January - February 2020

ISSN: 0193 - 4120 Page No. 11489 - 11493

Hydrological Analysis for Construction of Bridge

[1]* Pramod kumar Gangadhar , [2]*Ranjitha,[3]Sandesh Mysore Sathyaraj,[4] Vasanth Selvam
[1,3,4]Kaunas University of Technology,[2] Government Engineering College Hassan
[1]Pramodkumar2897@gmail.com,[2] 123ranjitharanju@gmail.com, [3]sandesh.mysore@ktu.edu,[4]

Article Info Abstract

Volume 82 Hydrological analysis is a important component for design of bridges that cross water courses.
Page Number: 11489 - 11493 This is not necessary for under passing of bridges as they do not convey water. Because of the
Publication Issue: importance of hydraulics in the performance and safety of most bridges. The hydraulic design
January-February 2020 is the process for sizing of the bridge waterway opening will include the evaluation of water
surface in the main channel for present conditions and for particular conditions. A comparison
of the elevations between these two conditions shall be made to identify the effects of the bridge
on the waterway. Hydrological investigations are the preliminary studies which shall be
carried out and they are highly important during design and construction process. This study
focused on carrying out of necessary hydrological investigations, such as estimation of
probable maximum discharge, design discharge corresponding to storm event with different
return periods and scour information and calculation. By the use of catchment area the design
discharge is calculated in different methods. Main aim of this proposed bridge is planned to
Article History
connect the villages of Rudrapattana and Basavapattana side and there will be saving in travel
Article Received: 18 May 2019
distance of over 15-20km for villagers, which is the main connecting road for surrounding
Revised: 14 July 2019
area.
Accepted: 22 December 2019
Publication: 21 February 2020
Keywords: Discharge, Hydraulic Survey, Scour Depth, Topographic Survey.

I. INTRODUCTION
The valley, a road, a river and a body of water is the  Hydraulic analysis, the calculation of flood flow
basic structure which is needed in bridge. The patterns, flood levels and flow velocities and
Structure of bridge is depending upon the function of Scour assessment and scour protection
components and nature of the area where the structure measures
is to be constructed. In hydrology, discharge identifies In all the cases, efforts should be made to use any
volume rate of water flow which is transported available stream flow data for either the bridge site
through a given cross-sectional area. The catchment itself, elsewhere on the river or on a nearby similar
of a river above a certain distance is determined by the catchment. Hydraulic analysis is the calculation of
surface area of land which releases toward the river flow patterns, flood levels and flow velocities for the
from above the exact point. The main components of a bridge and nearby river reach. This information is the
bridge hydraulic design project involve the following data used directly in the analysis of the bridge and the
steps: impacts of the bridge on local flooding in the water
 Background investigations course. Hydrology analysis is depend on the data
 Data collection described above and it is used for the control of flood
 Site visit flow in the model.
 Hydrology analysis, the calculation of flood
 discharges 1.1 OBJECTIVE

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The main objective is to study the basic design surveys have been conducted to provide a complete
parameters of the project site along with engineering description of hr features of the area. Specific
studies. The proposed tasks broadly involves mapping topographic surveys of streams were carried out for
of the terrain features, site investigations such as bridges which are being reconstructed, in accordance
topographical, traffic, geotechnical, hydrological etc. with the requirements of the bridge and hydrology
Selection of the best possible alternatives has been team. A total of at least three cross sections were
decide which has been taken up for detail working so taken either side of the centre line of the bridge
as to provide a sound and appropriate engineering location and a longitudinal section of the stream was
solution for the implementation of the project taken covering 250m to 500m upstream and
parameters. downstream based on the site conditions. The
The objectives of the hydrological and hydraulic resulting soil stresses -except at the ground surface
studies are set as follows: are in addition to those presently existing in the earth
 To clarify the current conditions of river mass from its self weight and geological history. Also
channel and surrounding areas, which are the successful performance of foundation structure
subject to proposed road network depends as much as adopting standards of good load
 To estimate the flood discharges of the rivers in distribution successfully to the ground. Investigation
various return periods through statistical of the underground conditions at site is prerequisite to
approach at crossing along proposed road the economical design of the substructure elements. It
alignment. is also necessary to obtain sufficient information for
 About watershed parameters. feasibility and economic studies for a proposed
 For preventing the overtopping of flood water. project associated with the partially- and entirely
 Flood plain management. submerged rectangular bridge deck.
 For maintaining an un obstructed passage of
III. MATH
flood water.
 An improving of the transport facility. 1. Empirical methods: Based on studies conducted,
Construction of this bridge will provides direct some empirical formulae for specific regions have
connectivity to SH-85. Hassan is the main commercial been evolved. The empirical formulae for flood
center for surrounding villages. Construction of discharge suggested are in the form.
bridge creates shorten links for surrounding villages to Q = CAn
reach Hassan which directly have positive impact on Where, Q= maximum flood discharge in m3/s
commercial growth of thaluk and further this will give A= catchment area in Km2
faster movements of goods.The proposed bridge will C= An empirical constant. Depending upon
result in overall improvement between villages and nature and location of catchment
will improve the tourism, Agro-commercial activity n= A constant
and Socio-economic improvement of the surrounding 2. A-V method:
area. It has been used to estimate the discharge from the
river across sections. The formula is given below.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW Q= A × V
In this study In the design of bridge structures, Where, Q = Discharge in m3/s or cumecs
determination of waterways and span arrangements A = area in m2
are important. Hydrological parameters such as runoff V = Velocity of flow in m/sec which can be
data with details of drainage points have been calculated by manning's formula
collected and compiled. The Hydrology and drainage V= 1/n R(2/3) S(1/2)
Where, R =Hydraulic mean depth,

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S = The energy slope which may be taken as W = Linear waterway in meter (for wide
equal to bed slope of the stream. river W is almost equal to P)
n = manning's coefficient (Rugosity
coefficient) IV. CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGE BY DIFFERENT

3. Modified Rational method : METHODS

The rational method for flood discharge takes into 1. Methodology of Hydrological Analysis:
account the intensity, distribution and duration of In order to set appropriate methodology of
rainfall. hydrological analysis to determine the probable flood
Q50= 0.278CIA discharge and other design parameters at arbitrary
Where, Q = Maximum flood discharge in m3/sec crossings where structures are to be designed,
A = Catchment area in km2 following factors were examined:
C = Runoff coefficient (i) Basin parameters: size of catchments, channel
I = 100 year intensity (mm/hr) lasting t c, hour length, riverbed gradient(traveling time of discharge)
duration Relatively small catchments (> 200 km2), short river
tc = The time of concentration length (> 50 km) and 1/80 to 1/100 of average
For estimating I, the time of concentration t c has to be riverbed gradient
determined using following formula. (ii) Existing structures for flood control no major
tc = (0.87L3/H)0.385 control structures, which can retard and store flood
Where, tc = the concentration time in hours discharge and no inter-basin connection or floodways
L = length of the longest stream from source (iii) Availability of rainfall and discharge record Fairly
to the bridge point in kms. reliable daily rainfall records (sufficient duration and
H = The fall in level from the farthest point to coverage of area) but no flood discharge measurement
the bridge point(m). record in the subject river basin (no measured
4. Scour depth calculation: hydrograph)
The main thing is that the calculation of the scour (iv) Requirement for design parameters of structure
depth is by the 2 times of Lacey’s depth and the (bridge, culvert, revetment and embankment, etc.)
formula is given below Flood peak discharge can be converted to the flood
R = 0.473(Q/f)1/3, when L/W > 1, water level based on the channel geometry by means
R = 1.34(q2/f)1/3, when L/W <1, of appropriate runoff model.
Where, Q = Discharge (v) Future flood control/drainage improvement plan:
R= Regime Depth No major flood control/drainage improvement plan to
Q/L and F= Lacey’s Silt Factor be taken account to estimate flood discharges is not
L= Length identified except minor channel improvement
managed by LGUs. As the result of examination,
5. Computation of waterway for a new structure flood runoff analysis by rational formula and uniform
(bridge): flow theory will be applied to estimate probable peak
When a new structure is to be constructed then the discharges and associated water levels at arbitrary
designer should give the waterway which is required. locations in the Study Area.
The waterway is to be calculated by Lacey’s regime 2. DATA COLLECTION
waterway method and the equation is given below. 2.1 Rainfall data
P =W= 4.8 Q1/2 The average annual rainfall of Hassan district lies
Where,Q = design flood discharge in m3/sec cumec, between 920 to 1100 mm. Most of the rainfall in the
P = Wetted perimeter in meter. district is confined to the period from May to October,
July is the rainiest month.

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Tables 1:Annual Rainfall (mm) variability between

1971to 2011 (42 years) at Hassan

DECADES 1971-1981 1981-1990 1991-2001 2001-2011

Monsoon 1289.3 981.53 788.5 817.39

Winter 16.1 19.8 6.1 8.8 Fig. INDEX MAP

pre-monsoo
n 65.4 85.6 22.6 38.79
post V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
monsoon 182.7 72.3 72.3 72.3
The scope of project for a detailed Hydrology study
2.2 Stream flow data: Where the stream flow is more for bridge across Kaveri River to connect
there stream flow data is used. Rudrapattana and Basavapattana in the district of
Hassan. The project work included:
Table 2:High flood level(m) data (42years).  Review of Hydraulic study in further process.
 Compute catchment area required for estimate
DECADE HFL(meters)
the design flood discharges.
1971-1981 99.81m  Estimate flood discharges based on 100year
1981-1990 88.38m return period.
 collect an approximate flood level, based on a
1991-2001 76.89m
100year flood, for detailed road design
2001-2011 81.43m purposes.
 Estimate linear water way , scour depth by
2.3 Traffic volume: It is needed in the knowing of the collecting various data like velocity , high
crossing of road in daily process. flood level etc.
Table 3:Traffic volume per hour. Establish afflux criteria based on potential effects
vehicle ABSTRACTS OF HYDRUIC PARTICULARS
Vehicle /hour
1) Catchment area - 2488
car 16 2
km
motorcycle 35 2) Proposed span arrangement - 9×24
bus 6 3) Design discharge - 2745.16
trucks 4 3
m /sec
other 4) Velocity through vent -
vehicles 20
2.10m/s
5) Low bed level - 93.65
Presently there is no bridge at the location. In summer
m
when there is less water, the people / cattle will
6) High flood level - 99
commute from Rudrapattana to Basavapattana side.
m
The key plan of the bridge is shown in the Fig.
7) Vertical clearance - 1.20
m
8) Free Board -3
m

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9) Road formation level - HFL 4) Hydrology analysis and hydraulic design provides
+ vertical clearance + Free board an idea about constructing bridge across river with
- proper orientation, shape and type (type of abutment,
(99 + 1.200 + 3) =103.200m type of pier,).
10) Spread Length - 210 5) Scour depth is estimated in this paper. Estimating
m of scour is important in deciding their foundation
11) Required linear waterway - 251.90 level.
m
12) Provided linear waterway - 205 VII. REFERENCES
m [1] R Ahmad Hajam, and Sami UllahBhat- "Case Study
13) Scour Depth at abutment - 6.95 of the Basin of Vishav Drainage ".
[2] Rudraiah Govinaiah Vittala., (2008),
m "Morphometry Using Remote Sensing and GIS
14) Scour depth at piers - 11.17m Techniques In The Sub-Basins of Kagna River
15) Scour level at abutment - 93.25m Basin" Gulburga District Karnataka India Journal
16) Scour level at piers - of Indian society of Remote Sensing 36(351-360).
[3] Sethupathi A.S Lakshmi Narasimhan C Vasantha
89.074m
mohan MohanS.P, (2011), "Prioritization of mini
17) Afflux - 0.0000m watersheds based on Morph metric analysis using
18) Affluxed HFL - 100.20m Remote Sensing and GIS techniques in a draught
prone Bargur Mathur sub watersheds".
VI. CONCLUSION [4] Ponnaiyar river basin, India, International Journal of
Geomatics and Geosciences, 2(2)( pp 403-414).
The main purpose of the construction of bridge is to [5] Indian Roads Congress: SP -13 1998 : "Guidelines
connect the two villages namely Rudrapattana and for the design of small bridges and culverts"
Basavapattana of Arakalagud thaluk across the [6] Lars Gottschalka Rolf Weingartnerb 1998 :
Kaveri river to save the travelling distance of about Distribution of peak flow derived from a distribution
of rainfall volume and runoff coefficient.
12kms from villagers of Rudrapattana to reach [7] Sinha . Bapalu. Singh. Rath 2008:"Flood Risk
Basavapattana. Hydrological investigations has been Analysis in the Kosi River Basin, North Bihar Using
done for the construction of bridge and these Multi-Parametric Approach of Analytical Hierarchy
investigations provides clear information about site Process" (AHP).
[8] Noumankhattak, Salman afzal, Syed azmatali shah,
characteristics and physical features. Muhammad ejazshabab, Navidahmad. (2013)
1) By constructing the bridge across Kaveri river, :"Hydrological and Hydraulic Study of Bridges /
connectivity between Hassan district and Mysore Culverts".
district will improved. [9] M. S Adnan, N. C Ali, Y. Erfen, S. N Rahmat, M.
A. M Razi and S. Musa (2016).
2) Construction of this bridge will provides direct
[10] A.O Aksoy, O.Y Eski (2016) "Experimental
connectivity to SH-85. Hassan is the main investigation of local scour around circular bridge
commercial center for surrounding villages. piers under steady state flow conditions".
Construction of bridge creates shorten links for [11] Dr. P. D. Dahe, S. B. Kharode (2015): "Evaluation
of Scour Depth around Bridge Piers with Various
surrounding villages to reach Hassan city.
Geometrical Shapes"
3) The proposed bridge will result in overall [12] R I Siregar,(2008). "Hydraulic modeling of flow
improvement between villages and will improve the impact on bridge structures: A case study on
tourism, Agro-commercial activity and Citarum"
Socio-economic improvement of the surrounding
CODES:
area. IRC -SP:13, IRC:78, IRC:05

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