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Development of Water Pipelines Energy Harvesting System

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IRTTEC 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1793 (2021) 012041 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1793/1/012041

Development of Water Pipelines Energy Harvesting System

H F Liew 1 , Abd R Rosemizi 2 , M I Fahmi Romli 3 , M. T. Nuraidah1

1
Faculty of Engineering Technology, University Malaysia Perlis, Sungai Chuchuh, 02100
Padang Besar (U), Perlis, Malaysia.
2
School of Co mputer and Co mmunication Engineering. Un iversiti Malaysia Perlis, Pauh Putra
Campus, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.
3
School of Electrical System Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Pauh Putra Campus,
02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.

Abstract. Prev iously, the threats of negative effects caused from burning process of the fossil
fuels is somewhat alarming which it may lead to acid rain, increasing greenhouse emissions
and global warming. Based on the highlighted issue, this study aims to dev elop a system where
the input power came fro m water p ipes energy harvesting system. Water pipes harvesting
system will be designed using polyvinyl chloride pipes and water turbines, to transform kinetic
energy of a water flo w into electrical energy and the energy performance will be monitored in a
web-server using Arduino and ESP8266 W i-Fi module as its processing centre. This research
studies the feasibility of harvesting some energy from p ipeline vibrations, and it is also
observed that harvestable energy varies with harvesting location across a pipeline network as
well as the pipe flow rate in the water-air and kinetic energy in the water pressure fluctuation.
The water pipelines energy harvesting systems are modelled and then analyzed by using
simu lated data and real data using Arduino. Turbine generator are mounted on the pipeline
surface at different locations to simu ltaneously collect vibrat ions -induced energy data from
water pu mping. The water flow rate energy harvester system and the water pressure fluctuation
introduced in this research may be ab le to generate up to 6.8 mW’s power. The output
produced from the energy harvesting system is expected to b e enough to light up a 3.8 V direct
current light emitting diode bulb.

1. Introduction
Nowadays, the field of energy harvesting has experienced significant growth in recent years
due to the growing desire to produce long-lasting mobile & wireless electronics [1]. In
general, energy consumption is an advanced research and gain high interested in every year
because of its different properties and characteristics. Currently, the wireless sensor to be
located in a remote location, the sensor must be convenience accessible or user-friendly in
order for the device to function for a long period of time. Previously, wireless devices and current
portable had to be designed to include electrochemical batteries as their primary power source.
However, the use of batteries can be troublesome due to the limited lifespan, which requires periodic
replacement and results in drawbacks of required a high maintenance costs [2, 3]. To overcome the
troublesome of all of these battery hurdles, alternative ideas for low-cost energy generation, high
efficiency, availability and durability from existing environmental sources have been made to
complement current technology sources has been has been fabricated to supplement the present
technological without polluting and demanding the environment [4, 5].
Therefore, energy harvesting from human motion has attracted substantial research into its
ability to replace conventional batteries for smart electronics. Energy harvesting module defined
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
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IRTTEC 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1793 (2021) 012041 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1793/1/012041

as relationship between an electronic devices which used to generate energy and manage it
for the operation of its sensors, processing units and communications units [6, 7]. This has
led to a growing focus on energy harvesting (EH), a science which aims to capture energy from wind,
rain, or other natura l vibration, to transform it into another more useful energy form [8]. The solar cell
[9, 10], piezo electric [11, 12], electro-magnetic [13, 14], fuel cell [15, 16] and thermo-electric are also
categories as energy harvesting method which suitable for water monitoring. Certainly, with
environmental concerns and the global energy crisis, several free energy include bio-energy, hydro-
power, geothermal energy, solar energy, wind energy and ocean energy (tide and wave) [17, 18] are
consider as types of renewable energy sources replenish without being depleted in the Earth can be
considered to generate power [19, 20]. The decision of energy harvesting method is based on
the type and location of the application. The differences are in the amount of energy
produced and the costs in each method which involved into the harvesting techniques is
presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Variety of Corresponding Power Densities involved into Energy-Harvesting Sources [19,
20]

Energy source Types Energy harvesting method Power density

Radiant Solar Solar cells (indoors) < 10 µW/cm2
Solar cells (outdoors, sunny 15 mW/cm2
day)
RF Electromagnetic conversion 0.1 µW/cm2 (GSM)
Electromagnetic conversion 0.01 µW/cm2 (wifi)
Mechanical Wind flow and Electromagnetic conversion 16.2 µW/cm3
hydro
Acoustic noise Piezoelectric 960 nW/cm3
Motion Piezoelectric 330 µW/cm3
Thermal Body heat Thermoelectric 40 µW/cm2

2. Review of Previous Harvesting Energy from Water in -pipe

In previous review work, several turbine designs have been proposed for the in-pipe hydro system [21,
22]. The performance of the proposed designs was compared by implementing them in a real
prototype that mimics the in-pipe system with gravity fed structure. The generated power depends on
converting the extra water pressure in the in-pipe system to green power which can be used later to
feed secondary applications such as lighting or any other loads [23]. Six turbines were proposed and
investigated, and they have been implemented using SolidWorks software and a 3D printer. The
design factors, which have been addressed in this work phase, were the number of blades, the angle of
attack and the thickness of the blade. Each turbine was tested separately to determine the pressure drop
and the generated output power. According to the experimental results, the spherical turbine design
presented better performance in comparison with the Hybrid H-Egg designs since the blades had larger
frontal area [24, 25].
Hence, more water streamlines were hitting the blades which leads to higher rotational
speed. The output power of 16 W was obtained from the four blades spherical turbine, which is a good
result from a small prototype. The proposed designs are recommended for implementation in-pipe
hydro system [26], and mainly they can be used in the locations of that require pressure reduction as
an alternative for pressure control valves. Moreover, a case study was conducted to investigate the
benefit of the proposed system in the water network in Amman-Jordan. It is found that the system can
be installed in several locations and it can produce up to 26 kW. Finally, the system is expected to
provide higher energy and to occupy less area in contrast to the PV system and wind turbines [27, 28].


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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1793 (2021) 012041 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1793/1/012041

From Hoffmann et al. 2014 [29] have demonstrated that energy harvesting through fluid
flow from water pipes which using principal of rotational energy harvester, a radial-flux
combining with three-phase generation system. The generation of energy is existing for
transforming energy from water flow into domestic water pipelines. The energy harvesting supply
system is independent of the external power supply or depleting batteries and is connected
with a power management circuit, which consisting of energy storage is used to backup power a
smart metering system. The used of standard component included housing and impeller is enabling the
water flow of meter and as a conventional mechanical method for design of radial-flux energy
harvester is adapter to the housing. The output result of energy harvester when using flow rate of 20
I/min (fully opened water tab) can produce up 720 mW. When in minimum flow rate of 3 I/min, the
energy harvester is in initial stage to generate output of 2 mW is reachable. Therefore, especially the
mechanical structure, optimization is required for impeller and magnetic circuit the threshold flow rate
can be further reduced.
Casini in 2015 [30] explained that divided in-pipe hydro power system in two main
categories which are internal system and external system and which the runner is wholly inside the
pipe section and only the generator protrudes from the conduit have the advantage of a more compact
size, making it more suitable for smaller applications, but not constrained. The output varies from 5-10
Watt to 100 KW for more energy-intensive applications, which are sufficient to provide self-powered
water metering or monitoring systems. On the other hand, external system where a secondary conduit
that circumvents the main conduit contains a runner do not depend on pipe size as purely as the runner
is in a specially designed tube and enables much greater flexibility.
Muhsen et al. 2019 [30] described that investigating the impact of the utilized turbine design
on the harvested energy from in-pipe systems. Four turbine designs are involved in this study which
includes the spherical turbine and the Helical (Egg Beater) with three blades, four blades, and five
blades. The proposed turbines are designed and they have been implemented in a prototype to
determine the performance of each design. The study presents design procedures and the design
requirements of each employed turbine before the implementation phase. The next step is to collect the
produced torque, rotational speed, pressure drop, and output power for each turbine experimentally.
The results have been analyzed and compared to show the design impact on these parameters. Finally,
a case study is carried out on the major water distribution network in Amman the capital of Jordan to
determine the possible locations, which are benefited from the implementation of the in-pipe system
with the examined turbines.
Ye and Soga in 2012 [31] recommended that used to monitor water distribution systems
in the water supply industry in the field of energy harvesting. Due to harvesting renewable
energy from a water or environmental distribution system would be an attractive option, water
sensors have been installed into areas where power supply is lacking and drawbacks
difficulties replacement of batteries or problem limited lifespan. The water distribution
systems into energy harvesting systems are analyzed, compared and modelled using
simulation data and real data [31, 32]. The result of this research introduced by hydrothermal
energy harvesters and water pressure fluctuations is likely to produce range in mW power.
Overall, this work reported that on the possibility of energy harvesting in a water distribution
system from hydraulic energy in bypass water pipes, thermal energy in water-air temperature
gradient, and kinetic energy in water pressure fluctuations.
This work is discuss about the energy harvesting system in current water pipelines which
monitor and control water quality sensor based on Arduino platform and generate energy into smart
metering application. This research also describe some key ideas into enhancement amount of energy
produced by energy harvesting depends of power output, water pressure, flow rate, material pipe and
structure of the pipelines and controlling by Arduino software. The variation of energy harvesting
potential across locations closer to the bends based on water flow rate of the pipelines have various
experimental configurations were used and experienced.

3. Methodology

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IRTTEC 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1793 (2021) 012041 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1793/1/012041

The water pipeline system are can be divided into two main part design, included that internal system
and external system. In internal system about the monitoring and controlling performance are
determine by using Arduino software, and external system which inside pipe section, water flow and
generator is protrudes from the conduits.
A block diagram of water pipelines energy harvesting in Figure 1 is describe fundamental
method used to develop and setup hardware or software systems as well as represent the work flows
and processes of project. A system to generate hydroelectric power from water pipeline is designed
using Arduino Uno as the center of processor to obtain all the data and parameters required and
display it onto the LCD screen for monitoring parameter.
In this water pipeline system consists of two arduino and two LCD screen used in the system
to display different parameters from the source. The first Arduino and LCD is work as screen to
collect and display data from the hydroelectric generator. Then the second arduino and LCD screen is
used to collect and display data from the water flow sensor. At the same time, power generated from
the hydroelectric generator will directly function as to light up a LED bulb. Also, parameters measured
which are included current, voltage and power from the generator will be displayed on the LCD screen
with an Arduino Uno board as the processor. From the source, water will flow through the water flow
sensor to measure the water flow rate. Water flow rate will also be displayed on the LCD screen with
an Arduino Uno as the processor. Finally, with the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module as the processor, all the
parameters obtained should be displayed on the web-server for the monitoring system purposes.

Figure 1. Block diagram of the water pipeline system

3.1. Proteus Software Design

The first and foremost, designing the structure of the energy harvesting system is important as design
will be the base of the project. All the simulation circuit in the project is designed and tested in Proteus
software. Simulation of circuit is fundamental before proceeding to the hardware as all the
components and equipment to use into hardware prototype can be decided. The Arduino Integrated
Development Environment (IDE) is the software used to write and upload Arduino’s programme
coding. Figure 2 shows the simulation circuit for displaying the value of voltage and current
generated from the hydroelectric generator on the 16x2 liquid crystal display (LCD) screen. Voltage

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IRTTEC 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1793 (2021) 012041 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1793/1/012041

supply B1 indicate the generator used in this project to generate electricity. Meanwhile the red-
coloured LED indicate the load used which is a 3.8 V DC LED bulb.

Figure 2. Circuit to display current and voltage on LCD

3.2. Water pipelines system hardware construction

The built in voltage stabilizing circuit and one rechargeable battery able to support the micro
hydro generator into pipes structure to produce more stable output voltage and output current.
The generator together with regulator circuit inside make output generator can supply stable 5
VDC voltage and output current of 0-150 mA. In this research, a DB_168 hydroelectric
generator is attached to the PVC pipe to generate the energy from the water that flow through
the pipe shown in Figure 3. The generator will be connected to Arduino. Arduino
programming is written to display the parameter measured using this generator and will be
display it on the LCD and web server using the Wi-Fi module. The power generated from the
generator also will directly use to light up the load which is LED bulb used in this research.
When water flows across the pipeline, a turbine wheel with a magnet is placed in a plastic
envelope and the effect sensor hall is placed. The turbine wheel is rotated by the turbine wheel
and therefore the magnet flow interferes with the sensor hall. The rates of interference depend
on the speed of water flux. In this research, sensor to be used is YF-S201 hall effect water
flow sensor. This sensor is attached to the PVC water pipe to let the water flow through it to
enable the sensor measure the flow rate and display the measurement on the LCD.
Besides that, with the water flow rate, velocity of water flowing through the pipe line
is calculated using Equation (1);

4Q
v (1)
d2

Where ;
v = velocity of water (m/min)
Q = water flow rate (L/min)

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IRTTEC 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1793 (2021) 012041 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1793/1/012041

d = diameter of water pipe (m)

Figure 3. Connection of generator, water flow sensor and Arduino

The Arduino Uno microcontroller board based on ATmega328 is used. The software consists
of a standard programming language and the boot loader that runs running on an Arduino
board. An Arduino hardware is programmed using Wiring-based languages (syntax and
library), similar to C++ with a little simplification and modification, and processing-based
IDEs. Arduino Uno can be powered via USB connection from a computer or from a 9 V
battery. In this research, the Arduino Uno presented will be used to install with the
hydroelectric generator shown in Figure 4, that is water flow sensor and the Wi-Fi module.
The ESP8266NodeMCU module to be used in this project is a syste m central processing unit
and is responsible for communications between digital power meters and gateway web servers
to read meter parameters and results displayed on LCD and web servers for system power
monitoring.

Figure 4. hydroelectric generator

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IRTTEC 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1793 (2021) 012041 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1793/1/012041

4. Result and Discussion

This research highlights the analysis considerations for hydro energy harvesting systems such
as; the relationship between water flow rate and energy generated. First, the experimental
result of water flow rate and output voltage is shown to analyse the relationship between the
two parameters. However, the main purpose of the system is to ana lyse and see how the
condition water flow rate effect the energy harvested from the system.

4.1. Water pipelines system simulation parameter result

The parameter result voltage, current and power obtained from circuit will be displayed on the
LCD screen 1 as shown in the Figure 5. All the parameters result are to be obtained from the
hydroelectric generator where the flowing water through the generator will produce these
parameters, as the arduino is programmed to display the parameters on the LCD screen.

Figure 5. Current, voltage and power displayed on LCD

4.2 Water flow rate and water velocity

Using the Equation (1) and water flow rate measured by the water flow sensor,
velocity of water flow through the PVC pipe is calculated and tabulated as shown in
Table 2. The velocity of water depends on the area or diameter of the pipe that the liquid is
moving through, and the flow rate of the liquid. Therefore, the diameter area of PVC pipe
setting as constant value as size of pipe used in the system with the diameter value of 0.023
m. The calculated value for the velocity of water is prescribed in Table 2. The experiment is
consider minimum water flow rate measured in the system is 3 L/min which affordable
produced 7.22 m/min water velocity. As the water flow rate increased, water velocity also
increased. Then maximum water flow rate recorded is 20 L/min and produced 48.14 m/min
water velocity.

Table 2. Water flow rate and water velocity

Water flow rate Water velocity

(L/min) (m/min)
3 7.22
5 12.03
8 19.26
10 24.07
12 28.88
15 36.10

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IRTTEC 2020 IOP Publishing
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17 40.92
20 48.14

The water flow rate is the parameter to be obtained from the water flow sensor that is attached
to the water pipe. The water acts as main source for this energy harvesting system to flow
through it, will activate the sensor to do work detect the flow of water. This parameters can be
controlled by controlling the water pipe faucet. When opening faucet bigger, the more water
will flow through the water sensor. The second part of circuit measured the water flow rate
and displayed the value on the second LCD as shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6. Water flow rate displaying on LCD

4.3 Water pipelines system measurement parameter result

This parameter lastly will be compared to the output voltage, current and power generated to
analyse the effect of water flow rate to the energy harvesting system. All the recorded value
tabulated in Figure 7 to analyse the relationship between water flow rate and voltage, current
and power generated from the system. In Figure 7, X-axis represent water flow rate as the
independent variable or constant variable. Meanwhile y-axis presented by three parameters
measured by the hydroelectric generator, current (green line), voltage (red line) and power
(purple line) as the dependent variable. It can be seen that the three parameters are directly
proportional to the water flow rate. The experimental result explained that higher water flow
rate needed to generate higher electricity power. Also, the equation used to calculate water
velocity describe that bigger diameter or area of the channel for the water to flow, the lower
velocity will be obtained.
Based on the Figure 7, it can be seen that the output voltage at y-axis is
directly proportional to the water flow rate at x-axis. That explained as the water pipe
faucet opened bigger, there will be more water flowing through the PVC pipe and
water flow sensor. As the water flow rate increased, the voltage generated by the
generator also increased. The voltage varies constantly from water flow rate range 3
- 12 L/min but at range 12 - 15 L/min, voltage experienced raise and increase
constantly at rang 15 - 20 L/min. For water flow rate and output current produced
from the energy harvesting system demonstrate that when more water flowing
through it, more current will be produced. The result present that water flow rate is
controlled by controlling the water pipe faucet with 3 L/min recorded as the minimum
water flow rate and 20 L/min recorded as the maximum water flow rate by the water
flow sensor. When output current produced from the system increasing from 23 mA
as the minimum value and 107 mA as the maximum value are recorded. The line in
Figure 7 shows a constant increasing in the output power without any sudden rose or
declination. Moreover for the relationship between water flow rate and output power

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1793 (2021) 012041 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1793/1/012041

generated by the system are proportionally, that is when minimum output power can
be generated by the system is 9.2 mW and water flow rate is 3 L/min or the maximum
power produced is 524.3 mW when water flow rate is at 20 L/min .

Water flow rate (l/min)

3 5 8 10 12 15 17 20
Power (W) 0.009 0.030 0.052 0.086 0.136 0.256 0.365 0.524
Current (A) 0.023 0.033 0.040 0.048 0.062 0.071 0.089 0.107
Voltage (V) 0.4 0.9 1.3 1.8 2.2 3.6 4.1 4.9

Figure 7. Relationship between water flow rate and several output generated

5. Conclusion
This research has explored about the generated free electrical from water pipeline energy
harvesting system from hydraulic energy power bypass water pipes using generator is
developed. This work is focused on the basic operation, controlling and analysis o f energy
harvesters. Using a bypass water pipeslines in water flow is the most direct way to produce
energy. Instead, the output power generated from the system is even with small in capacity of
the equipment used in the system is small scale but managed to light up the LED bulb.
However, the system used a small-scale hydroelectric generator which to generate maximum
voltage 5 V DC and use the power to light up a 3.8 V LED bulb. With water as its main
source of energy, this project able to create an energy harvesting system with clean and most
promising sustainability of the source. In future work, using IoT mechanism in monitoring
system did a great job in providing an easier method which is used to monitor for water
quality in real time to carry out active pollution control measures. Water quality is a serious
factor that affects the health of the economy. In addition, piezoelectric mechanism also widely
used to replace generator to produce energy as it has lot of advantages and easy to
implemented as relevant information provided and enable real-time measurement for the users
and it can be accessed anytime and anywhere. Another improvisation that can be done to the
project in future is using bigger hydroelectric generator in order to generate more output
power. As the generator used in this project can only generate maximum output voltage 5 V,
the power is low and unable be used to supply bigger load. Finally, the use of the battery as a
direct connection to the power Arduino for this purpose can cause other problems such as the
need for regular battery replacement and the possibility of electrical shocks caused by water
leakages situation. Therefore, with few suggestions and alternatives to provide supply in a
safer for the system can be developed and improved.

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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge University Malaysia Perlis and the School of Computer and
Communication Engineering for providing the research grant scheme, which made this study possible
to be conducted and successfully published.

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