PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS

Python is a high-level, interpreted and

general-purpose dynamic programming language
that focuses on code readability. The syntax in
Python helps the programmers to do coding in fewer
steps as compared to Java or C++.

Let us learn the basic elements of python

programming
What is Character Set?
 PYTHON CHARACTERSET

What is Character Set?

Character set is a bunch of

identifying elements in the
programming language.
PYTHON CHARACTERSET
 PYTHON CHARACTERSET

PYTHON
CHARACTER
SET

• Letters:- A-Z, a-z

• Digits:- 0 to 9
• Special Symbols:- space + - / ( ) [ ] = ! = < > , ‘ “ $ # ; : ? &
• White Spaces:- Blank Space , Horizontal Tab, Vertical tab,
Carriage Return.
• Other Characters:- Python can process all 256 ASCII and
Unicode Characters.
What is Token or lexical unit?
 TOKENS OR LEXICAL UNIT

What is Token?

Individual elements that are

identified by programming language are
called tokens or lexical unit.
TYPES OF LEXICAL UNITS
 TOKENS / LEXICAL UNITS

1. Key
Words

5. 2.
Punctuators Identifiers

TOKENS

4.
Operators. 3. Literals
What is Keyword or reserved word?
 1. Keyword/Reserved Word

What is Keyword?

Keywords are also called as

reserved words these are having special
meaning in python language. The
words are defined in the python
interpreter hence these cant be used as
programming identifiers.
Some Keywords of Python Language
Some Keywords of Python Language

and assert
break class
continue def
del elif
else except
exec finally
for from
Some Keywords of Python Language

global if
import in
is lambda
not or
pass print
raise return
try while
with yield
What is an identifier?
 2. IDENTIFIERS
What is an identifier?
A Python Identifier is a name
given to a function, class, variable,
module, or other objects that you’ll be
using in your Python program.
In short, its a name appeared in
the program.
For example: a, b, c
a b and c are the identifiers and
a b & c and , are the tokens
PYTHON NAMING CONVENTIONS

OR

IDENTIFIER FORMATION RULES

PYTHON NAMING CONVENTIONS

What are the python naming

conventions?

1. An identifier can be a combination

of uppercase letters, lowercase letters,
underscores, and digits (0-9). Hence,
the following are valid identifiers:
myClass, my_variable, var_1, and
print_hello_world.
 PYTHON NAMING CONVENTIONS

What are the python naming

conventions?

2. The first character must be letter.

3. Special characters such as %, @, and
$ are not allowed within identifiers.
4. An identifier should not begin with a
number. Hence, 2variable is not
valid, but variable2 is
acceptable.
PYTHON NAMING CONVENTIONS

What are the python naming

conventions?

5. Python is a case-sensitive
language and this behaviour extends to
identifiers. Thus, Labour and labour are
two distinct identifiers in Python.
6. You cannot use Python keywords as
identifiers.
PYTHON NAMING CONVENTIONS

What are the python naming

conventions?

7. You cannot use Python keywords as

identifiers.
8. You can use underscores to separate
multiple words in your
identifier.
PYTHON NAMING CONVENTIONS

SOME VALID IDENTIFIERS:

Myfile1 DATE9_7_8
y3m9d3 _xs
MYFILE _FXd
SOME INVALID IDENTIFIERS:
MY-REC 28dre break
elif false del
What is literals?
3. LITERALS / CONSTANT VALUES

What is literals?

Literals are also called as

constants or constant values these are
the values which never change during
the execution of program.
What are the types of literals?
TYPES OF LITERALS / CONSTANT VALUES

What are the types of literals?

1) String Literals or Constants.

2) Numeric Literals or
Constants.
3) Boolean Literals or
Constants.
4) Special Literal None.
5) Literal Collections.
What is string?
1. STRING LITERALS OR CONSTANTS

What is string?
Sequence of letters enclosed in
quotes is called string or string literal or
constant.
Python supports both form of
quotes i.e.
‘Hello’
“Hello”
Representation of String
REPRESENTATION OF STRING

>>> s = “Hello Python”

This is how Python would index the string:
Backward Indexing

Forward Indexing
 REPRESENTATION OF STRING

To access the first character on the string

you just created, type and enter the variable
name s and the index 0 within square brackets
like this:
>>>s[0]
You’ll get this output:
‘H’
 REPRESENTATION OF STRING

To access the last character, you can use this

expression:
>>>s[len(s)-1] Len() function
is used to find
the length of
You’ll get the output:
the string.
‘n’
 REPRESENTATION OF STRING

The expression introduces you to the len

function. There is actually an easier way to
access the last item on the string:
>>>s[-1]
‘n’
To access the penultimate character:
>>>s[-2]
‘o’
 TYPES OF STRINGS

What are the types of strings supported

in python?

Python supports two ways of

representation of strings:

1) Single Line Strings.

2) Multi Line Strings.
TYPES OF STRINGS
 SINGLE LINE STRINGS

Strings created using single quote

or double quote must end in one line
are called single line strings
For Example:
Item=“Computer”
Or
Item= ‘Computer’
 MULTI LINE STRINGS

Strings created using single quote

or double quote and spread across
multiple lines are called Multi Line
Strings.
by adding backslash \ one can
continue to type on next line.
For instance: Item = ‘Key\
board’
SIZE OF STRINGS
 SIZE OF STRINGS

‘\\’ Size is 1 (\ is an
escape sequence)
‘abc’ size is 3
“\ab” size is 2
“Raama\’s Laptop” size is 13
Strings with Triple Quotes
 STRINGS WITH TRIPLE QUOTES

For multi line strings created by triple

quotes, while calculating size, the
EOL(End of Line) character at the end of
line is also counted.
For instance: Enter keys are
considered as
Str2=“’x EOL so size of
y str2 is 5
Z”’
Escape Sequences
 ESCAPE SEQUENCES

\\ Back Slash

\’ Single Quote (‘)

\” Double Quote (“)

 ESCAPE SEQUENCES

\a ASCII Bell

\b ASCII Backspace

\f ASCII Formfeed
 ESCAPE SEQUENCES

\n New Line

\r Carriage return

\t Horizontal Tab
 ESCAPE SEQUENCES

\t Vertical Tab

\x 16 bit hex value

\ooo Octal Value

\\ Back Slash
\’ Single Quote
\” Double Quote
\a ASCII Bell
\b ASCII Backspace
\f ASCII Form Feed
\n New Line
\r Carriage Return
\t Horizontal Tab
\v Vertical Tab
\x 16 bit Hex Val
 \ooo Octal Value

Note: ooo represents 3 octal digits.

 2. NUMERICAL LITERALS

Numerical Literals have the following

types:
int or integers - Whole numbers
float - real values
Complex - Complex
numbers
 2. NUMERICAL LITERALS

Numerical Literals have the following

types:
int or integers - Whole numbers
float - real values
Complex - Complex
numbers
INTEGER LITERALS OR CONSTANTS

 Decimal Integer Literals: Any whole number

(+ve) or (-ve).
INTEGER LITERALS OR CONSTANTS

 Octal Integer Literals(base 8): A Sequence of

digits starting with 0O (digit zero followed by
letter o) is taken to be an Octal Integer
Literals.
INTEGER LITERALS OR CONSTANTS

 Hexadecimal Integer Literals (base 16):

Sequence of digits preceded by ox or OX is
hexadecimal integer literals
INTEGER LITERALS OR CONSTANTS

Binary literals (base 2): To signify binary

literals, you’ll use the prefix ‘0B’ or ‘0b’ (zero
and uppercase or lowercase ‘b’).
Converting Integers to their String
Representation
 oct ( )
To convert an integer into its string
representation, you can use the functions hex(),
bin(), and oct().

To convert the integer 7 to its octal literal, type

and enter oct(7) on the command prompt. You’ll
get the output ‘0o7’:
 hex ( )
Here is what happens when you convert the
integer 2572 to a hexadecimal literal:
 bin ( )
see what happens when you use the bin()
function to convert the integer 12 to its binary
string:
FLOATING POINT LITERALS OR CONSTANTS
FLOATING POINT LITERALS OR CONSTANTS

Floating point literals are also

called as real literals having fractional part.

These may be written in one of the two forms:

1. Fractional Form: for example 15.75

2. Exponent Form: It consists of two parts

Mantissa and Exponent. for example 5.8 can
be represented as 0.58 x 10-1 = 0.58E01.
where mantissa part is 0.58 and E01 is the
exponent.
FLOATING POINT LITERALS OR CONSTANTS

Float type
BOOLEAN LITERALS OR CONSTANTS.
3) BOOLEAN LITERALS OR CONSTANTS.

A Boolean literal in python is

used to represent the Boolean values (true or
false).
Special Literal - None
 4) SPECIAL LITERAL NONE

The None literal is used to

indicate absence of value.
For example: val = None
LITERAL COLLECTIONS
 5) LITERAL COLLECTIONS

Python supports literal

collections also such as tuple and lists ..etc

It will be to complex to discuss as we

are in the beginning, subsequent chapters we
will cover literal collections.
4. OPERATORS
 OPERATORS
What is an operator?
Operators are tokens that trigger some
computation when applied to a variable.

In detail we study in the next chapter.

5. PUNCTUATORS
 PUNCTUATORS

Punctuators are also called as separators

The Followings are used as punctuators:
Brackets [ ]
Parentheses ( )
Braces { }
Comma ,
Semicolon ;
Colon :
Asterisk *
Ellipsis …
Equal Sign =
Pound Sign #
WHITE SPACE
 WHITE SPACE

• Use consistent indentation instead.

• The first line with less indentation is
outside of the block.
• The first line with more indentation
starts a nested block.
• Often a colon appears at the start of a
new block. (E.g. for function and class
definitions.).
COMMENTS
 COMMENTS

Comments are non executable

statements in a program.
Single line comment always starts
with #
Multiline comment will be in triple
quotes. For example “’ write a program
to find the simple interest “’.
Note: Triple apostrophe is called docstrings.
STATEMENTS
 STATEMENTS

In computer terminology
statement refers to an instruction.

Program contains several

statements. A collection of statements
makes program

Another name for a program is

code.
FUNCTIONS
 FUNCTIONS

What is function?
Function is a self contained
program segment which carries out
some specific well defined task.
For Example:
def sqr( num ):
result= num *num
print ("Square = " ,
result)
sqr()
PYTHON PROGRAMMING CONVENTIONS
PYTHON PROGRAMMING CONVENTIONS

Statement Termination: python does

not use any symbol to terminate the
statement.
Maximum Line Length: Line Length be
maximum 79 characters.
Whitespaces: you should always have
whitespace around operators but not
with parenthesis.
PYTHON PROGRAMMING CONVENTIONS

Block or Code Block: A group of

statements which are part of another
statement or function is called Block or
Code Block.
Case Sensitive: Python is case sensitive.
VARIABLES AND ASSIGNMENTS
 VARIABLES AND ASSIGNMENTS

Named labels are called variables.

For example: marks =86

78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87
2000 2016 2018 2026 2032 2044 2048 2050 2054 2068

marks refers to
location 2054
 VARIABLES AND ASSIGNMENTS

Now marks = 81
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87
2000 2016 2018 2026 2032 2044 2048 2050 2054 2068

marks refers to
location 2026

Note: Variables in python do not have fixed

locations unlike other programming languages
 VARIABLES AND ASSIGNMENTS

lvalues & rvalues:

Lvalue: Expressions that is on LHS (Left

Hand Side) is called Lvalue.

Rvalue: Expressions that is on RHS (Right

Hand Side) is called Rvalue.
 VARIABLES AND ASSIGNMENTS

Multiple Assignments
Python is very versatile with
assignment statements.

1. Assigning same value to multiple

variables:
a=b=c=d=e=10
VARIABLES AND ASSIGNMENTS

Multiple Assignments

2. Assigning Multiple values to multiple

variables:
p,q,r =5,10,15
print(q, r) will print 10 15
p,q=q,p
print (p,q) will print 10 5
 VARIABLES AND ASSIGNMENTS

Multiple Assignments

2. Assigning Multiple values to multiple

variables:
a,b,c = 5,10,7
b,c,a = a+1, b+2, c-1
print(a,b,c) will print 6 6 12
Now,
X=10
 VARIABLES AND ASSIGNMENTS

Multiple Assignments
Expressions separated by commas
are evaluated from left to right.
Now,
x = 10
y,y = x+2,x+5
y,y = 12,15
First It will assign y = 12 then y = 15
So print(y) will print 15
 VARIABLES AND ASSIGNMENTS

Dynamic Typing:
A variable pointing to a value of certain
type can be made to point to a value/object
of different type this is called Dynamic
Typing.
x=10
print(x)
x=“ Hello World”
print(x)
 VARIABLES AND ASSIGNMENTS

Output will be
10
x
Hello World
10

10

Hello World
 VARIABLES AND ASSIGNMENTS

Caution with Dynamic Typing:

x = ‘day’
y = x/2 Error! String can not be divided.
 VARIABLES AND ASSIGNMENTS

type() function:

To know the data type of a value which is

pointing use type ( )
>>>a=10
>>>type(a)
<class ‘int’> Type returned as integer
>>>a=20.4
>>>type(a)
Type returned as float
<class ‘float’>
 VARIABLES AND ASSIGNMENTS

type() function:

To know the data type of a value which is

pointing use type ( )
>>>a=“Hello”
>>>type(a)
<class ‘str’> Type returned as string
INPUT ( ) FUNCTION
 INPUT ( ) FUNCTION

Input( ) Function is a built in function of

python used to read values from the user
The general format or syntax of the input() is:

Variable_to_hold_the_value=input(message)
For Example:
Where,
variable_to_Hold_the_Value is a variable
which is the label for a memory location
where the value is stored.
 INPUT ( ) FUNCTION

For Example:
p = input(“Enter the value”)

x = int(input(“Enter x value”))
reads the value and converts it in to integer type
data or value.
y=float(input(“Enter y value”))
reads the value and converts it in to float type
data or value.
 INPUT ( ) FUNCTION

int ( ) and float ( ) Functions:

Python offers two functions to be used
with input( ) to convert the received values:

Example 1: >>age = int(input(“Enter age”))

Example 2: >>sal=float(input(“Enter salary))

PRINT ( ) FUNCTION
 PRINT ( ) FUNCTION
print( ) Function is a built in function of
python used to display the values on the
screen
The general format or syntax of the input() is:
print(*objects, sep=' ', end='\n', file=sys.stdout,
flush=False)
The print function can print an arbitrary
number of values ("value1, value2, ..."), which are
separated by commas. These values are separated
by blanks. In the following example we can see
two print calls. We are printing two values in both
cases, i.e. a string and a float number:
 PRINT ( ) FUNCTION

print() Parameters:
objects - object to the printed. * indicates that
there may be more than one object
sep - objects are separated by sep. Default
value: ' ‘ end - end is printed at last
file - must be an object with write(string)
method. If omitted it, sys.stdout will be used
which prints objects on the screen.
flush - If True, the stream is forcibly
flushed. Default value: False
 PRINT ( ) FUNCTION
Example 1: How print() works in Python?
print("Python is fun.")
a=5
#Two objects are passed:
print("a =", a)
b=a
# Three objects are passed:
print('a =', a, '= b‘)
Output
Python is fun.
a=5
a=5=b
 PRINT ( ) FUNCTION

Example 2: How print() works in Python?

>>> print("a = ", a)

a = 3.564
>>> print("a = \n", a)
a=
3.564
>>>