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Design Theory
Design Theory
A. SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
b. Combined footings
A spread footing which supports two or more
columns is termed as combined footings.
i. Rectangular combined footings: The combined
footings for columns will be rectangular in shape
if they carry equal load.
ii. Trapezoidal combined footing: If the columns
carry unequal load, the footing is of trapezoidal
shape.
Fig 3. Combined footings for columns.
Construction method:
The two leaves are constructed like normal
masonry. The cavity size should be in between
4-10 cm. The internal and external wall have at
least 10mm. thickness. The cavity maybe filled
with lean concrete with some slope at top up to
few cm above ground as shown in figure.
Fig 10. Cavity walls.
COMPONENTS OF A FLOOR:
A floor is composed of two essentials components:
i. Sub-floor base course or floor base.
ii. Floor covering, or simply, flooring.
The floor base is structural component, which
supports the floor covering. For the ground floors,
the object of the floor base is to give proper
support to the covering so that it does not settle
and to provide damp resistance and thermal
insulations.
Fig 11. Suspended timber ground floor.
CLASSIFICATION OF LINTELS
Lintels are classified into the following types, according
to the materials of their construction:
i. Timber lintels: Timber lintels are oldest type of
lintels, thought they are not commonly used
nowadays, except hilly areas.
B. ARCHES.
An arch is a structure constructed of wedge-shaped units
(bricks or stone), joined together with mortar and
spanning and opening to support the weight of the wall in
above it along with other super imposed load. Arches are
constructed where loads are heavy , span is more, strong
abutment are available and special architectural
appearance is required.
CLASSIFICATION OF ARCHES:
An arch can be classified according to
i. Shape.