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MODULE 6: SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN

THE WORLD

1. Global Code of Ethics 1999

As a fundamental frame of reference for responsible and


sustainable tourism, the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism
(GCET) is a comprehensive set of principles designed to
guide key-players in tourism development. Addressed to
governments, the travel industry, communities and
tourists alike, it aims to help maximize the sector’s benefits
while minimizing its potentially negative impact on the
environment, cultural heritage and societies across the
globe.
Goal 1: No poverty
Adopted in 1999 by the General Assembly of the World
"End poverty in all its forms everywhere.“
Tourism Organization, its acknowledgement by the United
Nations two years later expressly encouraged UNWTO to Goal 2: Zero hunger
promote the effective follow-up of its provisions. Although
not legally binding, the Code features a voluntary "End hunger, achieve food security and improved
implementation mechanism through its recognition of the nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture."
role of the World Committee on Tourism Ethics (WCTE), to Goal 3: Good health and well-being for people
which stakeholders may refer matters concerning the
application and interpretation of the document. "Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all
ages."
The Code’s 10 principles amply cover the economic, social,
cultural and environmental components of travel and Goal 4: Quality education
tourism.
“Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and
 Article 1 – Tourism’s contribution to mutual promote lifelong learning opportunities for all."
understanding and respect between peoples and
Goal 5: Gender equality
societies
 Article 2 – Tourism as a vehicle for individual and "Achieve gender equality and empower all women and
collective fulfilment girls.“
 Article 3 – Tourism, a factor of sustainable
development Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation
 Article 4 – Tourism, a user of the cultural heritage of "Ensure availability and sustainable management of water
mankind and a contributor to its enhancement. and sanitation for all."
 Article 5 – Tourism, a beneficial activity for host
countries and communities Goal 7: Affordable and clean energy
 Article 6 – Obligations of stakeholders in tourism
"Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and
development
modern energy for all."
 Article 7 – Right to tourism
 Article 8 – Liberty of tourist movements Goal 8: Decent work and economic growth
 Article 9 – Rights of the workers and entrepreneurs in
the tourism industry "Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic
 Article 10 – Implementation of the principles of the growth, full and productive employment and decent work
Global Code of Ethics for Tourism for all."

2. U.N. Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Goal 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure

The Sustainable Development Goals are the blueprint to "Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and
achieve a better and more sustainable future for all. They sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation."
address the global challenges we face, including those Goal 10: Reducing inequalities
related to poverty, inequality, climate change,
environmental degradation, peace and justice. The 17 "Reduce income inequality within and among countries."
Goals are all interconnected, and in order to leave no one
Goal 11: Sustainable cities and communities
behind, it is important that we achieve them all by 2030.
"Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, Biodiversity Conservation in Asia
resilient, and sustainable."
This article examines terrestrial biodiversity and its
Goal 12: Responsible consumption and production conservation in Asia, reviewing its state, threats and
potential policy responses.
"Ensure sustainable consumption and production
patterns." The Indo‐Malay region, encompassing all of Southeast Asia,
India and southern China is the primary focus, although
Goal 13: Climate action the Himalayan Region, Tibetan Plateau and Northern and
"Take urgent action to combat climate change and its Western China, Japan, Korea and Siberia are also included,
impacts by regulating emissions and promoting and Western Asia—the Middle East—is excluded. The seas,
developments in renewable energy." coastal zones and inland waterways are excluded.

Goal 14: Life below water The five principal pressures directly driving biodiversity
loss:
"Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine
resources for sustainable development."  Habitat change,
 Overexploitation,
Goal 15: Life on land  Pollution,
"Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial  Invasive alien species, and
ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat  Climate change
desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and All five are either constant or increasing in intensity.
halt biodiversity loss."
In 2008, Asia and the Pacific recorded the world's highest
Goal 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions number of threatened species (UNEP 2010). The sharp
"Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable decline in tropical species populations indicated in the
development, provide access to justice for all and build Living Planet Index mirrors widespread habitat loss in
effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all those regions.
levels." Among the world's tropical regions, Southeast Asia has the
Goal 17: Partnerships for the goals highest rate of habitat loss, almost the entire area is
considered a biodiversity hotspot because of the high
"Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize number of threatened endemic species, and future land
the global partnership for sustainable development.“ use changes with economic growth are expected to cause
extinctions across a wide range of species (Sodhi et al.
Paris Agreement on Climate Change 2016
2010). Out of 47,915 species assessed, 2,517 are
The Paris Agreement requires all countries—developed threatened due to deforestation, wildlife hunting for food,
and developing—to make significant commitments to as pets and for medicinal use, climate change, pollution
address climate change. Countries responsible for 97 population growth and other causes (ASEAN Centre for
percent of global emissions have already pledged their Biodiversity 2010).
Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) for how they
Habitat conservation remains fundamental to biodiversity
will address climate change. Countries will revisit their
conservation but is only one piece. It requires extending
current pledges by 2020 and, ideally, strengthen their
from natural to multiple uses and finding sustainable
emissions reduction targets for 2030. The Paris Agreement
financing sources plus solutions to weak property rights
includes a stronger transparency and accountability
and the conflicts between local communities and
system for all countries—requiring reporting on
plantations and biodiversity conservation. Greater
greenhouse gas inventories and projections that are
attention to management of biodiversity in human‐
subject to a technical expert review and a multilateral
dominated landscapes will be increasingly important as
examination.
pristine habitats erode and fragment and climate changes.
Countries will continue to provide climate finance to help
The next major steps forward are:
the most vulnerable adapt to climate change and build
low-carbon economies. While the Paris Agreement does  selective command–control policies,
not “solve” climate change, it allows us to start the next  notably protected areas,
wave of global climate actions, creating a virtuous cycle for  better regulation of pesticides,
more aggressive action in the decades to come.  species protection and land use;
 improved agricultural and agroforestry
productivity;
 increased economic policies that complement and Protected area is an identified portion of land and water
reinforce habitat conservation, eliminate perverse set aside by reason of their unique physical and biological
incentives and creating positive ones; and significance, managed to enhance biological diversity, and
 strengthened monitoring and enforcement. protected against destructive human exploitation.

Section 3: Categories

MODULE 7: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS The following categories of protected areas are hereby
IN THE PHILIPPINES established:

National Integrated Protected Areas System Act a) Strict nature reserve - an area possessing some
(NIPAS) of 1992, Republic Act No. 7586 outstanding ecosystems, features, and species of flora
and fauna of national scientific importance,
Section 2: Declaration of Policy established to protect nature and natural processes
Cognizant of the profound impact of man’s activities on all and maintain ecologically representative examples of
components of the natural environment particularly the the natural environment for scientific study,
effect of increasing population, resource exploitation and environmental monitoring, and education.
industrial advancement and recognizing the critical
importance of protecting and maintaining the natural b) Natural park - a relatively large area not materially
biological and physical diversities of the environment altered by human activity, where extractive resource
notably on areas with biologically unique features to uses are not allowed and which is maintained to
sustain human life and development, as well as plant and protect outstanding natural and scenic areas of
animal life, it is hereby declared the policy of the State to national or international significance for scientific,
secure for the Filipino people of present and future educational and recreational use.
generations the perpetual existence of all native plants and
animals through the establishment of a comprehensive c) Natural monument - a relatively small area focused on
system of integrated protected areas within the the protection of nationally significant natural features
classification of national park as provided for in the on account of their special interest or unique
Constitution. characteristics.

It is hereby recognized that these areas, although distinct d) Wildlife sanctuary - an area that assures the natural
in features, possess common ecological values that may be conditions necessary to protect nationally significant
incorporated into a holistic plan representative of our species, groups of species, biotic communities or
natural heritage; that effective administration of these physical features of the environment, where these may
areas is possible only through cooperation among national require specific human manipulation for perpetuation.
government, local government and concerned private
organizations; that the use and enjoyment of these e) Protected landscapes and seascapes - areas of national
protected areas must be consistent with the principles of significance that provide opportunities for public
biological diversity and sustainable development. enjoyment through recreation and tourism within the
To this end, there is hereby established a National normal lifestyle and economic activity of the resident
Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS), which shall community.
encompass outstanding remarkable areas and biologically
important public lands that are habitats of rare and f) Resource reserve - an extensive and relatively isolated
endangered species of plants and animals, biogeographic and uninhabited area normally with difficult access
zones and related ecosystems, whether terrestrial, wetland designated as such to protect the natural resources for
or marine, all of which shall be designated as protected future use, and prevent or control development that
areas. could affect the resource pending the establishment of
objectives based upon appropriate knowledge and
National park is a forest reservation, essentially of natural planning.
wilderness character, which has been withdrawn from
settlement, occupancy or any form of exploitation except in g) Natural biotic areas - areas set aside to allow the way
conformity with an approved management plan, and set of life of societies living in harmony with the
aside as such to conserve the area, or preserve the scenery, environment to adapt to modern technology at their
natural and historic objects, wild animals and plants pace. These societies include the;
therein, and to provide enjoyment of these features in such
areas. Indigenous cultural community, a group of people
sharing common bonds of language, customs, traditions
and other distinctive cultural traits, and who have, since
time immemorial, occupied, possessed and utilized a cultural communities and encourage community
territory. participation; and
 To ensure the participation of both women and men in
- Tenured migrant communities, those that have actually
the ecotourism planning and management and that
and continuously occupied a protected area for five years
gender-related issues are addressed in the ecotourism
and who are solely dependent therein for subsistence.
management plan.

Ecotourism Planning and Management Process


h) Other categories established by law, conventions or
international agreements which the Philippine The Ecotourism Planning and Management Process is
Government is a signatory. divided into four (4) phases, namely:

Philippine National Ecotourism Strategy & Action Plan 1. Site Assessment


2013-2022
This phase will determine whether or not ecotourism
The overall goal of the NES is to develop and manage management and development is the right strategy for the
globally competitive ecotourism sites, products and protected area.
markets that will contribute to inclusive growth. This is to
be achieved by way of the eight (8) strategies as discussed This consists of the following steps:
later. Preliminary Site Evaluation - This involves answering
Strategy 1: Developing and marketing diversified and basic questions in a checklist in order to determine
competitive ecotourism products whether a particular site is appropriate for ecotourism
development, and therefore needs to continue with the
Strategy 2: Creating conducive environment for planning process for ecotourism development in the
ecotourism investments protected area.

Strategy 3: Maximizing economic benefits for the host Full Site Assessment - This is conducted to determine the
communities possible extent of ecotourism development that can be
done in the site. It will help identify existing situations that
Strategy 4: Promoting and developing a culture of
either help or constrain ecotourism development in the
ecotourism
site. In this phase, sex disaggregated data and gender-
Strategy 5: Strengthening institutional capacity related information should also be collected.

Strategy 6: Developing and strengthening partnerships 2. Ecotourism Planning

Strategy 7: Establishing mechanisms for sustainable This involves the formulation of the Ecotourism
financing Management Plan (EMP). The data collected in the Site
Assessment phase and the corresponding
Strategy 8: Monitoring outcomes and impacts recommendations shall be the inputs to the formulation of
the Plan. The Plan should be consistent with the existing
A.O. 2013-19 Guidelines on Ecotourism Planning and
Protected Area Management Plan.
Management in Protected Areas
The PASU shall initiate the preparation of the Ecotourism
The general objectives of this Administrative Order is to
Management Plan and shall involve concerned
recognize and operationalize ecotourism for the
stakeholders such as, but not limited to, LGUs, other
conservation and sustainable use of natural resources in
agencies concerned (e.g. Department of Tourism, NEDA);
protected areas. It shall have the following specific
local communities including women’s groups, indigenous
objectives:
cultural communities; and the private sector (e.g. tour
 To institutionalize ecotourism planning and operators and investors).
management process in protected area management;
The process involves preparing the vision, goals,
 To promote advocacy on the concept and principles of
objectives, strategies, programs and projects including
ecotourism;
identification of possible ecotourism
 To introduce businesses in protected areas both as a enterprises/businesses that may be developed in the area.
conservation strategy and an economic development These will serve as the bases in the actual physical and
option through viable business partnerships with the program development of ecotourism in the area.
local government units or the private sector.
 To promote inclusive equity of socio-economic Based on the approved Ecotourism Management Plan,
benefits to the local community and indigenous business plans shall be formulated in partnership with the
LGU or private sector. The business plan is a more detailed
review of the specific activity, attraction or service that Masungi Georeserve wins several international awards
will be developed. It deals with marketing, operations and and recognition on conservation. Experience an intimate
management of ecotourism enterprises/businesses. encounter with nature amid massive limestone formations
and hundreds of plant and animal species. Masungi
3. Implementation Georeserve offers a friendly hike for beginners and a
The implementation of the Ecotourism Management Plan rewarding day trip from manila. The Masungi Georeserve
shall be in accordance with the timelines, implementation is a conservation area and a rustic rock garden tucked in
arrangements and the proposed budget provided in the the rainforests of Rizal with spider webs, hammocks,
Implementation Plan. The business plans shall be viewing decks, bridges and rope courses floating above a
implemented by the LGU or private sector partner. tropical rainforest canopy.

4. Monitoring and Evaluation Masungi’s name is derived from the word “masungki”
which translates to “spiked” - an apt description for the
A Monitoring and Evaluation Plan shall be developed to sprawling limestone landscape found within. The
provide for the mechanism of monitoring and evaluating georeserve is an area we have been protecting for over
the progress of the Ecotourism Management Plan fifteen years now. Having to deal with a myriad of illegal
implementation, and the key indicators for impact loggers, quarries, and others, it has been a challenge, but
monitoring. ultimately a meaningful and fulfilling one.
Palawan Attractions’ Best Practices Georeserve Policies of Masungi
Common Denominator in Palawan Attractions’ Best Our conservation policies revolve around the idea that the
Practices georeserve is meant as a sanctuary and home for animal
and plant life in the Philippines. Appropriately, as visitors,
Multi-stakeholder partnership and/or community
we must treat the area with respect and conscientiousness.
empowerment in ecotourism site operation and
This applies for the entire area – the trail, the parking
management.
zones, and all areas fronting and within the georeserve
We saw that various stakeholders are either involved in from Kilometer 45 – 48.
multi-agency management of the Park (through its PAMB)
As a model for conservation and sustainable tourism in the
where the local communities get to participate and derive
Philippines, we kindly enjoin our guests to take part in our
benefit, or the local people themselves, like the indigenous
way of conduct in the area. These are consistently
people of Coron, have developed and sustained the
practiced across our management, our members, and our
ecotourism product which empowered them. In this
guests.
manner, the “human-and-ecosystem” components of
ecotourism develop sustainably, where economic  Visits must be requested and arranged ahead of time
sustainability is gradually being attained. In here, the via www.masungigeoreserve.com or any of our
society is able to absorb increasing tourist arrivals without accredited travel partners.
adversely affecting or damaging indigenous culture, and
that the economic growth of affected stakeholders is  Absolutely no littering of any kind allowed. ensure that
sustained in the promotion of ecotourism66. The limits on plastic packaging and all loose objects such as
tourist acceptance within the site’s carrying capacity, or cameras, sunglasses, etc. are secured and will not fall
the geographic limitation itself, promote greater flexibility off.
in meeting tourist satisfaction and conserve biological
diversity.  The park is strictly a non-smoking zone due to the air
and health pollution that it causes.
Collaborative ecosystem monitoring and conservation

Where the status of the natural environment and  Noise is not permitted. These may post strain on the
ecotourism site is taken cared of. In the presentations, it area’s wildlife and be disruptive for other guests.
was shown that baseline condition of the coastal-marine
resource was established and being monitored, which  Should you be fortunate to encounter wildlife, do not
enhances science-based decisions on the conservation of feed or touch the animals. This may include monitor
the site. This promotes environmental sustainability, since lizards, snakes, civet cats, cloud rats, and monkeys,
the natural and built environment is being resilient and among others. Picking up of flowers, rocks, and other
capable of handling tourism without damage. specimens are likewise prohibited. All of these are
here for everyone to enjoy. Ensure that permission is
Masungi Georeserve
sought from the management should this be necessary.
 Omit personal tipping. This ensures non-interference
of visits to priority conservation work, and encourages
consistency in experience among guest visits.
Providing of tips outside the communal bucket may
lead to the dismissal of staff involved.

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