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WANDOOR GANITHAM – BRIDGE MATERIAL - CLASS IX 2021- 22
NUMBERS
Natural numbers 1,2,3,4,5,6, ...
Even numbers 2 , 4 , 6 , 8, 10 , 12 , . . .
Odd numbers 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 11 , . . .
Prime numbers
Numbers ( other than 1 ) which are not divisible by the numbers other than 1 and the
number itself are called prime numbers
Example : 2 ,3 , 5 , 7 , 11 , 13 , 17 , 19 , 23 , 29 , 31 , 37 , . , . , .
Fractions
Fractions are the number of parts .
1 3 5 10
Example : , , , , . . .
2 5 4 7
One fraction has several forms
1 2 3 4 5
Example : = = = = = . . .
2 4 6 8 10
3 6 9 12 15
= = = = = . . .
4 8 12 16 20
Negative numbers
Numbers written with a minus sign are called negative numbers .
Positive numbers
Numbers which are not negative are called positive numbers .
NOTE : 0 is neither positive nor negative .

SARATH A S , VMC GHSS WANDOOR, MALAPPURAM
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PARALLEL LINES
Linear pair
When two lines meet , the sum of the angles on either side is 1800 .Two such angles ,
made by two lines meeting is called a linear pair .
Opposite angles
Of the four angles formed by two lines crossing each other , the opposite angles are equal
Parallel lines
Lines which are at the same distance everywhere , and do not meet anywhere , are called
parallel .
Parallel lines make equal angles with any other line

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PARALLE LINES AND ANGLES

When a line cuts across a pair of parallel lines , eight angles are formed .
We can pair one angle at the bottom with one at top in several different ways . Some such
pairs are equal , others are supplementary .
Corresponding angles

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When a line cuts across a pair of parallel lines , there are four pairs of angles which are at
similar positions at the bottom and the top . Angles in each such pairing , done according
to similar positions are called corresponding angles .
Corresponding angles are equal
Alternate angles
When a line cuts across a pair of parallel lines , we can pair the equal angles in four ways
with the position quite opposite . Angles in such pairing ,done with reverse positions are
called alternate angles .
Alternate angles are equal

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Co-interior angles ‍
When a line cuts across a pair of parallel lines , there are two pairs of supplementary
angles on the either side of the slanted line between the parallel lines . The angles in each
of these two pairs are called co-interior angles .
Co-interior angles are supplementary
Co-exterior angles ‍
When a line cuts across a pair of parallel lines , there are two pairs of supplementary
angles on the either side of the slanted line not between the parallel lines . The angles in
each of these two pairs are called co-exterior angles .
Co-exterior angles are supplementary

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DRAWING TRIANGLES
Concept 1
If the measures of two sides and the angle made by them are given , we can draw a
triangle
Activity
Draw triangle ABC with AB = 5 centimetres , ∠A = 600 and AC = 4 centimetres .
Answer
More activty
Draw triangles of the following specifications .
a) MN = 6 centimetres , ∠M = 900 , ML = 7 centimetres
b) XY = 8 centimetres , ∠X = 1200 , XZ = 3centimetres
Concept 2
If the measures of one side and the angles at its ends are given , we can draw a triangle
Activity
Draw triangle PQR with PQ = 6 centimetres ∠P = 900 , ∠Q = 300
Answer

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More activty
a) CD = 5 centimetres , ∠C = 800 , ∠D = 500
b) TU = 8 centimetres , ∠T = 1000 , ∠U = 400
Concept 3
If the measures of three sides are given , we can draw a triangle
Activity
Draw triangle DEF with DE = 7 centimetres ,DF = 3 centimetres and EF = 9 centimetres
Answer
More activty
a) ST = 10 centimetres , SU = 6 centimetres , TU = 8 centimetres .
b) UV = 4 centimetres , UW = 5 centimetres , VW = 6 centimetres .

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DECIMAL FORMS
Fractional form of measures ‍
1
1 millimetre = centimetre
1 centimetre = 10 millimetre 10
1
1 centimetre = metre
1 metre = 10 0 centimetre 100
1
1 millimetre = metre
1 metre = 10 00 millimetre 1000
1
1 gram = kilogram
1 kilogram = 10 00 gram 1000
1
1 milligram = gram
1 gram = 10 00 milligram 1000
1
1 millilitre = litre
1 litre = 10 00 millilitre 1000
Measure Fractional form Decimal form

3
4 cm
4 cm 3 mm 10 4.3 cm
5
cm
5 mm 10 0.5 cm
25
4 m
4 m 25 cm 100 4.25 m
125
2 g
2 kg 125 g 1000 2.125 g
275
16 l
16 l 275 ml 1000 16.275 l
325
l
325 ml 1000 0.325 l
More activty
Complete the table given below.
Measure Fractional form Decimal form
8 cm 5 mm

9
12 mm
7 m 15 mm
6 kg 375 g
2 l 631 ml
459 ml
Place value
245 = (2 × 100) + ( 4 × 10) + (5 × 1)
67 60+7 60 7 6 7 1 1
0.67 = = = + = + = (6 × ) + (7 × )
100 100 100 100 10 100 10 100
1 1
245.67 = (2 × 100) + (4 × 10) + (5 × 1) + (6 × ) + (7 × )
10 100
NOTE :
245.67 can be split like this .
Place value 100 10 1 1 1

10 100
Digits 2 4 5 6 7
NOTE :
In a decimal form , we put the dot to separate the whole number part and the fraction
part . Digits to the left of the dot denote multiples of one , ten , hundred and so on .Digits
on the right denote multiples of tenth , hundredth , thousandth and so on .

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NOTE :
5 1
23 m 5 cm = 23 m = (2 × 10) + (3 × 1) + (5 × )
100 100
1 1
= (2 × 10) + (3 × 1) + (0 × ) + (5 × ) = 23.05 m
10 100
8 1
125 kg 8 g =125 kg = (1 × 100) + (2 × 1 0) + (5 × 1) + (8 × )
1000 1000
1 1 1
= (1 × 100) + (2 × 1 0) + (5 × 1) + (0 × ) + (0 × ) + (8 × )
10 100 1000
= 125.008 kg
NOTE : One fraction , many form

3 30 300 3000
= = = =. . . ==> 0.3 = 0.30 = 0.300 = 0.3000
10 100 1000 10000

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NUMBERS AND ALGEBRA

Algebra
Mathematical shorthand of writing number related facts using letters is called algebra.
Concept 1
Multiplying two numbers by a number separately and adding give the same result as
multiplying their sum by the number .
That is , x z + y z =(x + y) z , for all numbers x , y , z
Activity
Try these problems
a) 36 × 28 + 64 × 28 b) 125 × 436 + 875 × 436
Answer
a) 36 × 28 + 64 × 28 = (36 + 64) 28 = 100 × 28 = 2800
b) 125 × 436 + 875 × 436 = (125 + 875) 436 = 1000 × 436 = 436000
More activity
Try these problems
a) 36 × 18 + 14 × 18 b) 185 × 122 + 215 × 122
Concept 2
Multiplying two numbers by a number separately and subtracting give the same result as
multiplying their difference by the number .
That is , x z - y z =(x - y)z , for all numbers x , y , z
Activity
Try these problems
a) 58 × 76 − 48 × 76 b) 239 × 397 − 139 × 397

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Answer
a) 58 × 76 − 48 × 76 = (58 − 48)76 = 10 × 76 = 760
b) 239 × 397 − 139 × 397 = (239 − 139) 397 = 100 × 397 = 39700
More activity
Try these problems
a) 96 × 39 − 76 × 39 b) 316 × 125 − 116 × 125
Concept 3
Algebraic expressions
General form indicating arithmetical operations using letters are called
algebraic expressions .
NOTE :
When we use algebra to state general properties of numbers ,we should also specify the
type of numbers indicated by the letter .
In algebra , natural numbers are usually denoted by n . ( any letter can be used )
Activity
Adding 10 repeatedly to 1 .
a) Find the numbers .
b) Find the algebraic expression of such numbers .
Answer
a) 11 , 21 , 31 , 41 , 51 , . . .
b) Algebraic expression = 1 + 10 n
More activity
a) Find the algebraic expression for the numbers got by adding 5 repeatedly to 1 .
b) Find the algebraic expression for the numbers got by adding 5 repeatedly to 4 .

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c) Add the numbers in the same position of the first two patterns . Why do we get only
multiples of 5 ?
Agebraic forms
1) Numbers of the form 2 n are even .
2) Numbers of the form 2 n - 1 are odd .
3) Numbers of the form 5 n are the multiples of 5 .
4) Numbers of the form 10 n +1 are the numbers got by adding 1 to the multiples of 10 .
4) Numbers of the form 3 n - 2 are the numbers which give a remainder 1 when divided
by 3
That is ,
1) Algebraic form of even numbers = 2 n
2) Algebraic form of odd numbers = 2 n- 1
3) Algebraic form of multiples of 5 = 5 n ‍
4) Algebraic form of the numbers got
by adding 1 to the multiples of 10 = 10 n+1
5) Algebraic form of the numbers which
give a remainder 1 when divided by 3 = 3 n - 2

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EXPONENTIATION
Exponentiation
Repeated multiplication is called Exponentiation
Repeated multiplication Representation

4 x 4 2
4
4 x 4x 4 3
4
4 x 4x 4x 4 4
4
4 x 4x 4x 4x 4 5
4
Here the numbers 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 are called the powers of 4 .
2 3 4
4 is the second power of 4 , 4 is the third power of 4 , 4 is the fourth power of 4 and so on .
1
4 is the first power of 4 . ( 4 = 4 )
Exponent
3
In 4 , the number 3 is called the exponent ( power )
Powers of 4 Exponent
2 2
4
3 3
4
4 4
4
5 5
4
NOTE :
We also call the second power of a number , its square and the third power , its cube .

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Place value
4572 = (4 × 1000)+(5 × 100)+(7 × 10)+ 2 = ( 4 × 103)+(5 × 102 )+(7 × 10)+ 2
1 1 1
245.679 = (2 × 100) + ( 4 × 10) + 5 + (6 × ) + (7 × ) + (9 × )
10 100 1000
1 1 1
= (2 × 102 ) + ( 4 × 10) + 5 + (6 × ) + (7 × ) + (9 × )
10 10 2
103
Factorization
We can factorize any natural number as a product of prime numbers .
Eg:
72 = 2 × 2 × 2 ×3 × 3 = 23 × 32
Powers of a fraction
2
6 6 6 62 36
()
5
=
5
×
5
= 2 =
5 25
For any number x and any non zero number y and any natural number n ,
Eg:
2
3 32 9
()
4
=
4 2
=
16
Powers of decimal
4
2 24 16
0.2 =
4
10 ( ) =
10 4
=
10000
= 0.0016
2
15 15 2 225
1.5 =
2
( )
10
=
10 2
=
100
= 2.25

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Multiplication rule
, for all numbers x and all natural numbers m , n
NOTE :
The product of two powers of the same number is a power of this number .
The exponent of the product is the sum of the exponents of the factors .
Eg:
8 × 32 = 23 × 25 = 23+5 = 28 = 256
9 × 27 = 32 × 33 = 32+ 3 = 3 5 = 243
Division rule 1
, for any non zero x and any natural numbers m , n with m > n
Eg:
29 9−5 4
512 ÷ 32 = = 2 = 2 = 16
25
55 5−3 2
3125 ÷ 125 = = 5 = 5 = 25
53
Division rule 2
, for any non zero x and any natural numbers m , n with m < n
Eg:
Simplify
23 × 25 3 6 × 34
a) b)
210 38 × 37
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Answer
23 × 25 23 +5 28 1 1
a) = = = 10−8 = 2
210 210 10
2 2 2
6 4 6+4 10
1 1
b) 3 8 × 37 = 3 8+7 = 3 15 = 15−10
=
3 × 3 3 3 3 35
Power of powers
, for any non zero x and any natural numbers m , n
Eg:
2
(43) = 4 3×2 = 4 6
6
( 75 ) = 7 5×6 = 730

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SQUARE AND SQUARE ROOT

Concept 1
Perfect squares
1 , 4 , 9 , 16 , . . . are the squares of the natural numbers .They are called perfect squares
Concept 2
Fraction squares
A fraction multiplied by itself is also a square
2
4 4 4 4×4 42 16
Eg: ()5
= ×
5 5
=
5×5
=
52
=
25
To square a fraction , we need only square the numerator and the denominator
separately .
More activty
Find out the squares of the following numbers .

2 7 1
a) b) b) 1
3 3 2
Concept 3
Decimal squares
Activity
Find out the square of 0.5 ?
Answer
5
0.5 =
10
5 5 25
(0.5)2 = 0.5 × 0.5 = × = = 0.25
10 10 100

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More activty
Find out the squares of the following numbers .
a) 0.8 b) 0.11 b) 1.5
Concept 3
Square of product
The product of the squares of two numbers is equal to the square of their product .
x 2y 2 = (x y )2 , for any numbers x ,y
More activty
Find out the following products .
a) 52 × 22 b) 252 × 42
Concept 4
Square factors
Activity
Write each number below and its square as a product of prime numbers .
a) 30 b) 72
Answer
a) 30 = 2 × 3 × 5
302 = ( 2 × 3 × 5 )2 = 22 × 3 2 × 52
b) 72 = 23 × 32
2
722 = ( 23 × 32 ) = 26 × 34
More activty
Write each number below and its square as a product of prime numbers .
a) 36 b) 45
Square root
For numbers x and y , if ‍ x 2 = y ,

then ‍

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Activity
Find out the square root of the following numbers .
a) 1225 b) 1.44
Answer
a) 1225 = 52 × 7 2 = ( 5×7 )2 = 352
√ 1225 = 35
2
144 12
b) 1.44 =
100
= ( )
10
= 1.22
√ 1.44 = 1.2
More activty
Find out the square root of the following numbers .
a) 576 b) 3.24

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NEGATIVE NUMBERS – OPERATIONS

Concept 1
For positive numbers , the larger subtracted from the smaller is the negative of the
smaller subtracted from the larger .
For any positive numbers x , y if x < y then
x - y = -(y -x )
Activity
Try these problems
a) 4 – 5 b) 12 – 20 c) 521 – 743
Answer
a) 4 – 5 = – 1
b) 12 – 20 = – 8
c) 521 – 743 = – 222
More activity
Try these problems .
a) 7 – 9 b) 37 – 95 c) 135 – 627
Concept 2
Adding to the negative of a positive number , a second positive number means subtracting
the first number from the second number .
For any two positive numbers x and y
-x +y = y-x

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Activity
a) – 2 + 8 b) – 95 + 20 c) – 675 + 520
Answer
a) –2 + 8 = 6
b) – 95 + 20 = – 75
c) – 675 + 520 = – 155
More activity
a) –9 + 6 b) – 45 + 80 c) – 326 + 792
Concept 3
Subtracting a positive number from the negative of a positive number , we get the
negative of the sum of these positive numbers .
For any positive numbers x and y
-x -y = -( x +y )
Activity
a) – 8 – 5 b) – 62 – 38 c) – 372 – 251
Answer
a) – 8 – 5 = – 13
b) – 62 – 38 = – 100
c) – 372 – 251 = – 623

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More activity
a) –7 – 9 b) – 18 – 73 c) – 267 – 679
Concept 4
Adding the negative of a positive number means subtracting that positive number
Activity
a) 5 + ( – 3) b) – 15 + (– 32) c) 715 + ( – 936)
Answer
a) 5 + ( – 3) = 5 – 3 = 2
b) – 15 + (– 32) =– 15 – 32 = – 47
c) 715 + ( – 936) = 715 – 936 = – 221
More activity
a) 4 + ( – 9) b) – 75 + (– 19) c) 621 + ( – 384)
Concept 5
Subtracting the negative of a positive number means adding that positive number
Activity
a) 8 – (– 6) b) – 63 – (– 15) c) – 531 – (– 856)
Answer
a) 8 – (– 6) = 8 + 6 = 14
b) – 63 – ( – 15) = – 63 + 15 = – 48
c) – 531 – (– 856) = – 531 + 856 = 325

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More activity
a) 1 – ( – 9) b) – 78 – ( – 56) c) – 267 – (– 598)
Concept 6
The negative of the negative of a number is that number itself
That is , – ( – x ) = x , for any number x

,
Concept 7
The product of a positive number and the negative of a positive number means ,
the negative of the product of these positive numbers .
For any positive numbers x and y
-(x) y = x (-y) = - x y
Activity
a) 7 × (– 5) b) – 15 × 12 c) 125 × (– 426)
Answer
a) 7 × (– 5) = – 35
b) – 15 × 12 = – 180
c) 125 × (– 426) = – 53250
More activity
a) ( – 8) × 9 b) 25 × ( – 46) c) 235 × (– 124)
Concept 813
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The product of the negatives of two positive numbers means the product of these positive
numbers .
For any two positive numbers x , y
(- x ) ( - y ) = x y
Activity
a) ( – 4) × (– 7) b) ( – 36) × ( – 15) c) ( – 345) × ( – 152)
Answer
a) ( – 4) × (– 7) = 28
b) ( – 36) × ( – 15) = 540
c) ( – 345) × (– 152) = 52440
More activity
a) ( – 6) × (– 9) b) ( – 75) × ( – 28) c) ( – 495) × (– 364)

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NEGATIVE DIVISION
As in the case of positive numbers , division is the inverse of multiplication for negative
numbers .
NOTE :
x x
In algebra ,we usually write x ÷ y as .So , in the equation z =
y y
−6
x = −6 , y = 2 gives ‍ z = = −3
2
6
x = 6 , y = −2 gives z = = −3
−2
−6
x = −6 , y = −2 gives ‍ z = = 3
−2
More activity
x
In the equation z = , take x as the ‍ x , y as the numbers given below and
y
calculate the number z .
a) x = −20 , y = 5
b) x = 48 , y = −6
c) x = −63 , y = −9

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EQUATIONS
Activity
The length of a rectangle is 5 centimetres more than twice of its breadth and its perimeter
is 34 centimetres . Find its area .
Answer
If breadth = x then length = 2 x + 5
x + 2 x +5 + x + 2 x + 5 = 34
6 x + 10 = 34
6 x = 24
24
x = = 4
6
Breadth = x = 4 cm
Length = 2 x + 5 = 2 × 4 + 5 = 8 + 5 = 13 cm
Area = length x breadth = 13 × 4 = 52 sq . cm
More activity
In a calendar , a square of four numbers is marked . The sum of the numbers is 80 .
What are the numbers ?

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IDENTITIES
Concept 1
To multiply a sum of positive numbers by a sum of positive numbers , multiply each
number in the second sum by each number in the first sum and add .
for any our positive numbers x, y , u , v
Activity
Look at these .
a) Write the next two lines in this pattern .

b) If we take four consecutive natural numbers , what is the relation between the product
of the first and the last , and the product of the middle two ?
c) Explain the general principle using algebra .
Answer
a)
b) If we take four consecutive natural numbers , the product of the first and the last is 2
less than the product of the middle two.
c) If we take four consecutive natural numbers are ‍ x , x + 1 , x + 2 , x + 3 , then
x (x + 3) = ( x + 1) ( x + 2) − 2 .
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2
x (x + 3) = x + 3x
( x + 1) ( x + 2) = x ×x + x×2 + 1×x + 1×2 = x 2 + 2 x + x + 2 = x 2 + 3 x + 2
Thus ‍ x (x + 3) = ( x + 1) ( x + 2) − 2 .
More activity
a) Mark four numbers forming a square in a calendar . Add the product of the diagonal
pair and find the difference of these products .
b) Is it same for all the squares of four numbers ?
c) Explain why this is so , using algebra .
Concept 2
The square of sum of two positive numbers is the sum of the squares of the two
numbers and twice their product .
For any two positive numbers x and y ,
Activity
Look at these .
b) If we take three consecutive natural numbers ,what is the relation between the product
of the first and the last , and the middle number ?

30
Answer
a)
b) If we take three consecutive natural numbers , the product of the first and the last is 1
less than the square of the middle number .
c) If we take the three consecutive natural numbers are x , x +1 , x +2 , then
x (x + 2) = ( x + 1)2 − 1
x (x + 2) = x 2 + 2 x
( x + 1) 2 − 1 = x 2 + 12 + 2 × x × 1 − 1 = x 2 + 2 x + 1 − 1 = x 2 + 2 x
2
Thus x (x + 2) = ( x + 1) − 1 .
More activity
Look at these .

b) Write the general principle of the above pattern ?
Concept 3
The square of the difference of two positive numbers is twice their product subtracted
from the sum of their squares .
For all positive numbers x , y with x > y ,

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Activity
Find the squares of the following numbers
a) 49 b) 98
Answer
a) 492 = (50 − 1)2 = 502 + 12−2 × 50 × 1 = 2500 + 1 −100 = 2401
b) 982 = ( 100 − 2)2 = 1002 + 22−2 × 100 × 2 = 10000 + 4 −400 = 99604
More activity
Find the squares of the following numbers
a) 47 b) 99
Concept 4
The product of the sum and the difference of two positive numbers is the difference of
their squares .
For any two positive numbers x, y with x > y ,
Activity
Look at these .

b) If we take three consecutive natural numbers , what is the relation between the
difference of the squares of first and the last , and the middle number ?

32
Answer
a)
b) If we take three consecutive natural numbers , the difference of the squares of the first
and last numbers is four times the middle number .
c) If we take the three natural numbers are ‍ x , x + 1 , x + 2 , then
( x + 2)2 − x 2 = 4 ( x + 1)
( x + 2)2 − x 2 = ( x + 2 + x)( x + 2 − x ) = (2 x + 2 ) 2 = 4 x + 4
4 (x + 1) = 4 x + 4
Thus‍ ( x + 2)2 − x 2 = 4 (x + 1) .
More activity
a) Mark four numbers forming a square in a calendar . Add the squares of the diagonal
pair and find the difference of these sums .
b) Is it same for all the squares of four numbers ?
c) Explain why this is so , using algebra .

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EQUAL TRIANGLES
Concept -1
If the sides of a triangle are equal to the sides of another triangle , then the angles of the
triangles are also equal.
Activity
Find the equal angles of triangles ABC and ABD .
Answer
In triangles ABC and ABD ,
AC = AD , BC = BD
AB = AB ( common side )
( If the sides of a triangle are equal to the
sides of another triangle , then the angles
of the triangles are also equal. )
∠ BAC = ∠ BAD
∠ ABC = ∠ ABD
∠ ACB = ∠ ADB

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More activity
In quadrilateral ‍PSQR , PR = PS , QR = QS
< SPQ = 300 , < PQR = 600
Find the measures of all the angles of the
quadrilateral .
Concept -2
If two sides of a triangle and the angle made by them are equal to two sides of another
triangle and the angle made by them , then the third sides of the triangles are also equal
and the other two angles are also equal .
Activity
In the figure , D is the midpoint of BC . ∠ BDA = 900
a) Prove that AB = AC .
b) Prove that AD is the bisector of ∠ BAC .
Answer
In triangles ADB and ADC ,
BD = CD ( D is the midpoint of BC )
AD = AD ( common side )
∠ ADB = ∠ ADC = ∠ 90 0
a) AB = AC ( If two sides of a triangle and the angle made by them are equal to two
sides of another triangle and the angle made by them , then the third sides of the triangles
are also equal and the other two angles are also equal . )
b) ∠ BAD = ∠ CAD
AD is the bisector of ∠ BAC .

35
More activity
In the figure , P is the midpoint of AB
and CD .
a) Which angle has the same measure as that of ∠ APC ?
b) Prove that AC = BD .
c) Prove that BD is parallel to AC .
Concept -3
If one side of a triangle and the angles at its ends are equal to one side of another triangle
and the angles at its ends , then the third angles are also equal and the sides opposite
equal angles are equal .
Activity
In any parallelogram , opposite sides are equal .
Answer
In the figure , ABCD is a parallelogram .
That is , side AB is parallel to the side CD ,
and AD is parallel to BC .
Join AC .
In triangles ACD and ABC ,
AC = AC ( common side )
∠ CAD = ∠ ACB ( alternate angles are equal )
∠ ACD = ∠ BAC
So AB = CD , AD = BC ( If one side of a triangle and the angles at its ends are equal
to one side of another triangle and the angles at its ends , then the third angles are also
equal and the sides opposite equal angles are equal )

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More activity
In the figure ‍P is the midpoint of BC .
AB and CD are parallel .
a) Prove that AB = CD .
b) P is the midpoint of AD .
ISOSCELES TRIANGLES
Concept - 4
A triangle with two sides equal , is called an isosceles triangle .
Concept - 5
Equilateral triangle
A triangle with all three sides equal , is called an equilateral triangle .
Concept - 6
In any isosceles triangle , the perpendicular from the point joining equal sides to
the opposite side bisects the angle at this point and the side opposite
A line dividing a line or an angle into two equal parts is called a bisector
NOTE : The relations between the base and the third vertex of an isosceles triangle can
be put in three different ways .
1) The perpendicular from the third vertex bisects the base .
2) The line joining the third vertex and the midpoint of the base is
perpendicular to the base .
3) The third vertex is on the perpendicular bisector of the base .

37
POLYGONS
We can divide a polygon into triangles by drawing maximum number of diagonals from
any one of its vertices . Hence we can find the sum of the angles of this polygon .
We can draw a maximum of n - 3 diagonals from a vertex of an n- sided polygon
If we draw maximum number of diagonals from a vertex of an n - sided polygon , we
get n - 2 triangles .
The sum of the angles of an n-sided polygon is ( n – 2 ) x 1800
Polygon Number of sides Sum of angles
3 1800
Triangle
4 2 x 180 = 3600
Quadrilateral
5 3 x 180 = 5400
Pentagon
6 4 x 180 = 7200
Hexagon
7 5 x 180 = 9000
Heptagon
8 6 x 180 = 10800
Octagon
9 7 x 180 = 12600
Nonagon
10 8 x 180 = 14400
Decagon
Activity
What is the sum of the angles of a 12 sided polygon ?
Answer
Sum of angles = 10 × 180 = 1800 0

38
More activity
The sum of the angles of a polygon is 36000 . How many sides does it have ?
Angle around a point is 3600
Outer angle of a triangle
If we extend one side of a triangle , we get a new angle outside the triangle . This angle is
called an outer angle (exterior angle ) .
In any triangle , the outer angle at a vertex is equal to the sum of the inner angles at
the other two vertices .
The sum of inner and outer angle at a vertex of a polygon is 1800
The sum of the outer angles of any polygon is 3600
Activity
All angles in an 18 sided polygon are equal . How much is each outer angle ?
Answer
Sum of the outer angles = 3600
360
An outer angle ‍ = = 200
18

39
More activity
In a polygon with all angles equal , one outer angle is ‍120 .How many sides does it have ?
Regular polygon
A polygon with equal sides and angles is called a regular polygon .
Activity
A regular polygon has 12 sides .
a) What is the measure of each outer angle ?
b) What is the measure of each inner angle ?
Answer
a) Sum of the outer angles = 3600
360
An outer angle = = 300
12
b) An inner angle ‍ = 180 − 30 = 150 0
More activity
Each angle of a regular polygon is ‍1700 .
a) What is the measure of each outer angle ?
b) How many sides does it have ?

40
QUADRILATERALS
Polygon Features
Rectangle
Opposite sides equal
Opposite sides parallel
All angles right
Diagonals equal
Diagonals bisect each other

Square
All sides equal
All angles right
Diagonals equal
Diagonals perpendicular to each other

Parallelogram
Opposite sides equal
Opposite angles equal
Sum of angles on the same side 1800

41
Rhombus
All sides equal
Opposite angles equal
Diagonals perpendicular to each other
Sum of angles on the same side 1800

Trapezium
Only one pair of opposite sides parallel
Sum of the angles on each of non-parallel
sides 1800 .
Isosceles trapezium
Only one pair of opposite sides parallel
Non - parallel sides equal
Diagonals equal
Angles on each parallel sides equal
Sum of angles on the same side 1800 .

42
AREA
Figure Perimeter Area
Rectangle 2 x ( length + breadth ) length x breadth
Square 4 x side side x side
Area of a Triangle
The area of a triangle is half the product of one side with the perpendicular from
the opposite vertex.
1
Area of the triangle = x a side x perpendicular from the opposite vertex .
2
Activity
The length of one side of a triangle is 10 centimetres and the perpendicular from the
opposite vertex is 8 centimetres .
a) Calculate its area .
b) If the length of another side of this triangle is 16 centimetres , what is the length of the
perpendicular from opposite vertex to this side ?
Answer
1
a) Area of the triangle = x a side x perpendicular
2
from the opposite vertex .

1
= × 10 × 8 = 40 square centimetres
2
43
1
b) Area of the triangle = 40 square centimetres ==> × 16 × h = 40
2
8 × h = 40
40
h = = 5 centimetres
8
More activity
The perpendicular sides of a right triangle are ‍12 and 15centimetres long .
a) Calculate the area of the triangle .
b)Another right triangle of the same area has one of the perpendicular sides 18 centimetres
long . What is the length of the other ?
Area of a Parallelogram
The area of a parallelogram is the product one side with the distance to the opposite side
Activity
Calculate the area of the parallelogram in the figure .
Answer
Area of the parallelogram = a side x distance to the opposite side
= 8 x 4 = 32 square centimetres
More activity
a) Calculate the area of the parallelogram in the figure
b) What is the distance between the parallel sides of
length 4 centimetres .
Area of a Rhombus
The area of a rhombus is half the product of the diagonals .

44
Activity
The length of the diagonals of a rhombus are 6 centimetres and 8 centimetres .
a) Calculate its area .
b) What is the measure of the angle between the diagonals ?
c) Compute the length of the side .
Answer
1
a) Area of the rhombus = x product of the diagonals .
2
1
= × 6× 8 = 24 square centimetres
2
b) Angle between the diagonals = 900
c) In right triangle APB ‍,
Base 2 + Altitude 2 = Hypotenuse 2 ==> BP 2 + AP 2 = AB 2
==> 32 + 4 2 = AB2 ==> 9 + 16 = AB2
==> AB 2 = 25 ==> AB = √ 25 = 5 cm
Side of the rhombus = 5 centimetres .
More activity
The area of a rhombus is 96 square centimetres and the length of one of its diagonal is
16 centimetres .
a) What is the length of its second diagonal ?
b) What is the measure of the angle between the diagonals ?
c) Compute the length of the side .
d) Compute the distance between the parallel sides .

45
Area of a trapezium
The area of a trapezium is half the product of the sum of the parallel sides and the
distance between them .
Activity
The length of the parallel sides of a trapezium are 12 centimetres , 8 centimetres and the
distance between them is 10 centimetres . What is its area ?
Answer
1
a) Area of the trapezium = x sum of parallel sides x distance between them
2
1 1
= × ( 12 + 8 ) × 10 = × 20 × 10 = 100 square centimetres
2 2
More activity
In the figure , ‍ABCD is a trapezium .
∠ A = 900 , AB = 8 centimetres ,
BD = 10 centimetres and , DC = 7 centimetres
a) What is the length of AD ?
b) Compute the area of the trapezium .
Area of a Quadrilateral
The area of a quadrilateral is half the product of a diagonal and the sum of
the perpendicular distances from the opposite vertices to this diagonal .
Activity
Compute the area of the quadrilateral shown in the
figure .

46
Answer
1
Area of the quadrilateral = x a diagonal x sum of the perpendicular distances
2
from the opposite vertices to this diagonal
1 1
= ×5×( 4 + 2 ) = × 5 × 6 = 15 square centimetres .
2 2
More activity
Compute the area of the quadrilateral
shown in the figure .

47
RATIO‍
Concept 1
If two quantities are in the ratio a : b , then there is a quantity x such that the first
is ax and the second is bx
Activity
The length and breadth of a rectangle are in the ratio 5 : 4 and its perimeter is 54 centi-
metres . Calculate the length and breath .
Answer
Length = 5 x
Breadth = 4 x
Perimeter = 54 ==> 2 × 5 x + 2 × 4 x = 54
10 x + 8 x = 54
54
1 8 x = 54 ==> x = = 3
18
Length = 5 x = 5 × 3 = 15 cm
Breadth = 4 x = 4 × 3 = 12 cm
More activity
In a regular polygon , the ratio of the inner and outer angle is 7 : 2 .
a) What is each inner angle ?
b) What is each outer angle ?
c) How many sides does the polygon have ?
Concept 2
If three quantities are in the ratio a : b : c, then there is a quantity x such that
the first is ax , the second bx and the third is cx .

48
Activity
The outer angles of a triangle are in the ratio 3 : 4 : 5 .

a) What is the sum of the outer angles ?
b) What is each outer angle ?
Answer
a) Sum of outer angles = 3600
b) If we take the outer angles are 3x , 4x , 5x
360
3 x + 4 x + 5 x = 360 ==> 12 x = 360 ==> x = = 15
12
Outer angles = 3 × 15 , 4 × 15 , 5 × 15 = 45 0 , 600 , 750
More activity
The length , breadth ,and height of a rectangular block are in the ratio 5 : 3 : 6 and
its volume is 2160 cubic centimetres . Calculate the length , breadth and height .

49
CIRCLES
Centre of a circle
The fixed point at which we fix the pointed end of the compass to draw a circle is called
the centre of the circle .
Radius of a circle
The distance from the centre to the circle is called the radius of the circle .
NOTE :
So many radii can be drawn in a circle .
Radii of a circle are equal .

50
Diameter of a circle
Diameter of a circle is the line joining two points on the circle through its centre .
NOTE :, Length of such a line is is also called diameter .
So many diameters can be drawn in a circle .
Diameter is twice the radius
( Radius is half the diameter )

51
VOLUME
The volume of a rectangular block is the product of its length , breadth and height .
Activity
The length , breadth and height of a brick are 21 centimetres , 15 centimetres , 7centime
tres . What is its volume ?
Answer
Volume = length × breadth × height = = 21 × 15 × 7 = 2205 cubic centimetres
More activty
A rectangular cube of iron is of 8 centimetres . What is its volume ? 1 cubic centimetre of
iron weighs 8 grams .What is the weight of large cube ?
One cubic metre
The volume of a cube of side 1 metre is one cubic metre .
1 cubic metre = 1000000 cubic centimetres .
Volume of large objects are often said as cubic metres .
One litre
The capacity of a cubical vessel of inner side 10 centimetres is 1 litre .
1 litre = 1000 cubic centimetres

52
AVERAGE
The number got by dividing the sum by the number is called average
Activity
The number of children who attended class from Monday to Friday are 34 , 35 , 32 , 33 ,
31 . What is the average number of children who attended classes each day ?
Answer
Su m 34 + 35 + 32 +33 + 31 165
Average = = = = 33
Number 5 5
More activty
The weights of players in a team are 68 kilograms , 72 kilograms , 80kilograms , 70 kilo-

grams , 60 kilograms , 70kilograms . What is the average weight of a player in the team ?

53
STATISTICS
Frequency table
Activity
The scores of 45 children in a test are given below .
8 7 6 3 8 8 7 7 6
7 9 7 6 8 7 2 6 7
10 6 7 3 9 5 4 5 4
4 4 5 8 10 8 8 9 7
7 6 8 8 7 4 5 9 8
Make a frequency table .
Answer
Score Number of children ( frequency )
2 1
3 2
4 5
5 4
6 6
7 11
8 10
9 4
10 2
Total 45

54
More activity
The number of members in 50 households of a village are listed below .
8 6 9 4 4 2 6 4 5 3
7 3 3 2 3 7 6 3 2 5
5 13 9 9 7 4 4 5 4 3
3 7 2 3 3 10 8 6 6 4
2 4 5 4 3 8 7 5 6 3
Frequency table with classes

Activity
The runs that a batsman got in 50 one-day cricket matches are given below .
50 0 49 60 100 68 27 48 15 65
101 45 2 52 25 18 29 53 72 90
32 81 28 104 35 49 2 60 87 71
68 20 10 30 55 47 21 35 12 20
38 102 35 11 27 43 38 40 48 71

55
Answer
Runs Number of matches ( frequency )
0 − 10 3
10 − 20 6
20 − 30 7
30 − 40 7
40 − 50 8
50 − 60 4
60 − 70 5
70 − 80 3
80 − 90 2
90 − 100 1
100 − 110 4
More activity
The weights of the members of the school Health club are given below .
38 39 41 59 48 48 38 58 50 55
39 40 41 49 32 43 45 53 37 44
51 52 33 46 55 36 45 47 43 33
Make a frequency table with the length of the class interval 5
( Hint : Take classes as 30 − 35 , 35 − 40 ,... )

56
Histogram
Activity
The table below gives the amount of water 28 households use . Draw a histogram .
Amount of water ( litres) Number of households
0 − 500 2
500 − 1000 5
1000 − 1500 10
1500 − 2000 8
2000 − 2500 3
Answer

57
Note :
In the figure above , the classes are marked on the horizontal line and the frequencies on
the vertical line .The width of each rectangle shows the length of the class interval and its
height shows the frequency .Such a picture is called a histogram.
More activity
Detail of rainfall in June and July are given in the table below . Draw a histogram .
Rainfall (mm ) Number of days
0 − 10 1
10 − 20 4
20 − 30 7
30 − 40 9
40 − 50 15
50 − 60 10
60 − 70 9
70 − 80 6

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1

WANDOOR GANITHAM – BRIDGE MATERIAL - CLASS IX 2021- 22

Natural numbers 1,2,3,4,5,6, ...

number itself are called prime numbers

Fractions are the number of parts .

One fraction has several forms

Numbers written with a minus sign are called negative numbers .

Numbers which are not negative are called positive numbers .

NOTE : 0 is neither positive nor negative .

made by two lines meeting is called a linear pair .

Parallel lines make equal angles with any other line

SARATH A S , VMC GHSS WANDOOR, MALAPPURAM

PARALLE LINES AND ANGLES

pairs are equal , others are supplementary .

SARATH A S , VMC GHSS WANDOOR, MALAPPURAM

to similar positions are called corresponding angles .

Corresponding angles are equal

called alternate angles .

Alternate angles are equal

SARATH A S , VMC GHSS WANDOOR, MALAPPURAM

of these two pairs are called co-interior angles .

Co-interior angles are supplementary

each of these two pairs are called co-exterior angles .

Co-exterior angles are supplementary

SARATH A S , VMC GHSS WANDOOR, MALAPPURAM

Draw triangle ABC with AB = 5 centimetres , ∠A = 600 and AC = 4 centimetres .

Draw triangles of the following specifications .

a) MN = 6 centimetres , ∠M = 900 , ML = 7 centimetres

b) XY = 8 centimetres , ∠X = 1200 , XZ = 3centimetres

Draw triangle PQR with PQ = 6 centimetres ∠P = 900 , ∠Q = 300

SARATH A S , VMC GHSS WANDOOR, MALAPPURAM

Draw triangles of the following specifications .

a) CD = 5 centimetres , ∠C = 800 , ∠D = 500

b) TU = 8 centimetres , ∠T = 1000 , ∠U = 400

If the measures of three sides are given , we can draw a triangle

Draw triangle DEF with DE = 7 centimetres ,DF = 3 centimetres and EF = 9 centimetres

Draw triangles of the following specifications .

a) ST = 10 centimetres , SU = 6 centimetres , TU = 8 centimetres .

b) UV = 4 centimetres , UW = 5 centimetres , VW = 6 centimetres .

SARATH A S , VMC GHSS WANDOOR, MALAPPURAM

Measure Fractional form Decimal form

Complete the table given below.

Measure Fractional form Decimal form

SARATH A S , VMC GHSS WANDOOR, MALAPPURAM

245 = (2 × 100) + ( 4 × 10) + (5 × 1)

245.67 can be split like this .

Place value 100 10 1 1 1

on the right denote multiples of tenth , hundredth , thousandth and so on .

SARATH A S , VMC GHSS WANDOOR, MALAPPURAM

NOTE : One fraction , many form

SARATH A S , VMC GHSS WANDOOR, MALAPPURAM

NUMBERS AND ALGEBRA

multiplying their sum by the number .

That is , x z + y z =(x + y) z , for all numbers x , y , z

Try these problems

a) 36 × 28 + 64 × 28 b) 125 × 436 + 875 × 436

Try these problems

a) 36 × 18 + 14 × 18 b) 185 × 122 + 215 × 122