Exposé Mur de Soutenement

MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON
---------------- Peace-Work-Fatherland
REGIONAL DIRECTION OF THE CENTER ----------------
---------------
Saint John-Paul II University of Yaounde
Work of art exhibit
Theme: retaining walls
Presented by :
LECHE JEAN JUNIOR
DJIMELE NONGNI JOURDAIN
And
KENNE LAPA JIRELLE
Under the academic supervision of :
Sir NOAH
SUMMARY
I- Definition and history of retaininig walls
II- Classification type and examples of retaining

walls
III- Different roles of a retaining wall
IV- stress applied to a retaining wall and

dimensionig
I- Definition and history of a
retaining walls
1) Definition
The retaining wall is a vertical or sub-vertical wall

which allows to contain ground (or any other granular or
pulverulent material ) on a reduced surface .
2) History of retaning walls
The first retaining walls were made for the

manufacture of terraces on stony sloping land for
agricultural use, terraces bordered by low walls in raw
stones (rough stones laid on the base without mortar and in
little elaborate opus) recovered by the soil erosion: these
walls are built to combat it (for example in Ardèche).
Then there is the construction of terraces

receiving imposing buildings. These walls were from
ancient times massive walls made of careful masonry of
stone blocks (the evocative example of which is the
temples in Inca terraces).
In its initial version of the modern era, the

concrete weight wall which succeeded in the mid-twentieth
century to masonry by military or civil engineering
equipment, consists of a veil (thin wall) and a sole. (This
sole varies in width depending on several factors including
the overload on the upper part, the density and the quality
of the foundation soils, the natural slope of the material
retained by the wall).
For several decades, prefabricated walls have

largely replaced on-site concrete walls and fitted masonry
walls, because they are cheaper, faster and easier to install,
and more environmentally friendly. .
II)- Classification types and examples

of retaining walls
1) Classification
There are two categories of retaining walls, they are

sub- divided into several types of walls exerting a strong
thrust against the retained ground to know :
- Freestanding walls
- Weight walls
a) Freestanding walls
The freestanding retaining wall is generally
constructed of reinforced concrete or concrete block. It has
the advantage of being relatively light, discreet and neat
aesthetically with strong finishing qualities. It is actually a
t-shaped structure upside down, the longest lower part of
which is buried under the embankment. The lands to be
supported will bear on this part, and therefore make the
structure solid. But if it is often more economical, and if
the prefabricated elements simplify the installation, this
type of wall is however more complex to build. It requires
lifting equipment and drainage is to be expected. It may
break if it is not perfectly designed.
These walls also called flexible reinforced concrete
walls, can have several configurations depending on the
ground to be equipped .
b) Weight walls
The weight wall is much simpler to build than the

freestanding retaining wall. It is content in fact to resist the
pressure of the ground by its mass. Less technically
demanding than the freestanding wall, the weight wall
however requires more materials , and is therefore often
more expensive,
The weight wall resists the pressures of the earth to the
sole force of its mass. It is wider at its base and gradually
decreases with height . Its thickness varies.
For this type of retaining wall, it is necessary to
install a barbican systeme to facilitate the flow of seepage
water , and a drainage system if necessary.
There are several geometries for the weight
wall :
-the simple weight wall
-the step wall weight

Depending on the desired aesthetic
rendering , the budget , the quality of the floor… , different
technical solutions for weight walls are possible . Here are
a few :
i) Vegetable boxes
They are often used as road or pedestrian

support , slope support , noise barrier or earthquake-
resistant wall.
❖ It easily integrates into the natural environment
❖We can make large structures
❖ The boxes allow total customization of the
work. We can integrate any kind of plants or
other decorative elements
❖ The boxwork is very stable
❖ Drainage is effective
❖ The wall adapts perfectly to the characteristics
of the ground and the earth.
ii) Gabions
Gabions walls are most often built for road
or pedestrian supports or slope supports . These gabion
structures allow urban furniture to be intgrated into them.
This type of weight retaining wall is very advantageous :
❖It is an aesthetically neat and modern work,
which integrates perfectly into the environment,
and which leaves its place to greening.
❖ Its installation is simple. Even more if you use
pre-filled gabions
❖ Drainage is effective.
❖ By its flexibility and ease of installation , it is
modular and adaptable to the terrain.
❖ It is possible to personalize the wall by giving it
a certain shape and a certain height
iii) Reinforced earth

Reinforced earth walls are generally designed for
road or pedestrian supports, embankment supports or
participate in the protection of basins. This relatively
fragile structure gives room for revegetation and does not
require any particular maintenance . however,it needs a
large footprint on the ground for its realization .
iv) Masonry work
This type of masonry work is most of the time

designed for garage descents , embankment supports, or
even for urban developments. Here are some advantages :
❖ Simple and fast construction
❖ Does not require too complex materials
❖ Its installation is inexpensive
❖ Its installation does not requiere a lot of
manpower.
v) The slope
In a retaining structure , the slope is mainly
used for the construction of a retention basin , or a road ,
rail and urban development.
❖ Its implementation does not require a lifting
machine
❖ The structure is perfectly intgrated into the
environment since it only requires natural
materials for its implementation
❖ Its installation cost i slow compared to other
retaining structures.
2) Types
There are several types of retaining walls , including :

III) Different roles of a retaining wall
The functions of the retaining wall are multiple: supporting

a granular or pulverulent material such as earth or sand;
protect a building from possible floods or erosion; delimit
land; act as a noise barrier by insulating the house.
Roles and description of a retaining wall
The retaining wall is therefore used for many reasons. It
can meet various human needs, such as preserving roads
against the risk of landslides, structuring a bank on a quay,
creating protection or delimitation or even establishing
foundations. Its materials can be multiple: steel, reinforced
concrete, dry stones, bricks, rubble stones or even cut
stones or even wood in certain cases. In all cases, it must
meet the same imperative: be as solid as possible, to
support the material and protect the habitat. It is thus made
up of a foundation and a wall, which is self-stable, which
means that its structure and its weight are able to withstand
the multiple pressures that will weigh on it, without
deforming.
The construction of a retaining wall

To properly build a retaining wall, you must first calculate
the earth pressure, which will determine the construction
of the wall in question. The retaining wall can then be
produced according to the principle of the weight wall,
anchored walls or even stepped walls. It must always be
carried out, however, with a height of less than 4 meters, a
drop of less than 10%. an effective drainage system must
also be provided, so that the water can move away from
the base of the wall, the pressure of these can damage the
retaining wall and weaken it. The freestanding retaining
wall is also distinguished by its shape: it anchors in effect
on a horizontal base, and draws an inverted "T", which
allows the mass of earth or sand behind the wall to
counterbalance the thrust of the sloping ground.
To fully play its role, the retaining wall must be carried out
in the state of the art. It is therefore preferable to entrust
this mission to a professional, whose contact details can be
found in the site directory. He alone will know all the
precautions and all the measures necessary to achieve it.
IV) Stress applied to a retaining wall and

dimensionig
The representation of the forces acting on the wall.
The stability of retaining walls is ensured when the

resultants of the forces present are concurrent and respond
to the relationship :
T+P+S=0
• T= ground push
• P= the weight of the wall
• S= the reaction of the seat soil
The result must be located in the central third of

foundation .
The dimensioning of the Wall
Stability is also a function of the size of the wall and

the nature of the embankment or embankment to be
retained. It is carried out in two parts: on the one hand the
pre-sizing of the structure itself, and on the other hand the
sizing of the reinforcements.
The overturned T-shaped retaining wall is
characterized by:
• H = function of the backfill volume and / or the

extent of the slope
• H ’= About 1m of natural terrain (frost-free
guard height)
• e0 = 1/24 of H with a minimum of 15 cm (Head
of the wall)
• e1 = 1/12 of H (background of the wall)
• e2 = 1/12 of H (sole thickness)
• b = 1.15 * [0.20 + 0.45H] (sole width)
• b0 = 1/8 to 1/5 of H (shoe width).
Weight wall pre-sizing
The dimensioning of a weight wall depends on its height .

If we put :
o H= height of the wall
o B= the base of the wall
o b= head of the wall or crown.
We obtain
B = H/3
b = 20 to 30 cm
Wall in prefabricated elements in inverted T
Dimensioning table for a prefabricated concrete

wall in an inverted T shape.
H(m) B(m) b(m) L(m) e(cm) E(cm) g(cm) G(cm)

1,50 1,50 1,00 20 10 14 12 13
2,00 1,50 1,40 30 10 14 12 13
2,50 1,50 1,60 32 10 16 9 13
3,00 1,25 2,00 40 10 14 10 13
L-shaped prefabricated wall
Dimensioning table for a prefabricated concrete

wall in an inverted L shape.
H(m) B(m) L(m) e(cm) E(cm) g(cm) G(cm)

1,50 1,50 0,80 10 12 11 13
2,00 1,50 1,20 10 12 10 13
2,00 2,00 1,20 10 12 10 13
2,50 1,50 1,25 10 12 10 13
3,00 1,25 1,50 9 14 13 18

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MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON

Work of art exhibit

Theme: retaining walls

LECHE JEAN JUNIOR

DJIMELE NONGNI JOURDAIN

KENNE LAPA JIRELLE

Under the academic supervision of :

I- Definition and history of retaininig walls

II- Classification type and examples of retaining

III- Different roles of a retaining wall

IV- stress applied to a retaining wall and

The retaining wall is a vertical or sub-vertical wall

2) History of retaning walls

The first retaining walls were made for the

Then there is the construction of terraces

In its initial version of the modern era, the

For several decades, prefabricated walls have

II)- Classification types and examples

There are two categories of retaining walls, they are

The weight wall is much simpler to build than the

-the step wall weight

They are often used as road or pedestrian

iii) Reinforced earth

iv) Masonry work

This type of masonry work is most of the time

There are several types of retaining walls , including :

The functions of the retaining wall are multiple: supporting

The construction of a retaining wall

IV) Stress applied to a retaining wall and

The representation of the forces acting on the wall.

The stability of retaining walls is ensured when the

The result must be located in the central third of

The dimensioning of the Wall

Stability is also a function of the size of the wall and

• H = function of the backfill volume and / or the

Weight wall pre-sizing

The dimensioning of a weight wall depends on its height .

Wall in prefabricated elements in inverted T

Dimensioning table for a prefabricated concrete

H(m) B(m) b(m) L(m) e(cm) E(cm) g(cm) G(cm)

Dimensioning table for a prefabricated concrete

H(m) B(m) L(m) e(cm) E(cm) g(cm) G(cm)

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