02-MEC441-Fluid Statics-Part 1-v.1.1

MEC441 - Fluid Mechanics I
Topic 2: Fluid Statics

- Part 1 - Pressure
Source:
Yunus A. Cengel , John M. Cimbala, “Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals and

Applications”, 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2017, ISBN-10:
1259696537, ISBN-13: 978-1259696534
2
Objectives
• Determine the variation of pressure in a fluid at rest

• Calculate pressure using various kinds of manometers
3–1 ■ PRESSURE
3
Pressure: A normal force 70 kg 140 kg
exerted by a fluid per unit area
Afeet = 0.0343 m2
P = 20 kPa P = 40 kPa
9.81
𝑊 70 × kN
𝑃 = 𝜎𝑛 = = 1000 = 20kPa
𝐴feet 0.0343m2
The normal stress (or “pressure”)

Some
on the feet of a chubby person
basic
is much greater than on the feet
pressure
of a slim person.
gages.
Absolute pressure: The actual pressure at a given position. It is measured
relative to absolute vacuum (i.e., absolute zero pressure).
4 Gage pressure: The difference between the absolute pressure and the
local atmospheric pressure. Most pressure-measuring devices are
calibrated to read zero in the atmosphere, and so they indicate gage
pressure.
Vacuum pressures: Pressures below atmospheric pressure.
Throughout
this text, the
pressure P
will denote
absolute
pressure
unless
specified
otherwise.
5
40 kPa
100 kPa
6
40 kPa
100 kPa
100 − 40 = 60 kPa
Pressure at a Point Pressure is the compressive force
per unit area but it is not a
7 vector. Pressure at any point in a
fluid is the same in all directions.
Pressure has magnitude but not
a specific direction, and thus it is
a scalar quantity.
Pressure is a scalar quantity, not

a vector; the pressure at a point
Forces acting on a wedge-shaped in a fluid is the same in all
fluid element in equilibrium. directions.
Variation of Pressure with Depth
8
Pressure in a static fluid increases linearly with depth
Free-body diagram of a
rectangular fluid element in
equilibrium.
Variation of Pressure with Depth
9
The pressure of a fluid at Pressure in a liquid at In a room filled with a gas, the
rest increases with depth rest increases linearly variation of pressure with height is
(as a result of added with distance from the negligible.
weight). free surface.
10
The pressure is the same at all points on a horizontal plane in a given fluid
regardless of geometry, provided that the points are interconnected by
the same fluid.
Pascal’s law: A pressure change in a confined fluid is transmitted
11 throughout the fluid by the same amount.
The area ratio A2/A1 is

called the ideal
mechanical advantage
of the hydraulic lift.
Lifting of a large
weight by a small
force by the
application of
Pascal’s law.
12
13
14
3–2 ■ PRESSURE MEASUREMENT DEVICES
15 The Barometer
• Atmospheric pressure is measured by a device called a barometer; thus, the
atmospheric pressure is often referred to as the barometric pressure.
• A frequently used pressure unit is the standard atmosphere, which is defined as the
pressure produced by a column of mercury 760 mm in height at 0°C (Hg = 13,595
kg/m3) under standard gravitational acceleration (g = 9.807 m/s2).
The length or the

cross-sectional area of
the tube has no effect
on the height of the
fluid column of a
barometer, provided
that the tube diameter
is large enough to
avoid surface tension
(capillary) effects.
The basic barometer.

16
17
The Manometer
18 It is commonly used to measure small and moderate
pressure differences. A manometer contains one or
more fluids such as mercury, water, alcohol, or oil.
Measuring the pressure
drop across a flow
section or a flow
device by a differential
manometer
In stacked-up fluid layers, the

pressure change across a fluid layer
of density  and height h is gh
The basic manometer

19
20
21
22
Other Pressure Measurement Devices
23 • Bourdon tube: Consists of a hollow metal tube bent like a

hook whose end is closed and connected to a dial
indicator needle.
• Pressure transducers: Use various techniques to convert
the pressure effect to an electrical effect such as a
change in voltage, resistance, or capacitance.
• Pressure transducers are smaller and faster, and
they can be more sensitive, reliable, and precise
than their mechanical counterparts.
• Strain-gage pressure transducers: Work by having a
diaphragm deflect between two chambers open to the
pressure inputs.
• Piezoelectric transducers: Also called solid-state pressure
transducers, work on the principle that an electric
potential is generated in a crystalline substance when it is
subjected to mechanical pressure.
Various types of Bourdon tubes used to
• Deadweight tester: Another type of mechanical pressure measure pressure. They work on the
gage. It is used primarily for calibration and can measure same principle as party noise-makers
extremely high pressures. (bottom photo) due to the flat tube
cross section.
Summary
24
 Pressure
 Pressure Measurement Devices

02-MEC441-Fluid Statics-Part 1-v.1.1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

02-MEC441-Fluid Statics-Part 1-v.1.1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

02-MEC441-Fluid Statics-Part 1-v.1.1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MEC441 - Fluid Mechanics I

Topic 2: Fluid Statics

Yunus A. Cengel , John M. Cimbala, “Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals and

• Determine the variation of pressure in a fluid at rest

exerted by a fluid per unit area

The normal stress (or “pressure”)

Pressure is a scalar quantity, not

Pressure in a static fluid increases linearly with depth

The area ratio A2/A1 is

The length or the

The basic barometer.

In stacked-up fluid layers, the

The basic manometer

23 • Bourdon tube: Consists of a hollow metal tube bent like a

You might also like