 (7 in decimal number)
7. a ^ b = 0100 (4 in decimal number)
8. ~ a = 1000
9. a<<2=11100(28 in decimal number)
10. a>>2=0001(1 in decimal number)
Similarly 5 binary equivalent is 0101 and 3 is 0011
7. Membership Operators:
Python supports two types of membership operators in and not in. These
operators, test for membership in a sequence such as strings, lists, or tuples.
in Operator: The operator returns true if a variable is found in the specified
sequence and false otherwise.
For example,a=6
nums=[1,4,3,7,6]
a in nums returns True, if a is a member of nums.
not in Operator: The operator returns true if a variable is not found in the
specified sequence and false otherwise.
For example, a=99
Nums=[1,3,5,7,2,0]
a not in nums returns True, if a is not a member of nums otherwise returns
False.
8. Identity Operators
is Operator: Returns true if operands or values on both sides of the operator
point to the same object (Memory location)and False otherwise. For example, if
a is b returns True , if id(a) is same as id(b) otherwise returns False. id(a) gives
memory location of a
is not Operator: Returns true if operands or values on both sides of the
operator does not point to the same object(Memory location) and False
otherwise. For example, if a is not b returns 1, if id(a) is not same as id(b).
Operator Precedence
The precedence of the operators is important to find out since it enables us to

know which operator should be evaluated first. The precedence table of the
operators in python is given below.
** The exponent operator is given priority over all the others used in
the expression.
~+- The negation, unary plus and minus.
* / % // The multiplication, divide, modules, reminder, and floor division.
+- Binary plus and minus
>> << Left shift and right shift
& Binary and.
^| Binary xor and or
<= < > >= Comparison operators (less then, less then equal to, greater then,
greater then equal to).
<> == != Equality operators.
= %= /= //= -= Assignment operators

+=
*= **=
is is not Identity operators
in not in Membership operators
not or and Logical operators

Decision Control Statements
A control statement is a statement that determines the control flow of a set of

instructions, i.e., it decides the sequence in which the instructions in a
program are to be executed.
Types of Control Statements
Sequential Control: A Python program is executed sequentially from the
first line of the program to its last line.
Selection Control: To execute only a selected set of statements.
Iterative Control: To execute a set of statements repeatedly.
Selection Control Statements:
The selection statements in Python are
1. simple if or if statement
2. if else statement
3. nested if else statement
4. if elif else statement
1.simple if statement or if stattement:
Syntax:
if(expression):
Statementblock
statementx
Explanation:
Expression is also called as condition.
Statement block may containg single statement or more statements.
The expression in the if statement should be either relational(eg:a>0 or
a>b) or logical (eg:a>b && a>c) expression.
The expression is evaluated first and if it results true then the
statementblock under if condition executed and come out of if statement
and executes the remaining statements of the program.
If the expression results false then it skips the if statement part and
executes the remaining statements of the program.
Flow chart:
Example1:
Example 2:
Write a program to find small number of two numbers
a=int(input
if(a<b):
print )
if(b<a):
)
Note: This program is an example of multiple if statements
Exercise:
1. Write a Program to find biggest number of three numbers using if
statement.
2. Write a Program to find whether the given character is vowel or didgit
using if statement.
2. if else statement:
statement. It is a two way selection statement.
Syntax:
if(expression):
statementblock1
else:
statementblock2
statementx #this statement is optional
Explanation:
In this statement first expression will be evaluated.if the expression
evaluates to true then statementblock1 under if condition executed and
executes the remaining statements of the program.
Otherwise statementblock2 under else part will be executed and executes
the remaining statements of the program.
Flow chart:
Programs:
1. Write a Program to input age and check whether the person is eligible to
vote or not
2. Write a program to find small number of two numbers using if else

statement
if(a<b):
print )
if(b<a):
)
3. Program to check whether the given character is vowel or not using if else
statement.
ch
if
print is
else:
print
Exercise:
1. Write a Program to check whether the given number is even number or not
2. Write a Program to input employee salary .If the employee is male(m) then
given 10% bonus otherwise give 25% bonus on salary.Display the final salary
will get by that employee.
3.Nested if else statement or nested if statement:

An if else statement or if statement contains another if else statement within it
then such if else called nested if else statement or nested if statement. The
nested if else can contain any number of if statements or if else statements
either under if part or else part.This statement used when we want to specify
more number conditions to provide more options. It is also called as multi way
selection statement.
Syntax:
if( expression1):
if(expression2):
Statementblock1
else:
Statementblock2
else:
if(expression3):
Statementblock3
else:
Statementblock4
Flow Chart:
In the above flowchart,staement1,statemnet2 are representing the corresponding

blocks.
Example Programs:
1.Write a program to find biggest number among three numbers.
if(a>b):
if(a>c):
else:
else:
if(b>c):
print
else:
print(c, )
2. Program to check whether the given number is zero ,positive or
negative using nested if statement concept.
if(n>=0):
if(n==0):
print(n,
else:
print(n,
else:
print(n,
4. if elif else statement:

It is also called multi way selection statement. It is an alternative to nested if
statement.
Syntax:
if(expression1):
Statementblock1;
else if (expression2):
Statementblock2;
:
:
:
else:
Statementblockn;
Explanation:
In this the expressions are evaluated from top to bottom. Whenever the
expression evaluates true then the corresponding statement block will be
executed and come out of the if elif else statement process. If that expression is
false we move to next expression and evaluate it.if all the expressions evaluate
to false then last else part will be executed i.e. staementblockn . The statement
may have single or multiple statements.
Flow chart:
Example Programs:
1. Write a Program to check whether the given number is zero, positive or
negative using if elif else statement.
2. Write a Program to accept five subject marks and then calculate the
total,average.Display the total marks,average marks and result based on
the following criteria.
Average Result
>=70 distinction
60-70 first class
50-60 second class
40-50 third class
Answer:
c=int(
total=a+b+c+d+e
avg=total/5
if(a<35 or b<35 or c<35 or d<35or e<35):
elif(avg>=70):
elif(avg>=60):
elif(avg>=50):
else :
3. Write a program to find the roots of a quadratic equation.
a=int(in
d=b*b-4*a*c;
if(d==0):
print
r1=-b/(2*a);
r2=r1;
print root1 value= , r2)
elif(d>0):
r1=(-b+d**0.5)/(2*a);
r2=(-b+d**0.5)/(2*a);
else:
print
4. Write a program to find biggest number among three numbers.
if(a>b and a>c):
elif(b>c):
else:
5. Read the user input to enter a temperature in Celsius. The program

should print a message based on the temperature:
If the temperature is less than -273.15, print tha The
because it is below absolute zero.
If it is exactly -273.15, print that
0
If the temperature is between -273.15 and 0, print that
If it is 0, print that temperature is at the freezing point

If it is between 0 and 100, print that
.
If it is above 100, print that
boiling point
Answer:
if(t<-273.15):
elif(t==-273.15):
elif(t>-273.15 and t<0):
elif(t==0):
elif(t>0 and t<100):

elif(t==100):
else:
Exercise:
1. Write a program to display the day of a week based on number.
2. Write a program to generate electricity bill amount based on the following
constraints
Consumed Units amount
<100 Rs. 1.60/unit
100-200 Rs.2.35/unit
201-400 Rs.3.40/unit
>400 Rs.5.25/unit
3. Write a Program to input a digit and then display that digit in word using if
elif else statement.
Important Topics:
1.Expalin various conditional or selection statements(if,if else,nested if ,if elif
else statement) with an example.(Hint:For every statement,write
synatax,explanation,draw a flow chart(diagram) and small example program)
2. Programs on if else and if elif else statements.
Loop statements or iterative statements or Repetitive statements:

Looping means executing a statement or set of statements repeatedly until a
specified condition becomes false.
Generally the loop control statements has two things .one thing is body of the
loop which to be executed repeatedly and second thing is the condition which
is tested for termination of the loop.
Python supports two types of loop statements
1) While loop
2) For loop
While loop:
loop control statement contains three things
Loop variable initialization:loop variable has to be initialized with initial
value or final value.
Eg: i=5;
j=i+1
t=n
Loop condition/expression: it can be a relational expression or logical
expression
Eg: i>0
i>10 &&j<100
Loop variable increment/decrement operation(Updation Statement):In
this we can increment or decrement the value of variable using
increment/decrement operators.
Eg: i=i+1
j=j-1
n//=10 etc
Syntax:
initialization
while (Expression):
statementbolck #this is called body of loop
Explanation:
In the while loop,first the initialization statement gets executed,then condition
or expression is verified if that is true then all the statements in statement
bloxk (body of while loop) gets executed. After that again the condition will be
Flow Chart:
initialization
Expression False
? Out of loop
TRUE
Statement
block
Example Programs:
1.Wrie a Program to display the 1 to 5 numbers line by line using while
loop
i=1 #This is called initialization

while(i<=5):
print(i)
i=i+1 # This is called Updation
Output:
1
2
3
4
5
2.Write a Program to print 0 to 10 in the same line or single line using
while loop
3. Write a program to find sum of n natural numbers and average

value
i=1
sum=0
while(i<=n):
sum=sum+i
i=i+1
avg=sum/n
4. Write a program to find the sum of the digits of a given number.
t=n #assign n value to t

sum=0
while(n!=0):
d=n%10
sum=sum+d
n=n//10
Input:
Enter n value 156
Output:
Sum of the digits of number 156 is 12
5. Write a program to check whether the given number is Armstrong

number or not(Hint: if number is equal to sum of the digits raised to the
power of number of digits in that number.Ex:1) 153=13 +53 +33
` 2)1634=14 +64 +34 +44
) # n holds a string,even you enter 67 it will be stored as
l=len(n) # len function gives length(number of characters) of the string

sum=0
n=int(n) # converting string into integer
t=n
while(n!=0):
d=n%10
sum=sum+d**l
n=n//10
if(sum==t):
else:
Input:
Enter n value 156
Output:
Sum of the digits of number 156 is 12
156 is not an Armstrong number
6. Write a program to find the reverse number of a given number
t=n #assign n value to t

sum=0
while(n!=0):
d=n%10
sum=sum*10+d
n=n//10
Input:
Enter n value 156
Output:
The reverse number of given number 156 is 651
Exercise:
1. Write a program to check whether the given number is palindrome
number or not.
2. Write a program to check whether the given number is perfect number or
not.
(Hint:
then that number is called perfect number.Ex:6 is a input number and
are 1,2,3,6 ---6 is a perfect number because 6=1+2+3)
3. Write a program to the given decimal number into binary number using
while loop.( binary
number is 101,Hint: use %,// and denominator is 2)
4. Write a program to the given binary number into decimal number using
while loop.(
number is 5)
5. Write a Program to display all the numbers divisible by 3,divisible by 5
,divisible by both 3 and 5 from 1 to n numbers
Solutions for your reference
Solution for 3:
#Program to convert decimanl number to binary number
n=int(input("enter a decimal number"))
t=n
sum=0
i=0
while(n!=0):
r=n%2
sum=sum + r*10**i
n=n//2
i=i+1
print(t,"binary equivalent is",sum)
Input:
enter a decimal number34
Output:
34 binary equivalent is 100010
Solution for 4:
#Program to convert binary number to decimal number
n=int(input("enter a binary number"))
t=n
sum=0
i=0
while(n!=0):
r=n%10
sum=sum+ r*2**i
n=n//10
i=i+1
print(t,"decimal equivalent is",sum)
input:
enter a binary number1011
Output:
1011 decimal equivalent is 11
Note:
range() function: This function used to generate a sequence of integer

n inbuilt function like input(),print() functions.
Syntax:
range(start,stop,step)
start:
sequence. By default its value is 0(zero)
stop:
this value will not be included in the sequence.
Step:
in sequence .Default increment value is 1.
Ex:
1. range(5) ---it generates sequence of numbers from 0 to 4
2. range(0,5) it generates sequence of numbers from 0 to 4
3. range(n)--- it generates sequence of numbers from 0 to n-1
4.range(5,10)-- it generates sequence of numbers from 5 to 9
5.range(5,10,2)-- it generates sequence of numbers 5 ,7, 9
6.range(-2,2,2)-- it generates sequence of numbers -2,0
7.range(-100,-95,2)-- it generates sequence of numbers -100,-98,-96
FOR LOOP:
Used to execute group of statements depending upon number of

elements in the sequence.
It can work with sequence like range,string,list,tuple etc
Syntax:
for var in sequence:
statementblock
Explanation:
The first element of the sequence is assigned to variable var and then
statement block executed.
Next the second element of the sequence is assigned to variable var and
then statement block executed.
This process will be continued until the entire sequence is exhausted or
completed Means for each element of the sequence ,the statement block
executed once.
Examples:
1.for i in range(1,4):
print(i)
output: 1
End
End
End
2. for i in range(1,4):
print(i)
output: 1
End
3. for i in range(-100,-95,2):
print(i)
output: -100
-98
-96
Programs:
1. Write a program to find factorial of a number
#Program to find the factorial of a number

n=int(input("enter a number"))
f=1
for i in range(1,n+1):
f=f*i
print("factorial of ",n,"is",f)
input:
enter a number 6
Output:
factorial of 6 is 720
2. Write a program to check whether the given number is prime number

or not
c=0
if(n%i==0):
c=c+1
if(c==2):
print(n,"is a prime number")
else:
print(n,"is not a prime number")
input:
enter a number 6
Output:
6 is not a prime number
3.Write a program to print multiplication table of a given number
print("multiplication table of",n)
print("**********************")
for i in range(1,11):
print(n,"X",i," =",n*i)
print("**********************")
input:
enter a number 5
Output:
multiplication table of 5
**********************
5X1 =5
5 X 2 = 10
5 X 3 = 15
5 X 4 = 20
5 X 5 = 25
5 X 6 = 30
5 X 7 = 35
5 X 8 = 40
5 X 9 = 45
5 X 10 = 50
**********************
4. Write a Program to find the sum of the following series
#Program to find the sum of the following series
#1/2+2/3+3/4+..............n/n+1
n=int(input("enter n value"))
s=0
s=s+i/(i+1)
print("sum of the series is",s)
input:
enter n value 4
Output:
sum of the series is 2.716666666666667
Exercise:
1.Write a Program to check whether the given number is perfect number or not
2.Write a Program to print all the numbers divisible by 7 and 9 in a range 1 to

n (n value supposed to be entered by the user)
3. Write a Program to print all the even numbers in a range 1 to n (n value

supposed to be entered by the user)
4.Write a program to find the sum of the following series
+1/n
Nested Loops:
loop. Any loop can contain any number of other loops.
Python allows its users to have nested loops, that is, loops that can be placed
inside other loops. Although this feature will work with any loop like while loop
as well as for loop.
A for loop can be used to control the number of times a particular set of
statements will be executed. Another outer loop could be used to control the
number of times that a whole loop is repeated.
Loops should be properly indented to identify which statements are contained

within each for statement.
Examples:
1) 2)
while(condition1): while(condition1):
--- #some statement(s) --- #some statement(s)
while(condition2): for var in sequence:
------ #some statement(s) ------ #statement(s)

------ ------
-------#some statement(s) --------- #statement
3) 4)
for var in sequence: for var in sequence:
-------# statement(s) -------# statement(s)
for var in sequence: while(condition):
-------# statement(s) ----#statement
Example programs:
1) Write a Program to print all the prime numbers from 1 to 1000
n=i
c=0
if(n%i==0):
c=c+1
if(c==2):
print(n,"is a prime number")
2) Write a Program to check whether the given number is strong
number or not
# program to check whether the given number is strong number or not
num=int(input("enter a number"))
t=num
s=0
while(num!=0):
d=num%10
n=d
f=1
f=f*i
s=s+f
num=num//10
if(t==s):
print(t,"is a strong number")
else:
print(t,"is not a strong number")
input:
enter a number 145
Output:
145 is a strong number
3) Write a Program to print the following pattern

*****
*****
*****
*****
*****
for i in range(1,6): #i indicates row

for j in range(1,6):
print( )
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345

for j in range(1,6): # j indicates cloumn
print( )
11111
22222
33333
44444
55555
print(i,end=
print( )

*
**
***
****
*****
for j in range(1,i+1):
print( )
Exercise:
1
12
123
1234
12345
1
22
333
4444
55555
12345
1234
123
12
1
12345
2345
345
45
5
54321
5432
543
54
5
54321
4321
321
21
1

*
* *
* * *
* * * *
#pyramid
""" *
* *
* * *
* * * *
"""
for s in range(1,5-i):
print(" ",end="")
print("*",end=" ")
print()
Output:
* *
* * *
* * * *
***********
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
***********
#to print square pattern

if(i==1 or j==1 or i==10 or j==10):
print("*",end="")
else:
print(" ",end="")
print()
*******
** *
* * *
* * *
* * *
*******

*****
*
*
*
*****
#To print C pattern

if(i==1 or i==8 or j==1):
print("*",end=" ")
else:
print(" ",end=" ")
print()

*****
*
*
*
*****
*
*
*
*****
1
1 2
1 2 3
1 2 3 4
#To print the pattern

for s in range(1,5-i):
print(" ",end="")
print(j,end="")
print()
13. Write a Program to print the following pattern
1
1 2 1
1 2 3 2 1
12 3 4 3 2 1
14. Write a Program to print the Heart symbol following pattern

123454321
1234 4321
123 321
12 21
1 1
12 21
123 321
1234 4321
123454321
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * *
* *
Break, continue and Pass statements:
Break Statement:
The break statement is used to terminate the execution of the nearest enclosing
loop in which it appears. The break statement is widely used with for loop and
while loop. When interpreter encounters a break statement, the control passes
to the statement that follows the loop in which the break statement appears.
Example:
The Continue Statement
Like the break statement, the continue statement can only appear in the body
of a loop. When the interpreter encounters a continue statement then the rest
of the statements in the loop are skipped and the control is unconditionally
transferred to the loop-continuation portion of the nearest enclosing loop.
Example:
Pass Statement:
Pass statement is used when a statement is required syntactically but no

command or code has to be executed. It specified a null operation or simply No
Operation (NOP) statement. Nothing happens when the pass statement is
executed.
Difference between comment and pass statements In Python programming,
pass is a null statement. The difference between a comment and pass
statement is that while the interpreter ignores a comment entirely, pass is not
ignored. Comment is not executed but pass statement is executed but nothing
happens.
Example:
The Else Statement Used With Loops
Unlike C and C++, in Python you can have the else statement associated with
a loop statements. If the else statement is used with a for loop, the else
statement is executed when the loop has completed iterating. But when used
with the while loop, the else statement is executed when the condition becomes
false.
Examples:
STRINGS
INTRODUCTION:
Python treats strings as contiguous series of characters delimited by single,
double or even triple quotes. Python has a built-in string class named "str" that
has many useful features. We can simultaneously declare and define a string
by creating a variable of string type.
This can be done in several ways which are as follows:
name = "India"
graduate = 'N'
country = name
science
NOTE: we
Indexing:
Individual characters in a string are accessed using the subscript ([ ]) operator.

The expression in brackets is called an index. The index specifies the
character we want to access from the given set of characters in the string.
The index of the first character is 0 and that of the last character is n-1 where
n is the number of characters in the string. If you try to exceed the bounds
(below 0 or above n-1), then an error is raised.
Traversing a String:
A string can be traversed by accessing character(s) from one index to another.

For example, the following program uses indexing to traverse a string from first
character to the last.
Example1:
Example2:
for I in Message:
Output:
WELCOME
Concatenating, Appending and Multiplying Strings
EXAMPLE for CONCATNATION:

EXAMPLE for APPENDING:
EXAMPLE for MULTIPLYING:
Strings are Immutable:
Python strings are immutable which means that once created they cannot be
changed. Whenever you try to modify an existing string variable, a new string is
created.
Example:
Built-in String Methods and Functions
Slice Operation
A substring of a string is called a slice. The slice operation is used to refer to
sub-parts of sequences and strings. You can take subset of string from original
string by using [ ] operator also known as slicing operator.
Examples:
Specifying Stride or step while Slicing Strings :
In the slice operation, you can specify a third argument as the stride, which
refers to the number of characters to move forward after the first character is
retrieved from the string. By default the value of stride is 1, so in all the above
examples where he had not specified the stride, it used the value of 1 which
means that every character between two index numbers is retrieved.
Example:
Write a program that asks the user to enter a string. The program should
print the following:
(a) The total number of characters in the string
(b) The string should repeat 10 time
(c) The first character of the string (remember that string indices start at 0)
(d) The first three characters of the string
(e) The last three characters of the string
(f) The string backwards(means reverse)
(g) The seventh character of the string if the string is long enough and a error
message otherwise
(h) The string with its first and last characters removed(use slice operation)
(i) The string in all caps
replaced with an
(k) The string w
(l) The string with every letter replace by space

(m) Remove a specific character of a string based on index value(use slice
operation)
Ans:
#Program on slice operation on strings
s=input("Enter a String")
l=len(s)
print("Number of characters in string",s,"is:",l)
print("string",s,"repeated 10 times:",s*10)
print("The first character of the string",s,"is:",s[0])
print("The first three characters of the string",s,"are:",s[0:3])
print("The last three characters of the string",s,"are:",s[-3:])
print("The string",s,"in backward:",s[::-1])
if(l<7):
print("string",s,"is not enough")
else:
print("string",s,"s 7th character is: ",s[6])
print("String",s,"after removing first and last characters:",s[1:l-1]) #here l is the length of the string
print("String",s,"in all caps:",s.upper())
print("String",s,"after repalcing every a by e:",s.replace("a","e"))
os=s #os means original string
for i in s:
s=s.replace(i," -")
print("String \" ",os," \"after repalcing every letter by space:",s)
os=s #os means original string
for i in s:
s=s.replace(i," ")
print("String \" ",os," \"after repalcing every letter by space:",s)
ord() and chr() Functions :
ord() function returns the ASCII number of the character and chr() function
returns character represented by a ASCII number.
ACII (AMERICAN STANDARD CODE FOR INFORMATION INTERCHANGE)

values of A-Z IS 65-90 ,a-z is 97-
Examples:
2.
Ch=chr(ord(Ch)+1) # now the Ch value is B
Programs:
1.Write a Program to display the following pattern
BB
CCC
DDDD
EEEEE
2. Write a Program to display the following pattern
AB
ABC
ABCD
ABCDE
in and not in Operators (Membership operators)with strings
in and not in operators can be used with strings to determine whether a string
is present in another string. Therefore, the in and not in operator are also
known as membership operators.
Examples:
Comparing Strings
We can use all comparison or relational operators with strings.

Iterating String or Looping a string:
String is a sequence type (sequence of characters). You can iterate through the
string using for loop.
Examples:
Programs:
1.Write a program to input a string and check whether it is palindrome

string or not
Ans:
s=input("enter a string")
rs=s[::-1] # rs is a reverse string
if(s==rs):
print(s,"is a plaindrome string")
else:
print(s,"is not a palindrome string")
Output:
enter a stringmadam
madam is a plaindrome string

2. Write a Program to input a sentence and find number of alphabets,
digits and special symbols in it.
s=input("enter a sentence")
noa=nod=nos=0
s=input("enter a sentence")
noa=nod=nos=0
for i in s:
if(i.isalpha()):
noa=noa+1
elif(i.isdigit()):
nod = nod+1
else:
nos=nos+1
print("no of alphabets=",noa,"no of digits=",nod,"number of special

symbols=",nos)
Output:
enter a sentencewelcome to python@007
no of alphabets= 15 no of digits= 3 number of special symbols= 3
3.Write a Program to input a sentence and find number of vowels in it.
The String Module
The string module consist of a number of useful constants, classes and

functions (some of which are deprecated). Some constants defined in the string
module (string)are:
import string
1) string.ascii_letters: it refers both upper case and lower case constants

2) string.ascii_lowercase: Refers to all lowercase letters from a-z
3) string.ascii_uppercase: Refers to all uppercase letters from A-Z
4) string.digits:Refers to digits from 0-9
5) string.printable:Refers to all digits,letters,special symbols
Examples:
print(string.ascii_letters)
Output:
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
Some functions:
PYTHON PROGRAMMING
Data Structure
A data structure is a group of data elements that are put together under one name.
Data structure defines a particular way of storing and organizing data in a computer so that it
can be used efficiently.
Data Structure: Sequence
A sequence is a data type that represents a group of elements. The purpose of any
sequence is to store and process group elements. In python, strings, lists, tuples and
dictionaries are very important sequence data types.
LIST:
A list is similar to an array that consists of a group of elements or items. Just like an
array, a list can store elements. But, there is one major difference between an array and a list.
An array can store only one type of elements whereas a list can store different types of
elements. Hence lists are more versatile and useful than an array.
Creating a List:
Creating a list is as simple as putting different comma-separated values between
square brackets.
We can create empty list without any elements by simply writing empty square
brackets as: student=[ ]
We can create a list by embedding the elements inside a pair of square braces []. The
elements in the list should be separated by a comma (,).
Accessing Values in list:
To access values in lists, use the square brackets for slicing along with the index or
indices to obtain value available at that index. To view the elements of a list as a whole, we
can simply pass the list name to print function.
Ex:
print student
print student[0] # Access 0th element
print student[0:2] # Access 0th to 1st elements
print student[2: ] # Access 2nd to end of list elements
print student[ :3] # Access starting to 2nd elements
print student[ : ] # Access starting to ending elements
print student[-1] # Access last index value
print student[-1:-7:-1] # Access elements in reverse order
Output:
Mothi
M.A RANJITH KUMAR Page 3.1

PYTHON PROGRAMMING
[84, 96, 84, 75, 84]
84
Creating lists using range() function:

We can use range() function to generate a sequence of integers which can be stored in
a list. To store numbers from 0 to 10 in a list as follows.
numbers = list( range(0,11) )
print numbers # [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
To store even numbers from 0 to 10in a list as follows.
numbers = list( range(0,11,2) )
print numbers # [0,2,4,6,8,10]
Looping on lists:
We can also display list by using for loop (or) while loop. The len( ) function useful
to know the numbers of elements in the list. while loop retrieves starting from 0 th to the last
element i.e. n-1
Ex-1:
numbers = [1,2,3,4,5]
for i in numbers:
print i,
Output:
12345
Updating and deleting lists:

Lists are mutable. It means we can modify the contents of a list. We can append,
update or delete the elements of a list depending upon our requirements.
Appending an element means adding an element at the end of the list. To, append a
new element to the list, we should use the append() method.
Example:
lst=[1,2,4,5,8,6]
print lst # [1,2,4,5,8,6]
lst.append(9)
print lst # [1,2,4,5,8,6,9]
Updating an element means changing the value of the element in the list. This can be
done by accessing the specific element using indexing or slicing and assigning a new value.
Example:
lst=[4,7,6,8,9,3]
print lst # [4,7,6,8,9,3]
lst[2]=5 # updates 2nd element in the list
print lst # [4,7,5,8,9,3]
lst[2:5]=10,11,12 # update 2nd element to 4th element in the list
print lst # [4,7,10,11,12,3]

PYTHON PROGRAMMING
Deleting an element from the list can be done using statement. The del statement
takes the position number of the element to be deleted.
Example:
lst=[5,7,1,8,9,6]
del lst[3] # delete 3rd element from the list i.e., 8
print lst # [5,7,1,9,6]
If we want to delete entire list, we can give statement like del lst.
Concatenation of Two lists:
We can simply use operator on two lists to join them. For example, and are
two lists. If t
Example:
x=[10,20,32,15,16]
y=[45,18,78,14,86]
print x+y # [10,20,32,15,16,45,18,78,14,86]
Repetition of Lists:
We can repeat the elements of a list number of times using operator.
x=[10,54,87,96,45]
print x*2 # [10,54,87,96,45,10,54,87,96,45]
Membership in Lists:
We can check if an element is a member of a list by using and operator. If
True otherwise returns False. If
True otherwise returns False.
Example:
x=[10,20,30,45,55,65]
a=20
print a in x # True
a=25
print a in x # False
a=45
print a not in x # False
a=40
print a not in x # True
Aliasing and Cloning Lists:
Giving a new name to an existing list is called The new name is called
To provide a new name to this list, we can simply use assignment operator (=).
Example:
x = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60]
y=x # x is aliased as y
print x # [10,20,30,40,50,60]
print y # [10,20,30,40,50,60]
x[1]=90 # modify 1st element in x
print x # [10,90,30,40,50,60]
print y # [10,90,30,40,50,60]

PYTHON PROGRAMMING
In this case we are having only one list of elements but with two different names
cloning
we can take help of the slicing operation [:].
Example:
x = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60]
y=x[:] # x is cloned as y
print x # [10,20,30,40,50,60]
print y # [10,20,30,40,50,60]
x[1]=90 # modify 1st element in x
print x # [10,90,30,40,50,60]
print y # [10,20,30,40,50,60]
The lists and are independent lists. Hence, any modifications to will not affect
and vice versa.
Basic List Operations
M.A.RANJITH KUMAR Page 3.4

PYTHON PROGRAMMING
List Methods:
More Methods in Lists:

Method Description
Returns the first occurrence of x in the list.
Appends x at the end of the list.
Inserts x to the list in the position specified by i.
Copies all the list elements into a new list and returns it.
Appends lst2 to list.
Returns number of occurrences of x in the list.
Removes x from the list.
PYTHON PROGRAMMING
Removes the ending element from the list.

Sorts the elements of list into ascending order.
Reverses the sequence of elements in the list.
Deletes all elements from the list.
Returns biggest element in the list.
Returns smallest element in the list.
Example:
lst=[10,25,45,51,45,51,21,65]
lst.insert(1,46)
print lst # [10,46,25,45,51,45,51,21,65]
print lst.count(45) #2
Nested Lists:
A list within another list is called a nested list. We know that a list contains several
elements. When we take a list as an element in another list, then that list is called a nested list.
Example:
a=[10,20,30]
b=[45,65,a]
print b # display [ 45, 65, [ 10, 20, 30 ] ]
print b[1] # display 65
print b[2] # display [ 10, 20, 30 ]
print b[2][0] # display 10
for x in b[2]:
print x, # display 10 20 30
Nested Lists as Matrices:
Suppose we want to create a matrix with 3 rows 3 columns, we should create a list
with 3 other lists as:
mat = [ [ 1, 2, 3 ] , [ 4, 5, 6 ] , [ 7, 8, 9 ] ]
contains again 3 elements as:

[ [ 1, 2, 3] , # first row
[ 4, 5, 6] , # second row
[ 7, 8, 9] ] # third row
Example:
Mat=[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]]
for r in Mat:
print( )
for i in range(3):
for j in range(3):
print( )
PYTHON PROGRAMMING
Output:
One of the main use of nested lists is that they can be used to represent matrices. A
matrix represents a group of elements arranged in several rows and columns. In python,
matrices are created as 2D arrays or using matrix object in numpy. We can also create a
matrix using nested lists.
Q) Write a program to perform addition of two matrices.

a=[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]]
b=[[4,5,6],[7,8,9],[1,2,3]]
for i in range(3):
for j in range(3):
print(a[i][j]+b[i][j],
print ( )
Output:
Q) Write a program to perform multiplication of two matrices.

a=[[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]
b=[[4,5],[7,8],[1,2]]
c=[[0,0],[0,0]]
for i in range(2):
for j in range(2):
for k in range(3):
c[i][j] += a[i][k]*b[k][j]
for i in range(0,m1):
for j in range(0,n2):
print(c[i][j],end
print ( )
Output:

PYTHON PROGRAMMING
List Comprehensions:
List comprehensions represent creation of new lists from an iterable object (like a list,
set, tuple, dictionary or range) that satisfy a given condition. List comprehensions contain
very compact code usually a single statement that performs the task.
We want to create a list with squares of integers from 1 to 100. We can write code as:
squares=[ ]
squares.append(i**2)
The p
[ 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100 ]
The previous code can rewritten in a compact way as:
squares=[x**2 for x in range(1,11)]
This is called list comprehension. From this, we can understand that a list
comprehension consists of square braces containing an expression (i.e., x**2). After the
expression, a fro loop and then zero or more if statements can be written.
[ expression for item1 in iterable if statement1
for item1 in iterable if statement2
for item1 in iterable if statement3
Example:
Even_squares = [ x**2 for x in range(1,11) if x%2==0 ]
It will display the list even squares as list.
[ 4, 16, 36, 64, 100 ]
Looping in Lists
Python's for and in constructs are extremely useful especially when working with lists. The
for var in list statement is an easy way to access each element in a list (or any other
sequence). For example, in the
following code, the for loop is used to access each item in the list.
List=[22,33,11,9,77]
for i in list:
print(i)
Output:
[22,33,11,9,77]
Using the enumerate() and range() Functions

enumerate() function is used when you want to print both index as well as an item in the list. The
function returns an enumerate object which contains the index and value of all the items of the list as
a tuple.The range() function is used when you need to print index.
Example:
X=[1,2]
for I,value in enumerate(X):

PYTHON PROGRAMMING
Output:
Index=0 value=1
Index=1 value=2
PROGRAMS and EXERCISE:

1. Write a program that asks the user to enter a list of integers. Do the following:
(a) Print the total number of items in the list.
(b) Print the last item in the list.
(c) Print the list in reverse order.
(d) Print Yes if the list contains a 5 and No otherwise.
(e) Print the number of fives in the list.
(f) Remove the first and last items from the list, sort the remaining items, and print the result.
(g) Print how many integers in the list are less than 5.
(h) Print the average of the elements in the list.
(i) Print the largest and smallest values in the list.
(j) Print the second largest and second smallest entries in the list
(k) Print how many even numbers are in the list.
Ans:
#program on lists
list=[]
n=int(input("enter how many values u want to store"))
for i in range(n):
x=int(input("enter a value"))
list.append(x)
print(list)
print("The total elments=",n)
print("The last item in the list=",list[-1])
dlist=list[:]
dlist.reverse()
print("The list in reverse order=",dlist)
if(list.count(5)!=0):
print("yes")
else:
print("no")
dlist.reverse()
del(dlist[0])# remove first element of the list
del(dlist[-1])#remove last element of the list
dlist.sort()
print("The remaining elements in sorted order",dlist)
c=0
for i in range(n):
if(list[i]<5):
c=c+1
print("no of <5 in list=",c)
print("average of the list=",sum(list)/n)
list.sort()
print("large=",list[-1],"small=",list[0])
print("second large=",list[-2],"second small=",list[1])
c=0
for i in range(n):
if(list[i]%2==0):
PYTHON PROGRAMMING
c=c+1
print("no of evens in list=",c)
2.Write a Program to define a list of countries as BRICS member and check whether give
country is a member or not.
3.Write a program to create a list of numbers from 1 to 100 and then delete all the even
numbers from list and finally display it.
4.Write a Program to input a list and value to be searched in the list.If value is found print it
5.Write a program to remove all duplicates from a list.

6.Write a Program to create a list of 100 numbers and then create two others lists for even
numbers and odd numbers separately and print them finally.
7.Write a Program to generate the Fibonacci series , store in a list and print that list.
****************ALL THE VERY BEST**************

TUPLE:
A Tuple is a python sequence which stores a group of elements or
items. Tuples are similar to lists but the main difference is tuples are
immutable whereas lists are mutable. Once we create a tuple we cannot
modify its elements. Hence, we cannot perform operations like append(),
extend(), insert(), remove(), pop() and clear() on tuples. Tuples are generally
used to store data which should not be modified and retrieve that data on
demand.
Creating Tuples:
We can create a tuple by writing elements separated by commas inside
parentheses ( ).
The elements can be same data type or different types.
To create an empty tuple, we can simply write
empty parenthesis, as: tup=( )
To create a tuple with only one element, we can, mention that
element in parenthesis and after that a comma is needed. In the
absence of comma, python treats the element assign ordinary
data type.
tup = (10) tup = (10,)
print tup # display 10 print tup # display 10
print (type(tup)) # display <type print (type(tup)) # display<type
int > tuple >
To create a tuple with different types of elements:
If we do not mention any brackets and write the elements

separating them by comma, then they are taken by default as a
tuple.
tup= 10, 20, 34, 47
It is possible to create a tuple from a list. This is done by
converting a list into a tuple using tuple function.
n=[1,2,3,4]
tp=tuple(n)
print tp # display (1,2,3,4)
Another way to create a tuple by using range( ) function that
returns a sequence. t=tuple(range(2,11,2))
print t # display (2,4,6,8,10)
Accessing the tuple elements:
Accessing the elements from a tuple can be done using indexing or
slicing. This is same as that of a list. Indexing represents the position
number of the element in the tuple. The position starts from 0.
tup=(50,60,70,80,90)
print( tup[0]) # display 50
print( tup[1:4]) # display (60,70,80)
M.ANAND RANJITH KUMAR

print( tup[-1]) # display 90
print( tup[-1:-4:-1] )
#display(90,80,70)
print (tup[-4:-1])
# display (60,70,80)
Updating and deleting elements:

Tuples are immutable which means you cannot update, change or
delete the values of tuple elements.
Example-1:
A={1,2,3}
A[1]=33
print(a)
Output:
TypeError
Example-2:
A={1,2,3}
del(A[1])
print(a)
Output:
TypeError
However, you can always delete the entire tuple by using the statement.
Note that this exception is raised because you are trying print the deleted
element.
Operations on tuple:
Operati Descripti Examp O/P

on on le
len(t) Return the length of tuple. t1=(1,2,4,3) 4
t2=(1,"abc",2.6)

print("length lof
t1=",len(t1))
tup1+tup Concatenation of two tuples. print("concatnation of concatnation of t1,t2:

2 t1,t2:",t1+t2) (1, 2, 4, 3, 1, 'abc', 2.6)
tup*n Repetition of tuple values in print("Repetition of Repetition of t2: (1,

n number of times. t2:",t2*2) 'abc', 2.6, 1, 'abc', 2.6)
x in tup Return True if x is found in X=9 False

tuple otherwise returns X in t1
False.
max(tup) Returns the maximum value print("maximum of maximum of t1: 4
in tuple. t1:",max(t1))
min(tup) Returns the minimum value print("minimum of minimum of t1:1
in tuple. t1:",min(t1))
tuple(list) Convert list into tuple. tuple([1,2,3]) (1,2,3)
Returns how many times the print("count of 2 in count of 2 in t1: 1
tup.count
(x) t1:",t1.count(2))
tuple.
Returns the first occurrence print("index of 9 in index of 9 in t2: 2
tup.index(
x) t2:",t2.index(2.6))
is not
found in the tuple.
Sorts the elements of tuple print("sorted of t1 in sorted of t1 in order: [1,
sorted(tup
into ascending order. order:",sorted(t1)) 2, 3, 4]
) sorted(tup,reverse=True) will print(t1) [1,2,4,3]
sort in reverse order.
Example:
tuple1 = (123, 'xyz')
tuple2 = (456, 'abc')
print cmp(tuple1, tuple2) #display False
print cmp(tuple2, tuple1) #display F a l s e
Nested Tuples:
Python allows you to define a tuple inside another tuple. This is called a
nested tuple.
for i in students:
print( i)
Output:

The zip() Function(2 marks question)
The zip() is a built-in function that takes two or more sequences and "zips" them
into a list of tuples.
Example: Program to show the use of zip() function
Lab Program:
Write a python program to demonstrate various operations on tuples.
#various operations on tuples
t1=(1,2,4,3)
t2=(1,"abc",2.6)
print("length lof t1=",len(t1))
print("concatnation of t1,t2:",t1+t2)
print("Repetition of t2:",t2*2)
print("maximum of t1:",max(t1))
print("minimum of t1:",min(t1))
print("count of 2 in t1:",t1.count(2))
print("index of 9 in t2:",t2.index(2.6))
print("sorted of t1 in order:",sorted(t1))
Output:
length lof t1= 4
concatnation of t1,t2: (1, 2, 4, 3, 1, 'abc', 2.6)
Repetition of t2: (1, 'abc', 2.6, 1, 'abc', 2.6)
maximum of t1: 4
minimum of t1: 1
count of 2 in t1: 1
index of 9 in t2: 2
sorted of t1 in order: [1, 2, 3, 4]
2.Write a Program to find the second largest and smallest number in a tuple
T=(3,2,4,1,5,0)
C=soreted(T)

-
Advantages of Tuple over List

are used to store values of different data types. Lists can however,
store data of similar data types.
tuples are immutable, iterating through tuples is faster than iterating
over a list. This means that a tuple performs better than a list(List is mutable).
Tuples can be used as key for a dictionary but lists cannot be used as keys.
Tuples are best suited for storing data that is write-protected(means only
reading not for modification).
Tuples can be used in place of lists where the number of values is known and
small.

SET:
Set is another data structure supported by python. Basically, sets are same as
lists but with a difference that sets are lists with no duplicate entries.
Technically a set is a mutable and an unordered collection of items. This
means that we can easily add or remove items from it.
Creating a Set:
A set is created by placing all the elements inside curly brackets
{}. Separated by comma or by using the built-in function set( ).
Syntax:
Example:
print(s
Creating an empty is possibly through only set( ) function.
Example:
S=set( ) # S is empty set
print(S) # displays set ( )
Even if we write duplicates in the set,but set does not contain duplicates.
Example:
S={1,2,1,2,3}
print(S) # {1,2,3}
Converting a list into set:

A set can have any number of items and they may be of different data
types. set()
function is used to converting list into set.
print s
We can also convert tuple or string into set.
tup= ( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 )
print( set(tup)) # {1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
str=
print (set(str) ) 'i', 'n', 'a' }
Note: Set never preserves order
Operations on set:
Some operations on set
S.n Operation Descripti Example Output
o on
1 len(A) number of elements in set A={1,2} 2
A(cardinality) B={2,3,4,5}
len(A)
2 x in A test x for membership in A X=9 False
X in A

3 x not in A test x for non-membership X not in A True
in A
4 maximum Finds the maximum value max(A) 2
of the set
5 minimum Finds the miniimum value min(A) 1
of the set
6 A.issubs test whether every element A.issubset(B) False
et(B) (or) in A
A <= B is in B or not
7 A.issuperset(B) test whether every element A.isuperset(B) False
in B is in A or not
8 A.union(B) new set with elements from A.union(B) {1,2,3,4,
both A and B 5}
9 A.intersection(B) new set with common A.intersection(B) {2}
elements from both A and B
10 A.difference(B) new set with elements in A A.difference(B) {1}
but not in B
11 A.symmetric_differ new set with elements from A.symmetric_differ {1,3,4,5}
ence(B) both A and B but not ence(B)
common elements
12 A.add(x) Adds the element x into set A.add(9) {1,2,9}
13 A.remove(x) Deletes the element x from A.remove(9) {1,2}
error.
Note:
To create an empty set you cannot write s={}, because python will make
this as a
directory. Therefore, to create an empty set use
set( ) function. s=set( ) s={}
print( type(s)) # display <type set > print (type(s) )#
display <type dict >
Updating a set:
Since sets are unordered, indexing has no meaning. Set operations do
not allow users to access or change an element using indexing or slicing.
Example:
for I in S:
p #1aabc2.6(unordered output)

Lab Program:
#various operations on Sets

A={1,2}
B={2,3,4,5}
print("A Set=",A)
print("B Set=",B)
print("length lof A=",len(A))
print("maximum of B:",max(B))
print("minimum of A:",min(A))
print("A union B =",A.union(B))
print("A intersection B=",A.intersection(B))
print("A difference B=",A.difference(B))
print("A symmetric difference B=",A.symmetric_difference(B))
print("A is subset of B:",A.issubset(B))
print("A is superset of B:",A.issuperset(B))
A.add(9)
print("After Adding new element 9 to set A:",A)
B.remove(4)
print("After Deleting 4 from set B",B)
Output:
A Set= {1, 2}
B Set= {2, 3, 4, 5}
length lof A= 2
maximum of B: 5
minimum of A: 1
A union B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
A intersection B= {2}
A difference B= {1}
A symmetric difference B= {1, 3, 4, 5}
A is subset of B: False
A is superset of B: False
After Adding new element 9 to set A: {1, 2, 9}
After Deleting 4 from set B {2, 3, 5}

Dictionary:
A dictionary represents a group of elements arranged in the form of
key-value pairs. The key and the immediate
next element is taken as its
. The key and its value are separated by a colon (:). All the key-value
pairs in a dictionary are inserted in curly braces { }. Dictionary is mutable
by nature.
Name : Kothi CSE }
Here, the name of dictionary is . The first element in the dictionary is a string
. So, this is called key . The second element is 556 which is taken as
its value .
Example:
d= { 556, }
print ( # 556
print ( # Kothi
print ( # CSE
To access the elements of a dictionary, we should not use indexing or
slicing.
For example,
d[0] or d[1:3] etc. expressions will give error.
To access the value associated with a key, we can mention the key name
insi Name ].
Example:
d= { 556, }
print ( # 556
print ( # Kothi
print ( # CSE
If we want to know how many key-value pairs are there in a dictionary, we

can use the len( ) function, as shown
d= { Regd.No : 556, Name : Kothi , Branch :
CSE } print( len(d)) # 3
We can also insert a new key-value pair into an existing dictionary. This
is done by mentioning the key and assigning a value to it.
Name Kothi Branch CSE }
print (d) #{'Branch': 'CSE', 'Name': 'Kothi',
Gender ]="Male"
print (d) # {'Gender': 'Male', 'Branch': 'CSE', 'Name': 'Kothi',
'Regd.No': 556}
Suppose, we want to delete a key-value pair from the dictionary, we can

use del statement as:
Regd.No ] #{'Gender': 'Male', 'Branch': 'CSE', 'Name': 'Kothi'}
is available in a dictionary or not, we can use
operators. These operators return either True or False.
in d # check if is a key in d and returns True /
We can use any data types for value.
For example, a value can be a number, string, list, tuple or another
dictionary.
But keys should obey the rules:
Keys should be unique. It means, duplicate keys are not allowed. If
we enter same key again, the old key will be overwritten and only the
new key will be available.
nag nag
:20} print emp # {'nag': 20,
'vishnu': 20}
Keys should be immutable type.
For example, we can use a number, string or tuples as keys since they
are immutable. We cannot use lists or dictionaries as keys. If they are
used as keys, we will get TypeError .
emp={['nag']:10,'vishnu':20,'nag':20}
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#2>", line 1, in <module>
emp={['nag']:10,'vishnu':20,'nag':20}
TypeError: unhashable type: 'list'
Dictionary Methods:
Method Description Example
d.clear() Removes all key-value pairs from dict= { : 556,
. : Kothi , : }
d= { : 556,
: Kothi , : }
d.clear() # { }
d2=d.copy( ) into a c=dict.copy()
new dictionary d2. print(c) #{'Branch': 'CSE', 'Name':
'Kothi', 'Regd.No': 556}
Returns the value associated with
d.get(key ) . If key is notfound, it
returns None(Nothing).
Returns an object that contains dict.items( )
d.items( ) key- . The pairs #{'Branch': 'CSE', 'Name': 'Kothi',
are stored as tuples in the object. 'Regd.No': 556}
d.keys( ) Returns a sequence of keys from dict.keys( )
. # dict_keys(['Regd.No', 'Name',
'Branch'])
d.values( ) Returns a sequence of values from dict.values( )
. # dict_values([556, 'Kothi', 'CSE'])
d.update(x) Adds all elements from dictionary c={"Gender":"Male"}
. dict.update(c )
# {'Regd.No': 556, 'Name': 'Kothi',
'Branch': 'CSE', 'Gender': 'Male'}

d.pop(key ) Removes the key and its value dict
and returns the value. If # 'Kothi'
key is not found then print(d)
is raised. # {'Regd.No': 556, 'Branch':
'CSE', 'Gender': 'Male'}
len() Gives how many key-value pairs len(dict)
are there in the dictionary #3
Using for loop with Dictionaries:

for loop is very convenient to retrieve the elements of a dictionary.
Let s take a simple dictionary that contains color code and its name as:
colors = { 'r':"RED", 'g':"GREEN", 'b':"BLUE", 'w':"WHITE" }
b
WHITE indicate values.
colors = { 'r':"RED", 'g':"GREEN", 'b':"BLUE", 'w':"WHITE" }

for k in colors:
print (k )# displays only
keys for k in colors:
print (colors[k]) # keys to to dictionary and display the values
Nested dictionaries:
Dictionary contains another dictionary within it called Nested Dictionary.
Q) Lab program 1
Write a python Program to demonstrate various dictionary operations
d= {"Regd.No": 556,"Name":"Kohli","Branch":"CSE" }
]=",d["Regd.No"])
]=",d["Name"])
]=",d["Branch"])
print("Number of key value pairs in dictionary d=", len(d))
d["Gender"]="Male"
print ("dictionary d=",d)
del(d["Regd.No"])
print("dictionary d=",d)
print("\"Name\" in d=","Name" in d)
c=d.copy()
print("After copying dictionary d to c=",c)
print("value of key Name=",d.get("Name"))
print("Items of dictionary d=",d.items())
print("Keys of dictionary d=",d.keys( ))
print("Values of dictionary d=",d.values( ))
e={"Marks":94}
d.update(e)
print("After Updating dictionary d=",d)
Output:
]= 556
]= Kohli
]= CSE
Number of key value pairs in dictionary d= 3
dictionary d= {'Regd.No': 556, 'Name': 'Kohli', 'Branch': 'CSE',
'Gender': 'Male'}
dictionary d= {'Name': 'Kohli', 'Branch': 'CSE', 'Gender': 'Male'}
"Name" in d= True
After copying dictionary d to c= {'Name': 'Kohli', 'Branch': 'CSE',
'Gender': 'Male'}
value of key Name= Kohli
Items of dictionary d= dict_items([('Name', 'Kohli'), ('Branch',
'CSE'), ('Gender', 'Male')])
Keys of dictionary d= dict_keys(['Name', 'Branch', 'Gender'])
Values of dictionary d= dict_values(['Kohli', 'CSE', 'Male'])
After Updating dictionary d= {'Name': 'Kohli', 'Branch': 'CSE', 'Gender': 'Male',
'Marks': 94}
#lab program on dictionaries based on user input

n=int(input("how many user names u want"))
d={}
for i in range(n):
username=input("enter user name")
password=input("enter password")
d[username]=password
print(d)
username=input("enter user name")
if(username in d.keys()):
password=input("enter password")
if(d[username)==password):
print("successfully logged")
else:
print("invalid password")
else:
print("invalid username")
Output:
how many user names u want3
enter user namereyan
enter password20915
enter user namevihan
enter password182017
enter user nameranjith
enter password3282
{'reyan': '20915', 'vihan': '182017', 'ranjith': '3282'}
enter user namereyan
enter passwordabc
invalid password
Q) A Python program to create a dictionary and find the sum of values.

d={'m1':85,'m3':84,'eng':86,'c':91}
sum=0
for i in d.values():
sum+=i
print (sum) # 346
n=input("Enter How many players? ")

d={}
for i in range(n):
k=input("Enter Player name: ")
v=input("Enter score: ")
d[k]=v
print (d)
name=input("Enter name of player for score: ")
print ("The Score is",d[name])
Output:

Enter How many
players? 3
Enter Player name:
Sachin
Enter score: 98
Enter Player name:
Sehwag
Enter score: 91
Enter Player name:
Dhoni
Enter score: 95
{'Sehwag': 91, 'Sachin': 98,
'Dhoni': 95}
Enter name of player for score:
Sehwag
The Score is 91
d={561:"a",562:"b",563:"c",564:"d",565:"e",566:"f",567:"g",568:"h",569:"i",570:"j"}
pas
else:
else:
Output:
First, a list is an ordered set of items. But, a dictionary is a data structure that is
used for matching one item(key) with another (value).
Second, in lists, you can use indexing to access a particular item. But, these
indexes should be a number. In dictionaries, you can use any type (immutable)
of value as an index.
For example, when we write Dict['Name'], Name acts as an index but it is not a
number but a string.
Third, lists are used to look up a value whereas a dictionary is used to take one
value and look up another value. For this reason, dictionary is also known as a
lookup table.
Fourth, the key-value pair may not be displayed in the order in which it was
specified while defining the dictionary.
Additional Topics:
Converting Lists into Dictionary:
When we have two lists, it is possible to convert them into a
dictionary. For example, we have two lists containing names of countries
and names of their capital cities.
There are two steps involved to convert the lists into a dictionary. The
zip class object by passing the two lists to zip( )
function. The zip( ) function is useful to convert the sequences into a zip
class object. The second step is to convert the zip object into a dictionary by
using dict( ) function.
Example:
countries = [ 'USA', 'INDIA', 'GERMANY', 'FRANCE' ]
cities = [ 'Washington', 'New Delhi', 'Berlin', 'Paris' ]
z=zip(countries, cities)
d=dict(z)
print d
Output:
{'GERMANY': 'Berlin', 'INDIA': 'New Delhi', 'USA': 'Washington', 'FRANCE':
'Paris'}
Converting Strings into Dictionary:

When a string is given with key and value pairs separated by some
delimiter like a comma ( , ) we can convert the string into a dictionary and
use it as dictionary.
s="Vijay=23,Ganesh=20,Lakshmi=19,Nik
hil=22" s1=s.split(',')
s2=[]
d={}
for i in s1:

s2.append(i.split(
'='))
print d
{'Ganesh': '20', 'Lakshmi': '19', 'Nikhil': '22', 'Vijay': '23'}
STRING (VS) LIST (VS) TUPLE (VS) SET (VS) DICTIONARY
Datatyp descriptio Is it Insertio Indexin duplicat Functions/operato

e/ n mutable n order g/ es ns
Data or preserv slicing
structur immutabl ed or
e e? not?
string Sequence Immutabl Not yes Not 1) len()
of e applicab applicabl 2)max()
characters le e 3)min()
4) membership
operators(in,not
in)
5)
concatenation(+)
6)repetition(*)
7)count(x)
8)index(x)
9)isaplha()
10)isdidigit()
11)isalnum()
12)isupper()
13)islower()
14)isspace()
15) find(x)
16)upper()
17)lower()
18)split()
19)join()
20)reverse()
List Ordered mutable Yes yes Yes 1) len()
collection 2)max()
of elements 3)min()
Ex: 4)count(x)
L=[1,2,3] 5)index(x)
6)concatenation(+)
7)repetition(*)
8)membership
operators(in,not
in)
9)append(x)
10)remove(x)
11)copy()
12)reverse()
13)
insert(index,value)
14)sort()
tuple Read only Immutabl Yes yes Yes 1) len()
version of e 2)max()
list 3)min()
Ex:t=(1,2,3) 4) membership
operators(in,not
in)
5)
concatenation(+)
6)repetition(*)
7)count(x)
8)index(x)
9)sorted(tuple)
10)converting list to
tuple
tuple([1,2,3])
Set Unordered mutable no No No 1)len()

collection 2)max()
of unique 3)min()
elements 4)membership
Ex: operators(in,not
Set={1,2,3} in)
5)union()
6)intersection()
7)difference()
8)symmetric_differe
nce()
9)issubset()
10)issuperset()
11)add()
12)remove()
13)del()
dictionar Collection mutable no no No 1) len()
y key-value duplicate 2)membership
pairs key but operators(in,not
Ex: values in)
can be 3)copy()
duplicate 4)clear()
d. 5)get(key)
6)keys()
7)values()
8)items()
9)upadate(x)
10)del()
Note:
We can add the following points also
1) Creating a data structure syntax
2) Creating an empty data structure
3) Give example for accessing the elements of a data type or data
structure.
4) Give example for some functions(minimum 8)

PYTHON PROGRAMMING
FUNCTIONS
So far we have written programs to solve small problems. When we want to solve
large or complex problems, our program may contain more statements means the
length of the program (size of the program) increases. This causes the following
drawbacks
Drawbacks or Disadvantages:
Program size is big (number of statements are more).
Understanding of the program logic is difficult.
Identifying the mistakes in the program also difficult.
Same code of the program (statements) may be repeated.
To overcome the above drawbacks, instead of writing a big program for large
or complex problems. We divide the actual program into sub programs. The
process of dividing the program in to subprograms is called modularization
and this approach is called Top down approach.
Program
Sub Program1 Sub Program2 Sub program n-1 Sub Program n
SUB PROGRAM OR FUNCTION:

Sub program is called as Function or Module.
Function: it contains group of statements to solve a

problem. Functions are two types
Standard functions
User defined functions.
Standard Functions:These functions are already available in the header files.

These functions are also called library functions, system defined functions or
built in functions.
M.A.RANJITH KUMAR
PYTHON PROGRAMMING
Examples:
print () ,input() these are standard output and input functions
User defined functions: These functions are created or defined by the user to solve a
problem. User can create or define own functions to solve the problems.
Examples:
Myfunction () - user can create a function like Myfucntion ().
Defining a Function or user defined function:
You can define functions to provide the required functionality. Here are
simple rules to define a function in Python.
Function blocks begin with the keyword def followed by the function name
and parentheses ( ).
Any input parameters or arguments should be placed within these
parentheses. You can also define parameters inside these parentheses.
The first statement of a function can be an optional statement - the
documentation string of the function or docstring.
The code block within every function starts with a colon (:) and is indented.
The statement return [expression] exits a function, optionally passing back
an expression to the caller. A return statement with no arguments is the
same as return none.
Syntax:
def functionname (parameters):
"""function_docstring"""
function_suite
return [expression]
By default, parameters have a positional behavior and you need to inform them
in the same order that they were defined.
M.A.RANJITH KUMAR
PYTHON PROGRAMMING
Example:
def add(a,b):
"""This function sum the numbers"""
c=a+b
print c
return
Here, represents starting of function. is function name. After
this name, parentheses ( ) are compulsory as they denote that it is a function
and not a variable or something else. In the parentheses we wrote two variables
a and b parameters . A parameter is a variable
that receives data from outside a function. So, this function receives two values
from outside and tho a and b . After

parentheses, we put colon (:) that represents the beginning of the function body.
The function body contain suite .
Calling function and Called function:
The function which calls another function is called as calling function.
The function which is called by calling function is called as Called function.

Example:
def f ( ):
-----
g()
---------
def g ( ):
-----
-----
-----
--------
M.A.RANJITH KUMAR
PYTHON PROGRAMMING
Here f() is called as calling function and g() is called as called function.
Function call
Function gets invoked when it is called. To use the function we have
to call that function. We can call the function many ways. Some ways
are
1. Using function
name.
Example: add ()
2. using function name with parameters(only
variables or constants )
Example: add (5, 6, 7)
Sub (a, b)
3. function with parameters and return value
Ex:result=fact(n)
Actual arguments and Formal Arguments
The arguments that are specified at calling a function are called Actual
arguments and the arguments that are specified at called function are called
formal arguments. Arguments are called Parameters.
Example:
def f(): # calling function
----
----
G(p) # calling function G()
----
def G(int A) :# called function
----
------
M.A.RANJITH KUMAR
PYTHON PROGRAMMING
In the Above example f () is called as calling function G () is called as called

function and p is called as actual argument and A is called as formal
argument.
Return statement
In python language, every function returns a value by using
return statement. return statement available in various forms.
return
It means return statement is not returning any value.(it returns

nothing).
Syntax:
return expression
Expression may
contain a
variable,constant or
both
Example:
return 9
return 1.7
return p #here p can be any type of variable.

return 5, 2, 7, 3 #we can return all the 4 values at a time
return 9-5+6 # here first the expression will be solved then
that value will be returned.
return a+b
return a-9+b*c/d*4
The actual arguments used in a function call are of 4 types:

a) Positional arguments
b) Keyword arguments
c) Default arguments
d) Variable length arguments
M.A.RANJITH KUMAR
PYTHON PROGRAMMING
a) Positional Arguments:
These are the arguments passed to a function in correct positional order.
Here, the number of arguments and their position in the function definition
should match exactly with the number and position of argument in the function
call.
def attach(s1,s2):
s3=s1+s2
print s3
attach("New","Delhi") #Positional arguments
This function expects two strings that too in that order only.
function attaches the two strings as s1+s2.So, while calling this function, we are
supposed to pass only two strings as: attach("New","Delhi").
The preceding statements displays the following output NewDelhi. Suppose, we passed
"Delhi" first and then "New", then the result will be: "DelhiNew". Also, if we try to pass
more than or less than 2 strings, there will be an error.
b) Keyword Arguments:
Keyword arguments are arguments that identify the parameters by their names.
For example, the definition of a function that displays grocery item and its price can
be written as:
def grocery(item, price):
At the time of calling this function, we have to pass two values and we can mention
which value is for what. For example,
Here, we are mentioning a keyword and its value and then another keyword
and its value. Please observe these keywords are nothing but the parameter
names which receive these values. We can change the order of the arguments as:
grocery(
In this way, even though we change the order of the arguments, there will not be any
problem as the parameter names will guide where to store that value.
def grocery(item,price):
print( "item=",item )
print( "price=",price)
M.A.RANJITH KUMAR
PYTHON PROGRAMMING
grocery(item="sugar",price=50.75) # keyword arguments
grocery(price=88.00,item="oil") # keyword arguments
output:
item= sugar price= 50.75
item= oil price= 88.0
c) Default Arguments:
We can mention some default value for the function parameters in the definition.
def grocery(item, price=40.00)

Here, the first argument is item whose default value is not mentioned. But
the second argument is price and its default value is mentioned to be 40.00
At the time of calling this function, if price value, then the
default value of 40.00 is taken.
If price value, then that mentioned value is utilized. So, a default

argument is an argument that assumes a default value if a value is not provided in
the function call for that argument.
Example: def grocery(item,price=40.00):

print "item=",item
print "price=",price
grocery(item="sugar",price=50.75)
grocery(item="oil")
Output:
item= sugar
price= 50.75
item= oil
price= 40.00
d) Variable Length Arguments:

Sometimes, the programmer does not know how many values a function may
receive. In that case, the programmer cannot decide how many arguments to be
given in the function definition. for example, if the programmer is writing a function
M.A.RANJITH KUMAR
PYTHON PROGRAMMING
to add two numbers, he/she can write:
add(a,b)
But, the user who is using this function may want to use this function to find sum of
three numbers. In that case, there is a chance that the user may provide 3 arguments
to this function as:
add(10,15,20)
Then the add( ) function will fail and error will be displayed. If the programmer want to
deve n arguments, that is also possible in python. For
this purpose, a variable length argument is used in the function definition. a variable
length argument is an argument that can accept any number of values. The variable
len * symbol before it in the function definition as:
def add(farg, *args):
farg *args represents variable length argument.
We can *args and it will store them all in a tuple.
Example:
def add(farg,*args):
sum=0
for i in args:
sum=sum+i
print "sum is",sum+farg
add(5,10)
add(5,10,20)
add(5,10,20,30)
Output:
Sum is 15
Sum is 35
Sum is 65
Local and Global Variables:

When we declare a variable inside a function, it becomes a local variable. A local variable
is a variable whose scope is limited only to that function where it is created. That means
the local variable value is available only in that function and not outside of that function.
a is declared inside myfunction() and hence it is available inside that
function.
M.A.RANJITH KUMAR
PYTHON PROGRAMMING
is removed from memory and it is
not available.
Example-1:
def myfunction():
a=10
print "Inside function",a #display 10
myfunction()
print "outside function",a # Error, not available
Output:
Inside function 10 outside function
NameError: name 'a' is not defined
When a variable is declared above a function, it becomes global variable. Such
variables are available to all the functions which are written after it.
Example-2:
a=11
def myfunction():
b=10
print "Inside function",a #display global
var
print "Inside function",b #display local var
myfunction()
print "outside function",a # available
print "outside function",b # error
Output:
Inside function 11
Inside function 10
outside function 11 outside function
NameError: name 'b' is not defined
The Global Keyword:

Sometimes, the global variable and the local variable may have the same name. In
that case, the function, by default, refers to the local variable and ignores the global
variable. So, the global variable is not accessible inside the function but outside of it,
it is accessible.
Sometimes, the global variable and the local variable may have the same name. In
M.A.RANJITH KUMAR
PYTHON PROGRAMMING
that case, the function, by default, refers to the local variable and ignores the global
variable. So, the global variable is not accessible inside the function but outside of it,
it is accessible.
Example-1:
a=11
def myfunction():
a=10
print "Inside function",a # display local variable
myfunction()
print "outside function",a # display global variable
Output:
Inside function 10
outside function 11
When the programmer wants to use the global variable inside a function, he can use
the keyword global before the variable in the beginning of the function body as:
global a
Example-2:
a=11
def myfunction():
global a
a=10
print "Inside function",a # display global variable
myfunction()
print "outside function",a # display global variable
Output:
Inside function 10
outside function 10
Lambda Functions Or Anonymous Functions

Lambda or anonymous functions are so called because they are not declared as other
functions using the def keyword.
Lambda functions contain only a single line. Its syntax can be given as,
M.A.RANJITH KUMAR
PYTHON PROGRAMMING
Example:
Programs using Functions:

1.Write a Program to find the factorial of a given number using function
def fact(n):
if(n==0):
return 1
else:
f=1
f=f*i
return f
r=fact(n)
2. Write a Program to find the reverse of a given number using function

def reverse(n):
rev=0
while(n!=0):
d=n%10
rev=rev*10+d
n=n//10
return rev
r=reverse(n)
M.A.RANJITH KUMAR
PYTHON PROGRAMMING
3.Write a Program to find the sum of the digits of a given number using function
def sod(n):
sum=0
while(n!=0):
d=n%10
sum=sum+d
n=n//10
return sum
r=sod(n)
sum of the digits of the
4.Write a Program to find the nth term of a Fibonacci series using function
def fibonacci(n):
if(n==1):
return 0
elif(n==2):
return 1
else:
a=0
b=1
c=a+b
a=b
b=c
return c
r=fibonacci(n)
print(n, Fibonacci number is ,r)
M.A.RANJITH KUMAR
PYTHON PROGRAMMING
Recursive Functions
A recursive function is defined as a function that calls itself to solve a
smaller version of its task until a final call is made which does not require a
call to itself.
Every recursive solution has two major cases, which are as follows:
base case, in which the problem is simple enough to be solved directly
without making any further calls to the same function.
in which first the problem at hand is divided into simpler
sub parts.
1.Write a Program to find the factorial of a given number using recursive function
or recursion
#finding the factorial of a number using recursive function

def rfact(n):
if(n==0):
return 1
else:
return n*rfact(n-1)
n=int(input("enter a positive number"))

r=rfact(n)
print("factorial of",n,"is",r)
2. Write a Program to find the sum of the digits of a given number using recursive function
#finding the sum of the digits of a number using function
def sod(n):
if(n==0):
return 0
else:
return (n%10+sod(n//10))
M.A.RANJITH KUMAR
PYTHON PROGRAMMING
n=int(input("enter a positive number"))

r=sod(n)
print("sum of the digits of",n,"is",r)
3. Write a Program to find the nth term of a Fibonacci series using recursive
function
def fibonacci(n):
if(n==1):
return 0
elif(n==2):
return 1
else:
return Fibonacci(n-1)+Fibonacci(n-2)
r=fibonacci(n)
4. Write a Program to find the reverse of a given number using recursive function
or recursion
rev=0
def reverse(n):
if(n==0):
return 0
else:
d=n%10
rev=rev*10+d
n=n//10
reverse(n)
return rev
r=reverse(n)
M.A.RANJITH KUMAR
PYTHON PROGRAMMING
What is the output of the following code

1. def fun(x,y):
if(y==0):
return 1
else:
return x*fun(x,y-1)
print(fun(2,3))
Answer: The above code is recursive function for finding xy

So result is 23 =8
2. What is the output of the following code
def fun(x,y):
if(y==0):
return 0
else:
return x+fun(x,y-1)
print(fun(2,3))
Answer: The above code is recursive function for finding x*y

So result is 2*3=6
Important Questions from Functions:

1. Define a function. What are the advantages of the functions.
2. A) Write the syntax for defining a function
b) Define calling function, called function, formal arguments and actual
arguments
3. Explain various types of arguments.
4. Define a recursion or recursive function and write program to find the factorial
of a number using recursion or recursive function.
5. A) Write a program to find nth term of a Fibonacci series using recursion or
recursive function.
b) Explain local and global variables briefly
6 a) Write program to find the factorial of a number using function.
b) Write program to find the sum of the digits of a given number using recursive
function.
M.A.RANJITH KUMAR
PYTHON PROGRAMMING
M.A.RANJITH KUMAR
FILES
Definition:
A file is a collection of data stored on a secondary storage device like

hard disk.
A file is basically used because real-life applications involve large

amounts of data and in such situations the console oriented I/O (input()
,print() functions from python)operations pose two major problems:
First, it becomes time consuming to handle huge amount of data

through terminals.
Second, when doing I/O using terminal, the entire data is lost when
either the program is terminated or computer is turned off.
Therefore, it becomes necessary to store data on a permanent storage

(the disks) and read whenever necessary, without destroying the data.
File Path:
It denotes the location of the file.
Relative Path and Absolute Path

A file path can be either relative or absolute. While an absolute path
always contains the root and the complete directory list to specify the
exact location the file, a relative path as only a part of the complete
path is specified.
Example:
C:\Students\Under Graduate\BTech_CS.docx is an absolute path.
but
Under Graduate\BTech_CS.docx is a relative path
Types of Files:
Based on content or data of a file. Files are two types
Text files
Binary files
Text files:
Text files contain data in the form of letters,digits or special symbols
which can be read and understand by humans.
Ex: abc.txt, c7p1.c, p.py
Binary files:
Binary files contain data in the form of bits that can be easily understood
by computers and not by humans.
Ex: all audio, video, images, 1.exe,xyz.dll // exe means executable files
To make use of files, we have to follow the steps

First we have to open the file, second do some kind of operation on file
and then close the file.
1. The Open() Function:
Before reading from or writing to a file, you must first open it using
-in open() function. This function creates a file object,
which will be used to invoke methods associated with it. The syntax of
open() is:
fileObj = open( file_name , access_mode )
Here,
file_name is a string value that specifies name of the file that you
want to access.
access_mode indicates the mode in which the file has to be
opened(purpose of opening the file), i.e., read, write, append, etc.
Example:
The open() Function Access Modes or modes:
Text files modes:
S.no Mode Symbol Purpose Example
1 Write It opens a file for P=
writing purpose.
If already the file
exists then the
file contents will
be overwritten
otherwise a new
file will be
created.
2 Read It opens a file for
reading purpose.
If already the file
exists then the
file contents will
be read one by
one by the file
pointer or object
otherwise error.
3 Append It opens a file for P=
appending
purpose. If
already the file
exists then the
file contents will
be added at the
end of the file
otherwise a
newfile will be
created.
Text files mixed modes:
1 Write+read It opens a file for
writing and
reading
purpose. If
already the file
exists then the
file contents will
be overwritten
otherwise a new
file will be
created.
2 Append+read It opens a file for
appending and
reading purpose.
If already the file
exists then the
file contents will
be added at the
end of the file
otherwise a new
file will be
created.
3 Read+write It opens a file for P=
reading and
writing purpose.
If already the file
exists then the
file contents will
be read one by
one by the file
pointer
otherwise Error
Binary File modes:

S.no Mode Symbol Purpose Example
1 Write It opens a file for
writing purpose.
If already the file
exists then the
file contents will
be overwritten
otherwise a new
file will be
created.
2 Read It opens a file for
reading
purpose. If
already the file
exists then the
file contents will
be read one by
one by the file
pointer
otherwise Error
3 Append It opens a file for
appending
purpose. If
already the file
exists then the
file contents will
be added at the
end of the file
otherwise a
newfile will be
created.
Binary files mixed modes:
1 Write+read It opens a file for P=
writing and
reading
purpose. If
already the file
exists then the
file contents will
be overwritten
otherwise a new
file will be
created.
2 Append+read It opens a file for
appending and
reading
purpose. If
already the file
exists then the
file contents will
be added at the
end of the file
otherwise a new
file will be
created.
3 Read+write It opens a file for P=
reading and
writing purpose.
If already the file
exists then the
file contents will
be read one by
one by the file
pointer
otherwise Error
The File Object Attributes
Once a file is successfully opened, a file object is returned. Using this file
object, you can easily access different type of information related to that
file. This information can be obtained by reading values of specific
attributes of the file.
Example:
The close () Method

The close() method is used to close the file object. Once a file object is
closed, you cannot further read from or write into the file associated with
the file object .
The syntax of close() is
fileObj.close()
Reason for closing the file:
The close() method frees up any system resources such as file
descriptors, file locks, etc. that are associated with the file. Moreover,
there is an upper limit to the number of files a program can open. If that
limit is exceeded then the program may even crash or work in
unexpected manner. Thus, you can waste lots of memory if you keep
many files open unnecessarily and also remember that open files always
stand a chance of corruption and data loss.
The write() and writelines() Methods

The write() method is used to write a string to an already opened file.
Of course this string may include numbers, special characters or other
symbols.
While writing data to a file, you must remember that the write() method
does not add a newline character ('\n') to the end of the string.
The syntax of write() method is: fileObj.write(string)
The writelines() method is used to write a list of strings.
Examples:
Example on Writeline ()method:
How to append the data?

Once you have stored some data in a file, you can always open that file
again to write more data or append data to it. To append a file, you must
open it using 'a' or 'ab' mode depending on whether it is a text file or a
binary file.
Example:
The read() and readline() Methods

The read() method is used to read a string from an already opened file.
As said before, the string can include, alphabets, numbers, characters or
other symbols.
The syntax of read() method is fileObj.read([count])
In the above syntax, count is an optional parameter which if passed to

the read() method specifies the number of bytes to be read from the
opened file.
The read() method starts reading from the beginning of the file and if
count is missing or has a negative value then, it reads the entire contents
of the file (i.e., till the end of file).
Example:
The readlines() method is used to read all the lines in the file.
Example:
for line in f.readlines():
print(line)
Splitting Words
Python allows you to read line(s) from a file and splits the line (treated as
a string) based on a character. By default, this character is space but
you can even specify any other character to split words in the string.
Example:
Programs:
1. Write a python program to read contents from a file and
display the contents
Source code:
f=open("python.txt","w")
f.write("this is my first file program")
f.close()
f=open("python.txt","r")
print(f.read())
f.close()
2. Write a python program to display the number of characters,

digits and special characters present in the given file content
Source code:
s=0
d=0
a=0
f=open("p26.py","r")
t=f.read()
for c in t:
if(c.isdigit()):
d=d+1
elif(c.isalpha()):
a=a+1
else:
s=s+1
print("number of alphabets in a file",a)
print("number of digits in a file",d)
print("number of special characters in a file",s)
f.close()
3.
You are given a file called grades.txt, where each line of the file
contains a one-word student username and three test scores
separated by spaces, like below:.
Rathan 83 77 54
Adams 86 69 90
Write code that scans through the file and determines how
many students passed all three tests (Hint:- Pass % based on user
input).
Source code:
f=open('listfile.txt', 'r')
l=[]
c=0
for line in f:
l.append([])
l[c]=line
l[c]=l[c].split( )
c=c+1
for i in range(0,c):
c1=0
print(l[i])
if(int(l[i][j])>35):
c1=c1+1
if(c1==3):
print("pass")
else:
print("fail")
f.close()
4.Write a Program to copy the contents of one file into another

file.
f=open("1.py","r") #f is referring first file to read

p=open("2.py","w") # p is referring second file to write
p.write(f.read()) # we read contents from file f and write in another
#file called p
f.close()
p.close()
5. Write a Program to merge the contents of two files into third

file.
f=open("1.py","r") #f is referring first file to read

p=open("2.py","r") # p is referring second file to read
q=open("mergedfile.py","w") # q is referring merged file to write
q.write(f.read()) #copy from first file to merged file.
f.close() #close first file
q=open("mergedfile.py","a") #open merged file in append mode
q.write(p.read()) #copy from second file to merged file.
p.close() #close first file
q.close() #close first file

Python Features

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History of Python:

National Research Institute for mathematics and computer science in the

needed a name that was short, unique, and slightly mysterious, so he

1) Easy to Learn and Use

It is a numerical value. We can use four numbers in python. They are

Use of Triple Quotes:

1) Triple quotes can be used for multi line string literals

The format function can be used to control the display of strings.

Format(string, format specifier)

The strings can be left,right,central justification in a specified width.

o/p: hello **********

4.Special symbols like !, @, #, $, % ,space or gap etc. are not allowed

stored. To be identified easily, each variable is given an appropriate name.

In Python a variable is a reserved memory location used to store values.

Usually in programming languages like C, C++ and Java, we need to

Python has no command for declaring a variable. A variable is created the

The equal-to (=) operator is used to assign value to a variable.

Note: Operators are special symbols used in programming languages that

Note: As a good programming practice, we should use meaningful names for

In Python, assignment create references, not copies.

Sample Input and Output:

Python variables do not need explicit declaration to reserve memory space.

The declaration happens automatically when you assign a value to a variable.

The equal sign (=) is used to assign values to variables.

Let us consider the below example:

The above example program produces the result as:

Write a program which does the following:

1. Create a variable kilometers and assign 6 to it.

UNDERSTANDING MULTIPLE ASSIGNMENTS

Let us consider an example:

Let us consider the below example:

Sample Input and Output:

n Python, assignment statements do not return a value. Chained assignment

Let us consider a simple example:

Here, we initialising the a, b, c, d variables with value 10.

Write a program to assign a user given value to a, b, c variables.

For example, if the user gives the input as:

then the program's result is as follows :

Sample Input and Output:

Standard data types

True False None and as

Asset def Class continue break

Else finally Elif del except

Global for If from import

Raise try Or return pass

Nonlocal in Not is lambda

A Python program is usually composed of multiple statements.

In a computer program, a comment is used to mark a section of code as non-

Comments are mainly used for two purposes:

1. To mark a section of source code as non-executable, so that the Python

In Python, there are two types of comments:

1. single-line comment : It starts with # (also known as

INPUT AND OUTPUT STATEMENTS

The syntax for input() function is :

Reading string inputs

Let us consider the below example:

name = input("Enter your Name: ")

Sample input output of this program is as follows

If the input is given as "Jacob", the result will be