Done By:-

Cdt.Aswin S Kumar
Roll.no-6028
Class-XI-B
 Content
Introduction
Plant Diseases
•Infectious Diseases
▪ Bacterial Infectious Diseases
▪ Fungal Infectious Diseases
▪ Viral Infectious Diseases
•Non-Infectious Diseases
▪ Diseases due to nutrional deficiency
▪ Due to deficiency of Nitrogen
▪ Due to deficiency of Phosphorous
▪ Due to deficiency of Pottasium
▪ Due to deficiency of Magnesium
▪ Due to deficiency of Calcium
▪ Due to deficiency of Iron
▪ Due to deficiency of Zinc
Conclusion
Bibliography
 𝕴𝖓𝖙𝖗𝖔𝖉𝖚𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓
The study of plant diseases is called plant pathology. Pathology is
derived from the two Greek words pathos (suffering, disease) and
logos (discourse, study).
In general, a plant becomes diseased when it is continuously
disturbed by some causal agent that results in an abnormal
physiological process that disrupts the plant’s normal structure,
growth, function, or other activities
In nature, plants may be affected by more than one disease-causing
agent at a time.
Plant diseases can be broadly classified according to the nature of
their primary causal agent, either infectious or noninfectious.
Infectious plant diseases are caused by a pathogenic organism such
as a fungus, bacterium, mycoplasma, virus, viroid, nematode, or
parasitic flowering plant. An infectious agent is capable of reproducing
within or on its host and spreading from one susceptible host to
another. Noninfectious plant diseases are caused by unfavorable
growing conditions, including extremes of temperature,
disadvantageous relationships between moisture and oxygen, toxic
substances in the soil or atmosphere, and an excess or deficiency of an
. essential mineral.
 Plant Diseases
In general, a plant becomes diseased when it is continuously
disturbed by some causal agent that results in an abnormal
physiological process that disrupts the plant’s normal
structure, growth, function, or other activities
Plant diseases can be broadly classified according to the
nature of their primary causal agent, either infectious or non
infectious.

Infectious Diseases
Infectious plant diseases are mainly caused by pathogenic organisms
such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, protozoa, as well as insects and
parasitic plants.
Infectious agents can spread through air and water
Some of the common bacterial infectious diseases are Aster yellow,
Bacterial wilt, Blight, Crown Gall.
Some of the common fungal infectious diseases are Anthracnose,
Black knot, Blight, Chestnut blight ,Late blight.
Some of the common viral infectious diseases are Curly top, Mosaic,
Psorosis ,Spotted wilt.
Bacterial Infectious Diseases
Plant pathogenic bacteria cause many different kinds of symptoms that
include galls and overgrowths, wilts, leaf spots, specks and blights, soft
rots, as well as scabs and cankers. In contrast to viruses, which are inside
host cells, walled bacteria grow in the spaces between cells and do not
invade them.
Some of the examples are :-
Aster Yellow
Aster yellow disease is caused by
Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris. A type of
bacterium without cell walls (known as a
phytoplasma) that causes serious disease
in over 300 species including important
vegetables, fruit, ornamental plants and
grain crops.
Symptoms of aster yellows disease are
extensive deformities in plant growth and
development.
When infected, flowers are particularly affected
with many abnormalities such as greening of
flowers (conversion of petals and sepals to
more leaf-like structures) and proliferation of
shoots to produce witch’s broom appearance
 Crown Gall

Crown gall is a plant disease caused by the soil-inhabiting bacterium,

Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The bacterium causes abnormal growths or
galls on roots, twigs, and branches of euonymus and other shrubs
primarily in the rose family. The bacterium stimulates the rapid growth of
plant cells that results in the galls.
They mainly affect grape, members of the rose family (Rosaceae), shade
and nut trees, many shrubs and vines, and perennial garden plants.
Symptoms causing Crown Gall are roundish rough-surfaced galls (woody
tumourlike growths)
 Fire Blight

Fire blight is a contagious disease which mainly affect apples, pears, and
some other members of the family Rosaceae. It is caused by the bacterium
Erwinia amylovora, that can give infected plants a scorched
appearance.Symptoms of fire blight include a sudden brown to black
withering and dying of blossoms, fruit spurs, leaves, twigs, and branches.
Very susceptible plants appear as if scorched by fire and may die.
Tissues affected by the symptoms of Erwinia amylovora include blossoms,
fruits, shoots, and branches of apple, pear, and many other rosaceous
plants. All symptoms are above ground and are typically easy to recognize.
Symptoms on blossoms include water soaking of the floral receptacle,
ovary, and peduncles.
 Canker

Canker, Caused by numerous species of fungi and bacteria, that occurs primarily on
woody species. Symptoms include round-to-irregular sunken, swollen, flattened,
cracked, discoloured, or dead areas on the stems (canes), twigs, limbs, or trunk.
A plant canker is a small area of dead tissue, which grows slowly, often over years.
Some cankers are of only minor consequence, but others are ultimately lethal and
therefore can have major economic implications for agriculture and horticulture.
Their causes include a wide range of organisms as fungi, bacteria, mycoplasmas and
viruses. The majority of canker-causing organisms are bound to a unique host
species or genus, but a few will attack other plants. Weather and animals can spread
canker, thereby endangering areas that have only slight amount of canker.
Fungal Infectious Diseases
Fungal infectious diseases are caused mainly by the influence of
many types of pathogenic fungi such as anthracnose, leaf spot,
rust, wilt, blight, coils, scab, gall, canker, damping-off, root rot,
mildew, and dieback. Systemic foliar pathogens are major causes
for yield and commercial crop losses and diminished crop quality.
Some of the common examples are:-

Anthracnose
Anthracnose, a group of fungal
diseases that affect a variety of plants
in warm, humid areas. Shade trees
such as sycamore, ash, oak, and
maple are especially susceptible,
though the disease is found in a
number of plants, including grasses
and animals.
 Chestnut Blight

Chestnut blight caused by the fungus Cryphonectria parasitica. Accidentally

imported from Asia, the disease was first observed in 1904 in the New York
Zoological Gardens. By 1925 it had decimated the American chestnut
(Castanea dentata) population in an area extending over 1,600 km (1,000
miles) north, south, and west of its entry point. Since then the disease has
killed virtually all the native American chestnuts in the United States and
Canada. Symptoms include reddish brown bark patches that develop into
sunken or swollen and cracked cankers that kill twigs and limbs. Leaves on
such branches turn brown and wither but remain attached for months.
Gradually the entire tree dies. The fungus persists for years in short-lived
sprouts from old chestnut roots and in less susceptible hosts.
 Black Knot

Black knot, serious and progressive fungal disease of wild and cultivated
Prunus species in North America. Black knot is caused by the fungus
Apiosporina morbosa (formerly Dibotryon morbosum), which can spread
both sexually and asexually. It mainly affects members of the Prunus genus
such as; cherry, plum, apricot, and chokecherry trees .The fungus initially
infects twigs and branches, causing light brown swellings that turn velvety
olive-green. As the disease progresses, these swellings form hard, rough,
coal-black knots or galls that girdle and kill the affected parts.
Severe infection can stunt and kill the tree.
Black knot occurs only on the woody parts of trees, primarily on twigs and
branches, but can spread to larger limbs and even the trunk.
 Late Blight

Phytophthora infestans is an oomycete or water mold, a fungus-

like microorganism that causes the serious potato and tomato
disease known as late blight or potato blight.. The disease occurs
in humid regions.
When plants have become infected, lesions (round or irregularly
shaped areas that range in colour from dark green to purplish
black and resemble frost injury) appear on the leaves, petioles,
and stems. A whitish growth of spore-producing structures may
appear at the margin of the lesions on the underleaf surfaces.
Viral Infectious Diseases
Curly Top

Curly top, also called beet curly top virus, viral disease affecting
numerous cultivated and wild plants worldwide. Diseased plants
are usually stunted or dwarfed and have thickened, yellowed,
and bunched or curled leaves that frequently die early. Young
plants often die quickly, and the disease can cause significant
crop losses. It is mainly found between bean, beet, carrot, flax,
spinach, tomato. It is caused by the curtoviruses (family
Geminiviridae)
 Psorosis

Psorosis, disease of Citrus plant species caused by several related viruses

(family Ophioviridae).the psorosis viruses are largely transmitted by bud
grafts and not by natural vectors. the disease can have significant
economic impacts on citrus crops such as oranges, grapefruits, and
tangerines.Symptoms vary greatly and include formation in some young
leaves of elongated, white to yellow-green flecks, spots, rings, or large
translucent areas. Certain symptoms tend to fade as the leaves mature.
On trees the outer bark in localized areas commonly becomes scaly, or
small irregular pustules and gumlike deposits develop, with the wood being
stained underneath.Severe infections can stunt growth, and fruit yields
may be reduced by one-third or more.
 Mosaic

Mosaic, plant disease caused by various strains of several hundred viruses.

A number of economically important crops are susceptible to mosaic
infections, including tobacco, cassava, beet, cucumber, and alfalfa. Tulip
mosaic virus “breaks” tulip and lily flowers, causing attractive and colourful
streaking.
Mosaic symptoms are variable but commonly include irregular leaf mottling
(light and dark green or yellow patches or streaks). Leaves are commonly
stunted, curled, or puckered; veins may be lighter than normal or banded
with dark green or yellow. Plants are often dwarfed, with fruit and flowers
fewer than usual, deformed, and stunted.
The causal viruses are spread by aphids and other insects, mites, fungi,
nematodes, and contact; pollen and seeds can carry the infection as well.
 Spotted wilt

Spotted wilt, caused by a virus, is transmitted by the larvae of several

species of insect called thrips. Plants commonly are stunted and bunchy.
Brown, purplish, pale green, red, yellow, or white rings (often zoned) and
spots form in leaves, flowers, and fruit. Long streaks may develop in
petioles and stems. Leaves are distorted, sometimes mottled, and may turn
yellow or bronze. Tops may wilt and wither; fruit is often rough and
distorted.Annuals and young trees are often stunted and usually die.
It affects several hundred species of trees, shrubs, vines, flowers, house
plants, vegetables, fruits, field crops, and weeds.
Non Infectious Diseases

They cannot spread from plant to plant, but are very common
and should be considered when assessing the health of any
plant.
Probably the major causes of poor health in plants are
noninfectious diseases, which are most frequently the result of
adverse environmental conditions. Low concentrations of soil
minerals such as nitrogen, phosphorus, or iron can result in
abnormal plant growth. Symptoms of such nutrient
deficiencies often include yellow or abnormally formed leaves
and slow plant growth. Another frequent cause of poor plant
health is too much water, which results in low amounts of
oxygen in the soil and poor root growth. Plants may also
become diseased if soil acidity is too low or too high.
Plants are also damaged by toxic chemicals.
Examples of abiotic diseases include nutritional deficiencies,
soil compaction, salt injury, ice, and sun scorch
Diseases due to nutritional Deficiencies
Mainly by the deficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
Deficiency symptoms: Chlorosis, bronzing or mottling of younger
leaves. Interveinal chlorosis of the young leaves followed by reduced
shoot growth with short internodes, as well as small and discoloured
leaves giving the affected part a rosette appearance. Yellowing
between veins and bronze spots in younger leaves.
Due to defeciency of Nitrogen

Nitrogen is needed by plants to promote rapid growth especially for

fruit and seed development. Also, it increases leaf size and quality,
and hastens plant maturity.
Plants absorb Nitrogen in the form of ammonium or nitrate which can
be readily dissolved in water and leached away from soil.
Deficiency symptoms: General chlorosis of entire plant to a light green
followed by yellowing of older leaves proceeding towards younger
leaves. Plants become spindly, stunted and secondary shoots develop
poorly if the initial symptoms are not corrected.
 Due to deficiency of Phosphorus

Phosphorus is needed by plants to promote photosynthesis, protein

formation, seed germination, bloom stimulation and budding. It also
hastens maturity.
Deficiency symptoms: Purple or bronze colouration on the underside of
older leaves due to the accumulation of the pigment, Anthocyanin. Affected
plants develop very slowly and are stunted compared to normal plants.
Phosphorus deficiency tends to inhibit or prevent shoot growth. Leaves turn
dark, dull, blue-green, and may become pale in severe deficiency.
Symptoms appear first on older parts of the plant.
Due to deficiency of Potassium

Potassium is needed by the plants to promote formation of sugars for

protein synthesis, cell division in plants and for root development. It also
increases the plant’s resistance to diseases.
Potassium-deficient plants are easily distinguished by their tendency to wilt
on dry, sunny days. The overall appearance of the plant is wilted or
drooping. Deficient plants will have a stocky appearance with short
internodes.
Deficiency symptoms: Leaf edge chlorosis on new matured leaves followed
by interveinal scorching and necrosis from leaf edge to the midrib as
deficiency increases.
Due to deficiency of Magnesium

Magnesium is needed by plants to promote the function of plant enzymes

to produce carbohydrates, sugars and fats and in the regulation of nutrient
absorption.
Magnesium is the central core of the chlorophyll molecule in plant tissue.
Thus the deficiency of magnesium results in the shortage of chlorophyll
results in poor and stunted plant growth. Magnesium also helps to activate
specific enzyme systems.
Deficiency symptoms: Older leaves are chlorotic in between veins, often
known as interveinal chlorosis. In severe deficiency, plant growth rate
drops, leaf size is reduced, and lower leaves are shed.
Due to deficiency of Calcium

Calcium is needed by plants to produce new growing points and root tips.
Calcium is a constituent of plant cell wall and provides structural support to
cell walls.
Deficiency symptoms: New foliage, buds and roots have stunted growth.
Younger leaves curl downwards with browning of leaf edges and leaf tips,
also known as tip burn. In some plants, they may also show abnormally
green foliage. Roots become short and stubby.
First symptom of deficiency appears on the younger leaves and leaf tips.
Due to deficiency of Iron

Iron is needed by plants for the synthesis of chloroplast proteins and

various enzymes.
Iron deficiency is similar to Magnesium, except that it appears on young
leaves and shoots instead of older leaves.
Deficiency symptoms: Light green to yellow interveinal chlorosis on newly
emerging leaves and young shoots. It is common to see shoots dying from
the tip inwards. In severe cases, newly emerged leaves may reduce in size
and turn nearly white, with necrotic spots.
Due to deficiency of Zinc

Plants require zinc to activate plant growth regulators, particularly Auxin

and Indole Acetic Acid (IAA).
Deficiency symptoms: Chlorosis, bronzing or mottling of younger leaves.
Interveinal chlorosis of the young leaves followed by reduced shoot growth
with short internodes, as well as small and discoloured leaves giving the
affected part a rosette appearance.
Yellowing between veins and bronze spots in younger leaves.
 Conclusion
Conclusion

Plant disease is a dynamic process where a living or nonliving entity

interferes with the normal functions of a plant over a period of time.

Plant diseases can be classified into :-

Infectious diseases and
Non infectious diseases

Infectious plant diseases are mainly caused by pathogenic organisms

such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, protozoa, as well as insects and parasitic
plants .

Non infectious plant diseases cannot spread from one plant to another.
They are very common . It is caused mainly by nutritional deficiencies,
soil compaction, surroundings etc.
 Bibliography

•https://www.britannica.com/
•https://www.wikipedia.org
•www.nparks.gov.sg
•cropwatch.unl.edu
•ohioline.osu.edu
•www.google.gom
•www.apsnet.org
•www.ncbi.nlm.org
•clever.com
•get.epic.com

•visual dictionary
•https://in.pinterest.com