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  • History of Architecture-I: Course Tutor: Ar. Neeti Lamichhane

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    Nishan Rai
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    This document discusses Buddhist rock cut architecture between the 2nd century BC and 8th century AD in India. It describes how rock cut chaitya halls and monasteries (viharas) were built by Buddhist monks living in desolate hills. The chaitya halls had vaulted interiors for prayer and the viharas contained residential cells. Key examples from the early Hinayana period include Bhaja, Karle, and the early phases at Ajanta. The later Mahayana period saw more elaborate architecture, sculpture and frescoes created between the 5th-7th centuries AD, best exemplified at Ajanta caves 26 and 19.

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    This document discusses Buddhist rock cut architecture between the 2nd century BC and 8th century AD in India. It describes how rock cut chaitya halls and monasteries (viharas) were built by Buddhist monks living in desolate hills. The chaitya halls had vaulted interiors for prayer and the viharas contained residential cells. Key examples from the early Hinayana period include Bhaja, Karle, and the early phases at Ajanta. The later Mahayana period saw more elaborate architecture, sculpture and frescoes created between the 5th-7th centuries AD, best exemplified at Ajanta caves 26 and 19.

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    22 views69 pages

    History of Architecture-I: Course Tutor: Ar. Neeti Lamichhane

    Uploaded by

    Nishan Rai
    This document discusses Buddhist rock cut architecture between the 2nd century BC and 8th century AD in India. It describes how rock cut chaitya halls and monasteries (viharas) were built by Buddhist monks living in desolate hills. The chaitya halls had vaulted interiors for prayer and the viharas contained residential cells. Key examples from the early Hinayana period include Bhaja, Karle, and the early phases at Ajanta. The later Mahayana period saw more elaborate architecture, sculpture and frescoes created between the 5th-7th centuries AD, best exemplified at Ajanta caves 26 and 19.

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    of 69

    HIS 272

    History of Architecture-I
    COURSE TUTOR: AR. NEETI LAMICHHANE
    PART B: 3-BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE, STUPA & ROCK CUT
    ROCK CUT ARCHITECTURE

    ROCK CUT ARCHITECTURE:


    2ND CENT BC - 2ND CENT AD
    HINAYANA TRADITIONS
    5TH CENT AD - 8TH CENT AD
    MAHAYANA TRADITIONS

    About the same time as the Sunga period Sanchi development, rock cut
    Chaitya halls and monasteries were produced mostly in western India
    near Bombay.

    • Chaitya hall -Prayer hall


    • Vihara -Monastery
    24
    • Due to prosecution or natural tendency of the monks and
    Sanghas to take to places away from mundane towns and
    villages, monastic establishments went to desolate hills, where
    rock cut chambers were made for Worship and residence of
    monks. These took the form of chaitya hall with stupas
    without relics (prayer hall) and Vihara (residential
    accomodation or monastery).
    Chaitya: Vaulted rock cut hall with non-structural
    collonade
    • Generally apsidal and ablong, nave and aisles
    • Nave as congregational space and aisles as
    circumambulatory
    • Imitation of timber prototypes
    • Addition of timber elements
    • Entrance and chaitya window

    25
    Chaitya
    Chaitya
    Vihara:
    • central hall with
    vault roofed cell
    around
    • entrance vestibule
    Vihara
    Rock cut sites:BHAJA 150 BC,KARLE 100 BC, KONDANE BC/AD
    AJANTA Hinayana phase BC - 2nd cent AD
    & Mahayana phase 450 - 642 AD
    Monastery
    Vihara: Interior
    Bhaja: Vihara
    Vihara Interior
    FORMS CHAITYA HALLS AND VIHARAS,
    CUTTING TECHNIQUE
    • Pick and chisel, highly skilled, all of a sudden comes in mature
    state
    • Cutting the hole through chaitya window first. Excluded rocks
    used to construct fore court. Cutting down wards in the interior.
    • Quarrying and sculpting side by side
    • Carvings,
    • Ornamental facade,
    • Chaitya windows,
    • Pillar style
    • Timber infil

    Difference between hinayana and mahayana stages in


    rock cut architecture
    Ceiling Details
    Carving:Ceiling
    Bhaja
    Bhaja Chaitya and Vihara
    Bhaja
    Bhaja: Vihara
    MAHAYANA ROCK-CUT ARCHITECTURE: 450-642 AD

    1. AJANTA
    2. ELLORA

    AJANTA; 8,9,10, 12, 13 -Hinayana 2nd cent BC- 2nd cent AD


    450 ad > 11, 7, 6 > first Mahayana group

    Transition: Still owe the form to timber originals


    Standardization
    15 to 20: 19 Chaitya hall: second Mahayana group
    21 to 25: 26 Chaitya hall: third group
    1-5: fourth group
    27-28: last to be cut (625-42 AD)
    Ajanta
    Ajanta
    Ajanta
    Panoramic View of Ajanta
    Ajanta
    Ajanta
    ICONONOGRAPHY AND FRESCOS SHRINE ROOM IN
    MONASTERY

    • No. 6 ground floor with colonnaded entrance porch?


    standardization of plan treatment
    • No 16: VERANDAH 65' LONG, HALL 65' SQ. WITH 16 SQ.
    CELLS AND ONE SANCTUM CELL.
    • CHAITYA HALL NO 26. 68' x 36' x 31' high/ 12' high 13
    columns on each side + entrance pair of columns
    • Except for chaitya window and ribs of vault, other timber
    imitations are gone rich decoration / iconography
    Sleeping Buddha
    Fresco Painting
    Painting
    Wooden
    Construction from
    Rock Cut
    Ajanta IX: 2nd Hinayana chaitya at ajanta IX has a front of
    stone rather than wood, the central door flanked by windows
    and large lunette, once with timber mullions are the
    dominant elements in the composition.
    Ajanta IX: Interior
    Roof Details
    Ajanta XIX
    Chaitya Griha:Interior
    Chaitya Griha;
    Interior
    Ellora XII
    Ellora: Vishvakarma Chaitya
    Karle: chaitya griha
    Chaitya Section, Karle
    Kondane: Chaitya and Vihara
    Bedsa: Chaitya Griha Section
    Nasik: pandulenya

    At nasik, the pandulenya also has a stone façade but


    here the ratio of solid to void has been reverse. The
    forms of Mauran “pillar of law” some of columns.

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