EIS

WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (SD)

Sustainable development is development which meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
3 KEY ELEMENTS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
 Economic sustainability
- produce goods and services on a continuous basis
- maintain manageable levels of government debts
- avoid extreme sectoral imbalances
 Environmental sustainability
- maintain a stable resource base
- avoid over-exploitation of renewable resources
- not to deplete non-renewable resources
 Social sustainability
- must achieve fairness in distribution of resources and opportunity
-

GLOBAL WARMING and CLIMATE CHANGE

an increase in average temperature of the Earth’s oceans and atmosphere
Greenhouse Effect?
process by which thermal radiation from the sun is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse
gases such as water vapour and carbon dioxide, and is re-radiated in all directions
Human Enhanced Greenhouse Effect - Bad:
When there are more GHGs, 90% of these infrared radiation are absorbed by the greenhouse
gases.
Greenhouse Gases (GHG)
Water vapor (H20), Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane(decomposition of wastes in landfill, rice
cultivation, manure from livestock
), Nitrous Oxide(soil cultivation such as fertilizers, fossil fuels, nitric production and biomass
burning
), Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC)( propellants for aerosols, as fire extinguishers, as solvents and
as refrigerants, foam packing materials)
Effects of Global Warming
1. temperature rises
 2. flood
3. increase sea level
4. low-lying cities will be gradually submerged
5. water crisis
6. food shortage
7. Extreme weather conditions
Kyoto Protocol
 Aims to fight global warming
 made to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
 UNFCCC is an international treaty with the goal to “stabilise greenhouse gases
Sources of Pollutants
 Many types of pollution:
 Air pollution
 Water pollution
 Heavy metal pollution
- Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) – used as dielectric fluids for transformers
and capacitors
- Chemicals – pesticides, fertilizers,
- Inorganic chemicals- nitrates and metals
- Greenhouse gases
- Radioactive substances
Air Pollution
Effects of air pollution
 Global warming / Climate change
 Ozone layer thinning / depletion(CFC)
 Acid rain(ammonia, sulphur dioxide)
 Human health deterioration effects
Water Pollution
Types of Water Pollutants
 Biodegradable Wastes(human and animal wastes, provide energy for bacteria to
grow, bacteria consume large quantity of oxygen)
 Nutrients(phosphates and nitrates in fertilizers, algae begin to grow, grow and
bacteria spread, used up oxygen in water)
 Heat(amount of dissolved oxygen reduces)
  Sediments(mineral or organic solid matters washed down from land into water
source, clog municipal water system, water becomes ‘turbid or muddy')
 Hazardous and toxic chemicals
 Radioactive waste
 Heavy Metal Pollution
Effects of Water Pollution
 Consumption of polluted water will cause many diseases
 Typhoid
 Hookworm
 Hepatitis
 Vomiting, diarrhea
MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES (NRM)
management of natural resources such as water, land, soil, plants and animals with specific
focus on how the management affects quality of life of present and future generation
Natural Resources
The natural resources are under extreme pressure now due to
 Population growth
 Higher levels of per-capita economic activity

INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANISATIONS & TREATIES

 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
 deals with global environmental matters
 provide leadership and to encourage partnership in caring for the environment
 inspiring, informing and enabling nations and people to improve their quality
of life
 Provides platform for all organizations
 Promotes the use of sustainable development of global environment
Activities of UNEP
 Protection of marine environment from human activities
 Biodiversity assessment
 Intergovernmental panel on Forests
  Wildlife conservation
 Sustainable agriculture
 Climate Change
 The Earth Summit
 The Earth Summit is the UN Conference on Environment and
Development(UNCED) held in 1992
 Participants - policy makers, scientists, diplomats from 179 countries- to
reconcile impact of human socio-economic activities on the environment
 Objective - to reconcile global development needs with environment
protection
 Agreements achieved:
 The Rio Declaration – 27 principles to guide international actions based on
environmental and economic responsibilities
 The Framework Convention on Climate Change – objective is to stabilise
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
 The Convention on Biological Diversity – to preserve biological diversity
& fair sharing of benefits from genetic resources
 The Statement of Forest Principles – principles govern international and
national policy on protection and management of forest resources
 The Earth Summit + 5
 The meeting reaffirmed the objectives agreed earlier:
 Commitment to sustainable development
 To recognise failures and actions to overcome them
 To define priorities after 1997
 The Johannesburg Summit
 This is UN World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in 2002
 10,000 participants – Head of State, national leaders, businessmen, NGO
 Objective –how to improve life of people with increasing population and
demands for food, water, shelter, sanitation, energy, health care and
economic security

INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS ON ENVIRONMENT RATIFIED BY

MALAYSIA
 Convention on Biological Diversity
 - conservation of biological diversity
 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
- stabilize greenhouse gases
 Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and Disposal
 Vienna Convention of Protection of Ozone Layer
 Montreal Protocol on Substance that Depletes Ozone Layer
 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
Flora (CITES)
 PARIS AGREEMENT

Recycle
7 Benefits of Recycling
 Financial Benefits

 Conservation of Resources

 Energy Saving

 Community Building

 Jobs Creation

 Strong Economy

 Environmental Protection

ROLE OF PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

 Environmental sustainability
 maintain a stable resource base
 avoid over-exploitation of renewable resources
 not to deplete non-renewable resources
 maintenance of biodiversity, atmospheric stability
 Social sustainability
 achieve fairness in distribution of resources and opportunity
 adequate social services such as health care and education
 gender equality
  Economic sustainability
 produce goods and services on a continuous basis
 maintain manageable levels of government debts
 avoid extreme sectoral imbalances

 Need to balance and understand all 3 elements (Economic, Environmental and Social)
for sustainability
1. professional engineers need to adopt a broader view on sustainability and to adapt this
when they approach to engineering problems
2. They must recognize the following facts:
a. Natural resources are limited
b. Desire for sustainable practices by community
c. Need for social equity in consumption of resources
3. must develop sustainable solutions to provide for the needs of human beings and
maintain the facilities in harmony with the total environment
4. they must provide quality of life for current generations and take cognisance of the
needs of future generation
5. need to consider needs of the future, then the quality of current lifestyle will have to
be compromised
6. not only need to tackle technical problems but also aspirations of community on
sustainability
7. PE will fail in his professional duty if they fail to consider the sustainability in their
design and construction
8. must take into consideration of SD in the pre-construction or pre-manufacturing stage
9. must consider different design methods and choice of materials in order to achieve the
goal
Role of Professional Engineers and Institutions
1. appropriate, affordable and sustainable engineering services and infrastructure
2. development and maintenance of indigenous scientific and technological skills
3. promote SD in their respective capacities:
- Individual Capacity(develop and understand sustainability principles)
- Institutional Capacity(gain their knowledge on SD)
- Technical Capacity(incorporate his/her technical capacity with concepts of
SD)

GREEN TECHNOLOGY
Clean technology which is the application of the environmental science to conserve the
natural environment and resources, and to curb the negative impacts of human involvement
Green technology basically refers to products:
  It minimizes degradation of environment
 It has zero or low greenhouse gases emission
 It is safe for use and promotes healthy and improved environment for all forms of
life
 It conserves the use of energy and natural resources
 It promotes the use of renewable resources

How to Reduce GHGs

 By Carbon Sequestration
 capture CO2 by biological, or physical
 GHGs directly from industrial plant exhaust and stored in underground
reservoirs
 CO2 is sent to soil able to absorb a considerable amount or to feed
plants/vegetation
 By Energy Efficiency
 LOW-CARBON ECONOMY (LCE)
 economy that produce low emission of GHG
 Aim is to integrate all aspects of economy to produce minimum GHGs
 Carbon Credit
 Finalised in Kyoto Protocol
 A tradable certificate system which effective in the reduction of CO2
 encourage low carbon technology

 Emission Allowance
 Under Kyoto Protocol
 every developed country is given a cap of CO2 that is allowed to be produced
 nation will set quotas to the industries that produce CO2
 each industry (known as operator) will have individual quota
 Operators can sell their unused allowances as carbon credit
The Role of PE in SD in Malaysia
 The strategies :
 Protection of environment
 Enhance energy sufficiency and efficiency
 Diversify energy sources
 Increase water efficiency
  Provide better transport
 Reduce fuel wastage
 Access to affordable housing and healthcare
 National Green Technology Policy
 Aim to accelerate national economy and promote sustainable development
 Reduce energy usage while increasing economic growth
 Facilitate growth of green technology & enhance its contribution to national
economy
 Ensure sustainable development and conserve environment for future
generation
 4 main pillars of the Policy
 Energy – seek to attain energy independence & promote efficient use
 Environment – conserve and minimize impact
 Economy – enhance national economic development through use of
technology
 Social – improve quality of life for all

 ENERGY POLICIES OF MALAYSIA

 National Energy Policy (1979)
 National Depletion Policy (1980)
 Fuel Diversification Policy (1981& 1999)
 Fifth Fuel Policy (2001)
 Renewable Energy Policy (2011)

Global Partnership for Sustainable Development

Environmental act and activities list
- Declaration of the United Nations Conference on Human Environment, Stockholm
1972
a. Recognised the need to adopt measures for the protection of environment
b. ‘Environment’ includes the totality of nature and natural resources, including the
cultural heritage and the man-made infrastructure to facilitate the development of
socio-economic activities
- Water Enactment 1920 (Act 418)
 a. To control and prohibit disruption of rivers, so as not to interfere with the smooth
flow of water
b. Restriction of discharges of specific substances into the river which might be
detrimental to the beneficial use of the river waters throughout Peninsular
Malaysia
- Forest Enactment Act 1934 Cap 153
a. Establishment of forest reserves and control in logging activities
b. Control in logging activities
c.
- Land and Conservation Act 1960
a. Aimed at conserving hill land and the protection of soil from erosion and
inroads of silt
b. Prohibits planting of short-term crops on any hill land
- ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT 1974
a. An Act relating to the prevention, abatement, control of pollution and
enhancement of the environment, and for the purposes connected therewith
i) Environmental Quality (Licensing) Regulations 1977
ii) Environmental Quality (Control of Emissions from Petrol Engines)
Regulations 1996
iii) Environmental Quality (Delegation of Powers) (Investigation of Open
Burning) Order 2000
iv) Environmental Quality (Declared Activities) (Open Burning) Order 2003
v) Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulations 2014
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT (DoE)
DOE as Enforcement Agency
• Main role is to prevent, control and abate pollution through the enforcement of the
EQA,1974 and its 38 subsidiary legislations made thereunder
• SCHEDULED WASTE: Any waste falling within the categories listed
• Environmental Impact Assessment
a. Any person intending to carry out any of the prescribed activity shall, before any
approval for the carrying out of such activity is granted by the relevant approving
authority, submit a report to the Director General. The report shall contain an
assessment of the impact of such activity will have or is likely to have on the
environment and the proposed measures that shall be undertaken to prevent,
reduce or control the adverse impact on the environment
b. Contain Project information, Project description. Condition of existing
environment, Potential Impacts and Mitigating Measures during Construction,
Commissioning, Operations, Environmental Management System, Simulation
model on potential impact of activities
What is ISO 14000?
 ISO 14000 is a series of international standards designed to help organizations:
  operate with sustainability
 adhere to environmental regulations
 continuously improve processes
* requirements for an effective Environmental Management System
What is an EMS?
An Environmental Management System (EMS) is an organizational framework consisting of
a set of processes created to help achieve environmental goals in a cost-effective manner and
to meet regulatory standards.

PRO N CONS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

Advantages of Renewable Energy
 It is free:
 Sources are from the sun, wind, water and plants
 These energy are free, and supplies are unlimited
 No need to import and pay for it
 No pollution:
 Some renewable energy such as wind, solar and water do not emit any smoke
or gases when used
 Biomass will produce much less carbon dioxide as compared to fossil fuels
Disadvantages of Renewable Energy
 Capital costs:
 Initial capital cost (such as wing turbine and solar panels) to produce
electricity is high as compared to fossil fuels
 However, if we consider future fuel cost (as the prices will continue to
increase), future operating and maintainance cost, decommissioning cost, then
the difference may be not so great
 Not available readily:
 Sources of energy are not always available - such inconsistent supply will
hamper widespread use for commercial and industry
 Solar – no sunlight due to cloudy day
 Wind – no wind on calm day
 Hydropower – no water during drought season
SOLAR ENERGY
Pro- low maintenance cost
Cons – weather dependents
WIND POWER
Pro - abundant with zero fuel cost and zero emissions
Cons - Wind speed not consistent, Direction of wind may change
HYDROPOWER
Pro - no emission of greenhouse gases
Cons - Environmental Impact: Construction of hydro plant has many environmental
problems.
 Sedimentation, Fish protection, Water quality
TIDAL POWER

Pro - High energy density, Operational and maintenance costs are low

Cons - The variable intensity of sea waves, Negative influence on marine life forms

WAVE POWER

SAME AS TIDAL POWER

BIOMASS

Pro- waste reduction

Cons - Environmental Risks: Produce CO2

GEOTHERMAL

Pro – do not require large space, reliable.

Cons – high initial cost

Engineer Mobility

Mode 1: Cross border

From the territory of one Member into the territory of any other Member
Mode 2: Consumption abroad
In the territory of one Member to the service consumer of any other Member
Mode 3: Commercial presence
By a service supplier of one Member, through commercial presence, in the territory of any
other Member
Mode 4: Movement of natural persons
By a service supplier of one Member, through the presence of natural persons of a Member in
the territory of any other Member

Engineer Register
An APEC/ IntPE /ACPE Engineer must have
• Completed an accredited or recognized engineering program, or assessed recognized
equivalent
• Been assessed within their own economy as eligible for independent practice
• Gained a minimum of seven (7) years practical experience since graduation
• Spent at least two(2) years in responsible charge of significant engineering work
• Maintained their continuing professional development at a satisfactory level
An APEC/ IntPE /ACPE Engineer must also agreed to be:
• Bound by the codes of professional conduct established and enforced by their home
jurisdiction and by any other jurisdiction within which they practice
• Held individually accountable for their actions, both through requirements imposed by the
licensing or registering body in the jurisdiction in which they work and through legal
processes

ENGINEERING PRACTICE IN MALAYSIA

Types of engineer:
1. Professional Engineer
- Graduate Engineer obtained the practical experience for a period of at least 3 years
(where at least 1 year of the training must be obtained in Malaysia under the
supervision of a PE)
- at least 2 years of general training that will provide a sound basis for professional
development and
- at least 1 year of professional career development and training providing wide
exposure to the various managerial and technical expertise in engineering practice
- passed a professional assessment examination conducted by the Board
-
2. Inspector of Works(minimum Diploma in Engineering in the field of)
A professional at site doing Civil, Electrical or Mechanical works or combination of
all the disciplines, working under the supervision of a Professional Engineer with
Practicing Certificate
 3. Engineering Technologist(Higher Learning Institution)
A professional assisting a Professional Engineer with Practicing Certificate

4. Graduate Engineer(university graduate/ Engineering Accreditation Council)

It is mandatory for a university graduate to register as GE if he she wants to take up
employment as a GE

Board of Engineers Malaysia (BEM)

1. A regulatory body for engineering practices in Malaysia set up by the Malaysian
government under the Registration of Engineers Act, 1967 ( to administer and to
enforce the REA and its provisions to protect public interest

2. Only Graduate Engineers and Professional Engineers registered with the Board of
Engineers, Malaysia ( are allowed to practice engineering in Malaysia

3. All engineering practitioner MUST register with the BEM within 6 months of practice

Institution of Engineers Malaysia (IEM)

1. A learned society where engineers of various disciplines in every sector of economic
activities come together for mutual helpfulness and sharing of experiences and
technologies

2. IEM works closely with BEM to enhance the status of engineers in the society

3. Establish social linkage between engineers and help young engineers to establish
themselves in their career

4. In general, a learned institution for practicing engineers in Malaysia for networking,

technical learning and socializing

Issues in Engineering Safety

BEM
Background: The Board of Engineers Malaysia (BEM) is a statutory body constituted under
the Registration of Engineers Act 1967
Operation: BEM primary role is to facilitate the registration of Engineers, Engineering
Technologists, Inspectors of Works, Sole Proprietorships, Partnerships and Bodies Corporate
providing professional engineering services and; to regulate the professional conduct and
practice of registered person in order to safeguard the safety and interest of the public.
CIDB
Background: The Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) was established under
the Construction Industry Development Act (Act 520) to develop the capacity and capability
of the construction industry through enhancement of quality and productivity by placing great
emphasis on professionalism, innovation and knowledge in the endeavour to improve the
quality of life.
Operation: The function of CIDB Act Amendment 2011 is to regulate the implementation for
quality and safe construction works and to attend to any report related to any failure of
construction works or completed construction works which affects public safety.

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

Background: To be a leading center of excellence in Occupational Safety and Health in
Malaysia. As a research agency focused on the study of worker safety and health, and
empowering employers and workers to create safe and healthy workplaces.
Operation: To provide practical solutions in the field of Occupational Safety and
Occupational Safety and Health.
DOSH
Department of occupational safety and health
Background: The Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) is a department
under the Ministry of Human Resources.
Operation: Responsible for ensuring the safety, health and welfare of people at work as well
as protecting other people from the safety and health hazards arising from the activities
sectors Responsible for the administration and enforcement of legislations related to
occupational safety and health of the country, with a vision of becoming an organisation
which leads the nation in creating a safe and healthy work culture that contributes towards
enhancing the quality of working life.
Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
1.) To secure the safety, health and welfare of persons at work against risks to
safety or health arising out of the activities of persons at work;
2) To protect persons at place of work other than persons at work against risks
to safety or health arising out of the activities of persons at work;
3) To promote an occupational environment for persons at work which is
adapted to their physiological and psychological needs;
4) To provide the means whereby the associated occupational safety and health
legislations may be progressively replaced by a system of regulations and
approved industry codes of practice operating in combination with the provisions
of this Act designed to maintain or improve the standards of safety and health.
IR 4.0 INTERNET OF THINGS

Internet of things (IoT) describes physical objects (or groups of such objects) with sensors,
processing ability, software and other technologies that connect and exchange data with other
devices and systems over the Internet or other communications networks

3D PRINTING

Method of creating a three dimensional object layer-by-layer using a computer created design

Artificial Intelligent

Intelligence exhibited by machines or software, and the branch of computer science that develops
machines and software with humanlike intelligence.

Cyber Security

Cyber security is the practice of defending computers, servers, mobile devices, electronic systems,
networks, and data from malicious attacks.

a. Network security (Protects network traffic by controlling incoming and outgoing

connections)
b. Data loss prevention(Protects data by focusing on the location, classification and monitoring
of information)
c. Cloud security (provides protection for data used in cloud-based services and applications)
d. Intrusion detection systems (Work to identify potentially hostile cyber security)
e. Identity and access management (Use authentication services to limit and track employee
access)
f. Antivirus/anti-malware (Scan computer systems for known threats)

Cyber Security Threats

a. Phishing (sending fraudulent emails: steal sensitive data like credit card numbers and login
information.)
b. Ransomware (malicious software. It is designed to extort money by blocking access to files)
c. Malware (type of software designed to gain unauthorized access)
d. Social Engineering (tactic that adversaries use to trick you into revealing sensitive
information.)

Synthetic Biology

The creation of new biological systems via the synthesis or assembly of artificial or natural
components

1) Top down approach: involves using metabolic and genetic engineering techniques to impart
new functions to living cells
2) Bottom up approach: create new biological systems in vitro by bringing together ‘on-living’
biomolecular components, often with the aim of constructing an artificial cell.

Food, water and Energy Security

Food security is defined as the availability of food and one’s access to it. A household is considered
food secure when its occupants do not live in hunger or fear of starvation.

Factors affecting Food Security

a) Global water Crisis

b) Land degradation
c) Intensive farming
d) Greedy land deals

Ways to improve food security

a) Close the yield gap (Closing the gap between what is being produced and what could be
produced)
b) Use fertilizer more efficiently (Avoid using synthetic fertilizers)
c) Vertical farm (automatic system, aquaponics system)

Water Security

The adaptive capacity to safeguard the sustainable availability of, access to, and safe use of an
adequate, reliable and resilient quantity and quality of water for health, livelihood, ecosystems and
productive economies

Ways to improve water security

1. Retain (Retain water as a public good)

2. Diversify (Find new ways to obtain water)
3. Connect (Connect informal settlements to the grid)
4. Create (Create an open data platform for water)

Energy Security

The continuous availability of energy in varied forms, in sufficient quantities, and at affordable prices

Ways to sustainable transportation - Fuel Technology

1. Biofuel (made from renewable materials such as plants and organic waste)
Benefits: Renewable Provide a means to become independent from fossil fuels
economically competitive Carbon neutral=> address global warming
3 major types: Ethanol, biodiesel, hydrogen

Disadvantage of ethanol as fuel

- Water in gasoline/ethanol causes the blend to be separated into 2 phase-> engine run
poorly/not working
- Ethanol is corrosive to common metals in fuel systems
- Plastics and elastomers deteriorate or soften in the presence of ethanol

2. Fuel Cell (FC)

Employ a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, FCs produce electricity through an
electrochemical reaction rather than direct combustion in a heat engine
 Advantages of FCs

- Not limited to Carnot efficiency Low operating temperature (~80oC) Most efficient way to
use hydrogen High power density
- Reliable power generation No harmful emissions Quiet
- Can serve as remote electrical power

Disadvantages

- Require high-purity gas; CO poisoning Expensive

- Material and component are not durable Air, heat, and water management

Circular Economy

Model of production and consumption, which involves sharing, leasing, repairing, refurbishing and
recycling existing materials and products as long as possible

Key Elements

1. Design for the future

• Account for the systems perspective during the design process,
• To use the right materials, • To design for appropriate lifetime, • To design for extended
future use
2. Incorporate digital technology
Strengthen connections between supply chain through digital, online platform and
technologies that provide insights
3. Preserve & extend what’s already made
While resource are in-use, maintain, repair and upgrade them to maximize their lifetime and
give them a second life through take back strategies when applicable
4. Prioritize regenerative resources
Ensure renewable, reuseable, non-toxic resources are utilized as materials and energy in an
efficient way
5. Use waste as a resource
Utilise waste streams as a resource of secondary resources and recover waste for reuse and
recycling.
6. Rethink the business model
Consider opportunities to create greater value and align incentives through business models
that build on the interaction between products and services
7. Collaborate to create joint value
Work together throughout the supply chain, internally within organizations and with the
public sector to increase transparency and create joint value

WiFi 6

Wi-Fi 6, based on the IEEE 802.11ax standard, will deliver 4x higher capacity and 75 percent lower
latency ,offering nearly triple the speed of its predecessor, Wi-Fi 5

The Difference Between 5G and Wi-Fi 6

1) Wi-Fi is a type of local area network (LAN) used primarily indoors

 2) 5G LTE networks is Cellular networks used by major operators, are a type of wide area
network (WAN) used both indoors and outdoors,

World Trade Organization

Cut living cost and raise living standards

 Protection is expensive

 Like if Malaysia not export chicken to Singapore.

 Basic needs is cheaper

 Food is cheaper  Clothes are cheaper  Cars are cheaper

Settle disputes and reduce trade tension

 Two ways to settle disputes:

 By talking  To ensure countries are playing by those agreed rules

Cut the cost of doing business internationally

Transparency (clear information about policies, rules and regulations)

• Increased certainty about trading conditions (commitments to lower trade barriers and to increase
other countries access to one’s markets are legally binding)

• Simplification and standardization of customs procedure, removal of red tape, centralized

databases of information and other measures to simplify tradeà trade facilitation.

Encourage good governance

To avoid protectionism

• To avoid quota system (restrict imports or exports to no more than a specific volume a year)

Help countries develop

• support to help the developing countries to build infrastructure • handle disputes

Give the weak a stronger voice

Coalitions give developing countries a stronger voice in negotiations. The resulting agreements mean
that all countries, including the most powerful, have to play by the rules

Free Trade Agreements FTA

A free-trade area is the region encompassing a trade blocwhose member countries have signed a
free tradeagreement (FTA).

Agreements involve cooperation between at least two countries to reduce trade barriers—import
quotas and tariffs. People are also free to move between the countries

Benefits of FTA

1. Increase in Trade and Expansion of Foreign Markets

 2. Enhance Technological Capability and Competitiveness
3. Induce Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and capital accumulation

Mutual Recognition Agreement (MRA)

An international agreement by which two or more countries agree to recognize one another's
conformity assessments. MRAs are most applied to goods, such as various quality control MRAs.

Malaysia's 2021- 2025 Economic Development plan

1. To alleviate the poor and uplift the standard of living of the rakyat.
2. which aims to transform Malaysia into a united, prosperous and dignified nation.
3. resetting the economy, strengthening security, wellbeing and inclusivity as well as advancing
sustainability.
4. The national development priorities of the Twelfth Plan will continue to be aligned to the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
5. reduce bureaucracy and build reliable infrastructure and ecosystem
6. Growth of several strategic and high-impact industries

One Belt, One Road Initiative [Belt and Road Initiative, BRI]

A development strategy and framework, proposed by Chinese paramount leader Xi Jinping. This
focuses on connectivity and cooperation among countries

Aims to create the world’s largest platform for economic cooperation, including policy coordination,
trade and financing collaboration, and social and cultural cooperation. Through open discussion,
OBOR can create benefits for everyone

One Belt One Road: Malaysia Context

Kuala Lumpur will play an important role bc of geographical location (land link toSingapore, sea link
to the Malacca Strait.) to be the regional center for its Pan Asian rail network.

Shipments can be sent through a proposed rail line (ERCL) from the Malaysian ports along Malacca
Strait, across the peninsula to the Kuantan port which fronts the South China Sea.

• This will cut travel time and cost.

East Coast states of Kelantan, Terengganu, and Pahang before linking the Klang Valley on the West
Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. As a national infrastructure, the ECRL will link cities and towns as well
as upgrade public transportation

United Nations 17 Sustainable Developments Goals

The United Nations has supported the people and the Government of Malaysia for more than
50 years. Over that period, the United Nations has offered development assistance, ensuring
that no one is left behind as outlined in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and
striving towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The 2030 Agenda
was formally adopted a total of 17 goals are created for the sustainable development for the
countries in the world.
Impact on Malaysia
Malaysia has successfully transformed its economy, raised living standards, and moved from
a low-income to an upper-middle-income economy within a generation. Among the
significant achievements are in eradicating poverty and narrowing inequalities as well as
providing better quality of life for the people. Hardcore poverty has almost been eradicated,
though pockets among selected groups, and multidimensional deprivations remain. Malaysia
has also enhanced its food production, where the self-sufficiency levels of 10 major agri-food
commodities continue to improve. Malaysia has been successful in providing quality,
accessible and affordable healthcare, on par with those in more developed countries,
Malaysia is also making progress towards sustainability and managing climate change by
adopting a resource efficient and climate resilient development model. Malaysia continues to
practice a unity in diversity approach, while emphasising governance, social cohesion and
partnership.