Quarter 2 – Module 1:

Making Connections Between Texts to Particular Social Issues, Concerns,

or Dispositions in Real Life

I Think Continually of Those Who Were Truly Great

By: Stephen Spender

Stephen Spender
- English poet, novelist, and essayist who concentrated on themes of social
injustice and class struggle in his work
hoard – collect
to fete – to honor /to praise
vivid – colorful
smothered – suffocated
gradually – slowly

remembered the soul’s history – They kept in mind the history of people,
which inspires them to be passionate about making change.
corridors of light – Perpetual enlightenment / always learning new things
that are always available for human potential.
endless and singing - Indulgence in passion and enjoyment
lips, still touched with fire - They overflow with a passionate belief in what
they do or say. They are filled with overwhelming desires.
They have passions that they want to fulfill.
should tell of the Spirit - They speak of things that come from the soul.
hoarded from the Spring branches - Unrestraint newly growing
dreams/desires. The desires are compared to newly grown
blossoms being taken from a spring branch.
bodies like blossoms - The blossoms are compared to the character of a child.
(newness, spring, dreams)
“Near the snow, near the sun, in the highest fields, See how these names
are feted by the waving grass” - Wherever we are, and whatever we have
become, people who have fought and sacrificed their lives for us must not be
forgotten because they are already history.

LITERATURE
- is the expression of man’s best thoughts, feelings, and emotions in words
of truth and beauty.
DIVISIONS OF LITERATURE

1. PROSE – the language of the mind

- Written in sentences forming paragraphs
- Observes strict grammar, punctuation, and capitalization
- Usually straightforward, ordinary, and natural; no limit in
terms of word usage
- Informational, logical, practical

Examples:
essays
novels
journals
articles
blogs
news
speeches
diary entries
2. POETRY – the language of the heart
- Written in lines/verses forming stanzas
- Has loose grammar and punctuation, has poetic license
- Uses creative, concise, articulate words; uses figurative;
language and is rhythmical
- Emotional

BRANCHES OF POETRY

A.LYRIC POETRY - a direct, often songlike expression of the poet’s

thoughts and feelings.
- a direct expression of the personal emotion or
emotional conceptions of the writer.

KINDS OF LYRIC POETRY

1. SONG - short, simple, and direct to the point
- short lyric adapted for singing
2. ELEGY- mournful poem addressed to the dead
- expresses sorrow for the death of a loved one
3. ODE - poem intended to be sung but longer than a song
- address to some praised object or person
4. SONNET – a poem composed of 14 lines written in iambic
pentameter with a definite scheme
 5. DRAMATIC LYRIC – a lyric poem in which the speaker is an
imagined character rather than a poet.
B. NARRATIVE POETRY - aims to tell in the form of a story, actual or
fictional events.
KINDS OF NARRATIVE POETRY
1. EPIC - A poem about the deeds and adventures of heroes with
supernatural powers.
2. BALLAD - poem intended to be sung and which tells a sad story
3. TALE - full of fiction and exaggeration
C. DRAMATIC POETRY - poems intended to be presented on stage.

KINDS OF DRAMATIC POETRY

1. COMEDY - A form of poetry with a happy ending
2. TRAGEDY - A form of poetry that ends sadly
3. DRAMATIC MONOLOGUE - a stage play with only one person
portraying all the characters in the play
4. MELODRAMA - a play of highly sensational events
accompanied by music
5. FARCE - a short comedy

ELEMENTS OF POETRY

I. STANZA - A group of lines/ verses

LINE / VERSE - A group of words that goes from left to right.

KINDS OF STANZA
A. COUPLET - consists of two lines/ verses

A Tree
I think that I shall never see
A poem lovely as a tree.

A tree whose hungry mouth is prest

Against the earth’s sweet flowing breast;

A tree that looks at God all day,

And lifts her leafy arms to pray

A tree that may in summer wear

A nest of robins in her hair;
 Upon whose bosom snow has lain;
Who intimately lives with rain.

Poems are made by fools like me,

But only God can make a tree.

B. TERCET - consists of three lines/ verses

I know we'll never be the same.

Behind my love,
I'm filled with shame.

In my head, it's become so loud.

These intruding thoughts
Have begun to crowd.

What did I do wrong?

Just give me a reason.
Don't lead me along.

I try to make sense of it,

But you were my only hope.
Now I have not a bit.

I try to remember our brighter days.

I don't want to associate you
With the sadness that remains.

When I felt as a whole as half,

You knew how to turn any cry
Into a laugh.

C. QUATRAIN - consists of four lines/ verses

Don't you love people like this?
With joyfulness, they do prance.
With dancing, glimmering eyes, they give each sunrise a
kiss.
And with life, they hold an everlasting. romance!

They relish you exactly as you are.

Also, seems led by a heart bubbling with humor.
You cherish them, you don't want them to go too far.
 They wink at themselves in a mirror.

Optimism sparkles in the dimples on their face.

Their personalities are wonderfully sweet.
They even serve your lunch with tactful grace.
Oh, send me a friend like this to meet!

D. QUINTET - consists of five lines/ verses

March Thought

Paw prints dancing left and right

abound upon the snow.
Icy branches hanging low.
And though this is a pretty sight,
I wish this snow would go.

E. SESTET - consists of six lines/ verses

The Better Part

So answerest thou, but why not rather say:
Hath man no second life? Pitch this one high!
Sits there no judge in Heaven, our sin to see?
More strictly, then, the inward judge obey!
Was Christ a man like us? Ah! let us try
If we then, too, can be such men as he!

F. SEPTET - consists of seven lines/ verses

AUTUMN
Standing in the shredded bark
Cast off by Gum trees in early autumn
As they prepare a new winters coat
Of dark grey, silver, and brown
The morbid colors do not attest to death
Nor do they call for sleep
Simply for a while, they will be at peace.

G. OCTAVE - consists of eight lines/ verses

Epitaph of Julia Topazia

Here, Atropos of the blow,
lies of Rome Julia Topazia
the high blood of Caesar's witty
 descent, beautiful and full of all grace,
that, in childbirth, had not abandoned
to us: it shall not be so already get enough
our soul does not know her
Blame that God made such great fallazia.

II. SOUND DEVICES

- Musical devices that help the reader “hear” the poem

KINDS OF SOUND DEVICES

1. RHYME - means “sounds agree”.

KINDS OF RHYME
a. End rhyme – rhyming words are found at the end of the lines/ verses

I think that I shall never see

A poem as lovely as a tree

b. Internal rhyme – rhyming words are found in one line/verse

The crow in boughs throws endless brawls

RHYME SCHEME – the pattern of the sounds at the end of the lines/
verses

Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, a

And sorry I could not travel both b
And be one traveler, long I stood a
And looked down one as far as I could a
To where it bent in the undergrowth. b

2. REPETITION - a word or phrase used more than once.

Let the rain kiss you

Let the rain beat upon your head with silver liquid drops.
Let the rain sing you a lullaby.
The rain makes still pools on the sidewalk.
The rain makes running pools in the gutter.
The rain plays a little sleep-song on our roof at night.
And I love the rain. 
 3. REFRAIN - lines repeated in the same way

The woods are lovely, dark, and deep

But I have promises to keep
And miles to go before I sleep,
And miles to go before I sleep.

4. ALLITERATION - is the repetition of the initial sound of two or more

stressed syllables

doubting, drearing dreams no mortal

enter dared to dream before.

Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.

5. ASSONANCE - is the repetition of medial vowel sounds in a line

Hear the mellow wedding bells

No pain, no gain.
She eats the sweet treats.

6. CONSONANCE – is the repetition of consonant sounds within or at the

end of the words

Tiffany's offensive remarks disturbed Jeffrey and the other staff

members.

7. ONOMATOPOEIA - words or phrases that sound like what they describe.

The large dog said, “Bow-wow!”

The clanging pots and pans awoke the baby.
Birds tweeted long before Twitter did.

III. RHYTHM AND METER

RHYTHM - the pattern or musical quality produced by repetitive stressed

and unstressed syllables

METER - A pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables established in a

line

SYLLABLE - smallest metrical unit in poetry

STRESSED SYLLABLE - the accented or long syllable

UNSTRESSED SYLLABLE - an unaccented or short syllable

POETIC FOOT - A unit of a meter (two or three syllables)

KINDS OF FEET
1. IAMBIC - two-syllable foot with stress on the second syllable
- duh.DUM

deLIGHT
reLEASE
The BIRD has FLOWN aWAY.
There IS a LAdy SWEET and KIND,
Was NEver FACED so PLEASED, my MIND

2. TROCHAIC - two-syllable foot with stress on the first syllable

- DUM.duh

LADder
GARden
TELL me NOT in MOURNful NUMbers
WITH the Odors OF the FORest,
WITH the DEW and DAMP of MEAdows

3. ANAPESTIC - a three-syllable foot with the stress on the third

- duh.duh.DUM

un.der.STAND
con.tra.DICT
And the SOUND of a VOICE that is STILL
And his DARK secret LOVE

4. DACTYLIC - a three-syllable foot with the stress on the first

- DUM.duh.duh

TY.pi.cal
E.le.phant
FORward, the LIGHT Brigade!
 CHARGE for the GUNS!’ he said.

5. SPONDAIC - a two-stressed syllable foot

-DUM.DUM

TOOTH.ACHE
BOOK.MARK
HAND.SHAKE
BUS.STOP

6. PYRRHIC - a two-unstressed syllable foot

- duh.duh

To a green thought in a green shade

My way is, to begin with the beginning

KINDS OF METER
1. Monometer- 1 foot
2. Dimeter- 2 feet
3. Trimeter- 3 feet
4. Tetrameter- 4 feet
5. Pentameter- 5 feet
6. Hexameter- 6 feet
7. Heptameter- 7 feet
8. Octameter- 8 feet

SCANSION - dividing the lines into feet, marking the locations of

stressed and unstressed syllables, and counting the
syllables.

IV. FIGURES OF SPEECH

- A mode of expression in which words are used out of their
literal meaning to add beauty or emotional intensity
1. SIMILE - comparing two essentially unlike things using like or as

Her skin is as white as snow.

Grace is as light as a feather.
You are acting like a baby.
He is like the sun that shines in the morning.
Playing cards with Sam is like trying to outsmart a Vegas
slot machine.

2. METAPHOR - comparing two essentially unlike things without

using like or as

Life is a highway.
Her eyes were diamonds.
He is a shining star.
The snow is a white blanket.
She is an early bird.
Her tears were a river flowing down her cheeks.
The classroom was a zoo.
He is a night owl.

3. PERSONIFICATION – human characteristics are attributed to

animals, objects, or ideas

My alarm yelled at me this morning.

I like onions, but they don’t like me.
My phone is not cooperating with me today.
My heart danced when he walked into the room.
The hair on my arms stood after the performance.

4. HYPERBOLE – extravagant statement for the purpose of emphasis

or heightened effect

He's got tons of money.

Her brain is the size of a pea.
He is older than the hills.
I will die if she asks me to dance.
She is as big as an elephant!
I'm so hungry I could eat a horse.
I have told you a million times not to lie!
She can hear a pin drop a mile away.
 5. IRONY – use of words to convey the opposite of their literal
meaning

How nice!" she said when I told her I had to work all
weekend.
A traffic cop gets suspended for not paying his parking
tickets.
The Titanic was said to be unsinkable, but it sank on its first
voyage.
The thieves robbed the police station.

6. ANAPHORA – several phrases of verses begin with the same word

or words

I came,
I saw,
I conquered.
- Julius Caesar

It was the best of times,

It was the worst of times,
It was the age of wisdom,
It was the age of foolishness.
- A Tale of Two Cities

We shall not flag or fail.

We shall go on to the end ...
We shall never surrender."
- Winston Churchill

7. OXYMORON – two contradictory terms are used together

Parting is such sweet sorrow.

Why, then, O brawling love! O loving hate!
Our eyes upon one double string.
These patterns are pretty ugly and not up to the mark.
Sam likes reading works of true fiction.
They asked us to submit the original copy.

V. SENSORY IMAGES
- use of words to create pictures, or images, in mind.
 - appeal to the five senses: smell, sight, hearing, taste, and
touch

1. VISUAL - what you can see and includes visual descriptions.

- focuses on physical attributes such as color, size, shape,
lightness and darkness, shadows, and shade

Millions of stars blinking in the night.

The bright rays of the noonday sun
A field of yellow daffodil flowers
The splendorous full moon over the mountains
The bright red, orange and yellow flames shone brightly
as the piercing howls surrounded us.

2. GUSTATORY - what you can taste

-includes flavors and the basic tastes—sweet, salty, bitter, sour,
and umami (savoriness)—as well as the textures and sensations
tied to eating.

Mark unintentionally took a gulp of the briny, bitter

seawater, causing him to cough and gag...
I have eaten the sweet, ripe, plums that were in the icebox
and which you were probably saving for breakfast.
The warm juicy burger felt like heaven on my tongue.
The familiar tang of his grandmother's cranberry sauce
reminded him of his youth.

3. TACTILE - what you can feel and includes textures and the
many sensations a human being experiences when touching
something.
-differences in temperature

The warm puppy’s kiss on my cheeks

The cold sensation of eye drops in my eyes
Barefoot, the warm mud molds my feet.
My lips, two blushing pilgrims, ready to smooth the rough
with a tender kiss
Is love a tender thing? It is too rough, too rude, and too
boisterous, and it pricks like thorns.

4. AUDITORY – the way things sound.

 -onomatopoeia and alliteration can help create sounds in
writing.

The squeak of spinning wheels on the road

The beautiful sound of the rain over my roof
The song of the chirping birds sitting on a tree
I could hear the waves crashing against the rocks
somewhere nearby.

5. OLFACTORY - uses the sense of smell

The aroma of morning coffee

Grendel intended to sniff the human blood.
I was awakened by the strong odor of a freshly brewed pot
of coffee.
Jeff's socks, still soaked with sweat from Tuesday's P.E.
class, filled the classroom with an aroma akin to that
of salty, week-old, rotting fish.

6. KINESTHETIC - deals more with full-body

sensations/movement, such as those experienced during
exercise.

Flowing water
Cars rushing past
A fast-moving, blurry object
She rummaged through the trash, tossing pieces of
garbage out of the bin until she finally found the letter
that her father accidentally threw away