Paper 3 Past Questions [230

marks]

A Gaussian integer is a complex number, z, such that z = a + bi where

a, b ∈ Z. In this question, you are asked to investigate certain divisibility
properties of Gaussian integers.

Consider two Gaussian integers, α = 3 + 4i and β = 1 − 2i, such that γ = αβ for

some Gaussian integer γ.

1a. Find γ. [2 marks]

= 3 + 4i = 11 + 2i
 Now consider two Gaussian integers, α = 3 + 4i and γ = 11 + 2i.

1b. Determine whether γ is a Gaussian integer. [3 marks]

α

2
 The norm of a complex number z, denoted by N(z), is defined by N(z)= |z| 2 . For
example, if z = 2 + 3i then N(2 + 3i)= 22 + 32 = 13.

1c. On an Argand diagram, plot and label all Gaussian integers that have a [2 marks]
norm less than 3.

1d. Given that α = a + bi where a, b ∈ Z, show that N(α)= a2 + b2 . [1 mark]

 A Gaussian prime is a Gaussian integer, z, that cannot be expressed in the form
z = αβ where α, β are Gaussian integers with N(α), N(β)> 1.

1e. By expressing the positive integer n = c2 + d 2 as a product of two [3 marks]

2 2
Gaussian integers each of norm c + d , show that n is not a Gaussian prime.

The positive integer 2 is a prime number, however it is not a Gaussian prime.

1f. Verify that 2 is not a Gaussian prime. [2 marks]

2 2
1g. Write down another prime number of the form c2 + d 2 that is not a [2 marks]
Gaussian prime and express it as a product of two Gaussian integers.

Let α, β be Gaussian integers.

1h. Show that N(αβ)= N(α)N(β). [6 marks]

 The result from part (h) provides a way of determining whether a Gaussian integer
is a Gaussian prime.

1i. Hence show that 1 + 4i is a Gaussian prime. [3 marks]

1j. Use proof by contradiction to prove that a prime number, p, that is not [6 marks]
of the form a 2 + b2 is a Gaussian prime.
 This question will investigate power series, as an extension to the Binomial
Theorem for negative and fractional indices.
A power series in x is defined as a function of the form
f (x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 +. . . where the ai ∈ R.
It can be considered as an infinite polynomial.

2a. Expand (1 + x)5 using the Binomial Theorem. [2 marks]

 This is an example of a power series, but is only a finite power series, since only a
finite number of the a i are non-zero.

2b. Consider the power series 1 − x + x2 − x3 + x4 −. . . [4 marks]

By considering the ratio of consecutive terms, explain why this series is equal to
(1 + x)−1 and state the values of x for which this equality is true.
2c. Differentiate the equation obtained part (b) and hence, find the first four [2 marks]
−2
terms in a power series for (1 + x) .

2d. Repeat this process to find the first four terms in a power series for [2 marks]
(1 + x)−3 .
2e. Hence, by recognising the pattern, deduce the first four terms in a [3 marks]
−n
power series for (1 + x) , n ∈ Z+ .

We will now attempt to generalise further.

Suppose (1 + x)q , q ∈ Q can be written as the power series
a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 +. . ..

2f. By substituting x = 0, find the value of a 0 . [1 mark]

2g. By differentiating both sides of the expression and then substituting [2 marks]
x = 0, find the value of a1 .

2h. Repeat this procedure to find a 2 and a 3 . [4 marks]

2i. Hence, write down the first four terms in what is called the Extended [1 mark]
Binomial Theorem for (1 + x) , q ∈ Q .
q

2j. Write down the power series for 1 [2 marks]

.
1+x2

arctan
2k. Hence, using integration, find the power series for arctan x, giving the [4 marks]
first four non-zero terms.

This question will explore connections between complex numbers and regular
polygons.
The diagram below shows a sector of a circle of radius 1, with the angle
subtended at the centre O being α, 0 < α < π2 . A perpendicular is drawn from
point P to intersect the x-axis at Q. The tangent to the circle at P intersects the x
-axis at R.

3a. By considering the area of two triangles and the area of the sector show [5 marks]
sin α
that cos α sin α < α < cos α
.
lim
3b. lim [2 marks]
Hence show that α→0 sinα
α
= 1.

n = 1, ∈ C, ∈ N, ⩾5
3c. Let z n = 1, z ∈ C, n ∈ N, n ⩾ 5. Working in modulus/argument form [8 marks]
find the n solutions to this equation.
3d. Represent these n solutions on an Argand diagram. Let their positions be [1 mark]
denoted by P0 , P1 , P2 , … Pn−1 placed in order in an anticlockwise
direction round the circle, starting on the positive x-axis. Show the positions of
P0 , P1 , P2 and Pn−1 .

2 sin π
3e. Show that the length of the line segment P0 P1 is 2 sin πn . [4 marks]

3f. Hence, write down the total length of the perimeter of the regular n sided [1 mark]
polygon P0 P1 P2 … Pn−1 P0 .

→∞
3g. Using part (b) find the limit of this perimeter as n → ∞. [2 marks]

3h. Find the total area of this n sided polygon. [3 marks]

→∞
3i. Using part (b) find the limit of this area as n → ∞. [2 marks]

This question investigates some applications of differential equations to modeling

population growth.
One model for population growth is to assume that the rate of change of the
population is proportional to the population, i.e. ddP = kP , where k ∈ R, t is the
t
time (in years) and P is the population

4a. Show that the general solution of this differential equation is P = Aekt , [5 marks]
where A ∈ R.
 The initial population is 1000.

Given that k = 0.003, use your answer from part (a) to find

4b. the population after 10 years [2 marks]

4c. the number of years it will take for the population to triple. [2 marks]

4d. lim [1 mark]

t→∞ P
 Consider now the situation when k is not a constant, but a function of time.

Given that k = 0.003 + 0.002t, find

4e. the solution of the differential equation, giving your answer in the form [5 marks]
P = f (t).
4f. the number of years it will take for the population to triple. [4 marks]
 Another model for population growth assumes
there is a maximum value for the population, L.
P
that k is not a constant, but is proportional to (1 − L
).

4g. Show that dP = mP (L − P ), where m ∈ R. [2 marks]

dt L
4h. Solve the differential equation dP
dt
= mP
L
(L − P ), giving your answer [10 marks]
in the form P = g (t).

= 10000 = 0.003
4i. Given that the initial population is 1000, L = 10000 and m = 0.003, [4 marks]
find the number of years it will take for the population to triple.

In this question you will investigate series of the form

n
Σ
i=1iq = 1q + 2q + 3q + … + nq where n, q ∈ Z+
and use various methods to find polynomials, in terms of n, for such
series.
When q = 1, the above series is arithmetic.

5a. n [1 mark]
Σ 1
Show that i=1i = 2 n(n + 1).

=2
 Consider the case when q = 2.

n
Σ
The following table gives values of n2 and i=1i2 for n = 1, 2, 3.

5b. Write down the value of p. [1 mark]

5c. The sum of the first n square numbers can be expressed as a cubic [3 marks]
polynomial with three terms:
n
Σ
i=1i2 = a1 n + a2 n2 + a3 n3 where a1 , a2 , a3 ∈ Q+ .
Hence, write down a system of three linear equations in a 1 , a2 and a3 .

,
5d. Hence, find the values of a 1 , a2 and a3 . [2 marks]

You will now consider a method that can be generalized for all values of q.
Consider the function f(x) = 1 + x + x2 + … + xn , n ∈ Z+ .

5e. Show that xf'(x) = x + 2x2 + 3x3 + … + nxn . [1 mark]

( )= ( )
 Let f1 (x) = xf'(x) and consider the following family of functions:
f2 (x) = xf1 '(x)
f3 (x) = xf2 '(x)
f4 (x) = xf3 '(x)
…
fq (x) = xfq−1 '(x)

5f. n [2 marks]
Σ
Show that f2 (x)= i=1i2 xi .

n
5g. n [6 marks]
Σ
Prove by mathematical induction that fq (x)= i=1iq xi , q ∈ Z+ .

5h. Using sigma notation, write down an expression for fq (1). [1 mark]

2
5i. By considering f(x)= 1 + x + x2 + … + xn as a geometric series, for [2 marks]
n+1
x ≠ 1, show that f(x)= x x−1−1 .

5j. nxn+2− ( n+1 ) xn+1+x [3 marks]

For x ≠ 1, show that f1 (x)= 2 .
( x−1 )

lim
5k. lim [1 mark]
Show that x→1 f1 (x) is in indeterminate form.

5l. lim [5 marks]

Hence, by applying l’Hôpital’s rule, show that x→1 f1 (x)= 12 n(n + 1).
 In this question you will investigate curved surface areas and use
calculus to derive key formulae used in geometry.

Consider the straight line from the origin, y = mx, where 0 ≤ x ≤ h and m, h are
positive constants.

When this line is rotated through 360° about the x-axis, a cone is formed with a
curved surface area A given by:
h
∫
A = 2π 0 y√1 + m2 d x.

6a. Given that m = 2 and h = 3, show that A = 18√5π. [2 marks]

 Now consider the general case where a cone is formed by rotating the line
y = mx where 0 ≤ x ≤ h through 360° about the x-axis.

6b. Deduce an expression for the radius of this cone r in terms of h and m. [1 mark]

6c. Deduce an expression for the slant height l in terms of h and m. [2 marks]

=
6d. Hence, by using the above integral, show that A = πrl. [3 marks]

=√ 2 − 2
 Consider the semi-circle, with radius r, defined by y = √r2 − x2 where
−r ≤ x ≤ r.

6e. Find an expression for d y . [2 marks]

dx

= ( ) ≤ ≤ ≥0
 A differentiable curve y = f(x) is defined for x1 ≤ x ≤ x2 and y ≥ 0. When any
such curve is rotated through 360° about the x-axis, the surface formed has an
area A given by:
x2
∫
A = 2π x1 y√1 + ( dd yx ) d x.
2

6f. A sphere is formed by rotating the semi-circle y = √r2 − x2 where [4 marks]

−r ≤ x ≤ r through 360° about the x-axis. Show by integration that the surface
area of this sphere is 4πr2 .

( )= √ 2 − 2 − ≤ ≤
 Let f(x)= √r2 − x2 where −r ≤ x ≤ r.
The graph of y = f(x) is transformed to the graph of y = f(kx), k > 0. This
forms a different curve, called a semi-ellipse.

6g. Describe this geometric transformation. [2 marks]

6h. Write down the x-intercepts of the graph y = f(kx) in terms of r and k. [1 mark]

d
6i. For dy [2 marks]
y = f(kx), find an expression for dx
in terms of x, r and k.

= ( ) 360°
6j. The semi-ellipse y = f(kx) is rotated 360° about the x-axis to form a [4 marks]
solid called an ellipsoid.
Find an expression in terms of r and k for the surface area, A, of the ellipsoid.
x2
∫
Give your answer in the form 2π x1 √p(x) d x, where p(x) is a polynomial.
6k. Planet Earth can be modelled as an ellipsoid. In this model: [4 marks]
the ellipsoid has an axis of rotational symmetry running from the North Pole
to the South Pole.

the distance from the North Pole to the South Pole is 12 714 km.
the diameter of the equator is 12 756 km.

2
By choosing suitable values for r and k, find the surface area of Earth in km
correct to 4 significant figures. Give your answer in the form a × 10q where
1 ≤ a < 10 and q ∈ Z+ .
 This question asks you to explore some properties of polygonal numbers
and to determine and prove interesting results involving these numbers.

A polygonal number is an integer which can be represented as a series of dots

arranged in the shape of a regular polygon. Triangular numbers, square numbers
and pentagonal numbers are examples of polygonal numbers.
For example, a triangular number is a number that can be arranged in the shape
of an equilateral triangle. The first five triangular numbers are 1, 3, 6, 10 and 15.
The following table illustrates the first five triangular, square and pentagonal
numbers respectively. In each case the first polygonal number is one represented
by a single dot.

For an r-sided regular polygon, where r ∈ Z+ , r ≥ 3, the nth polygonal number

Pr (n) is given by
( r−2 ) n2− ( r−4 ) n
Pr (n)= 2 , where n ∈ Z+ .
( 4−2 ) n2− ( 4−4 ) n
Hence, for square numbers, P4 (n)= 2 = n2 .

7a. n ( n+1 ) [2 marks]

For triangular numbers, verify that P3 (n)= 2 .

351
7b. The number 351 is a triangular number. Determine which one it is. [2 marks]

7c. Show that P3 (n)+P3 (n + 1)≡ (n + 1)2 . [2 marks]

7d. State, in words, what the identity given in part (b)(i) shows for two [1 mark]
consecutive triangular numbers.

=4
7e. For n = 4, sketch a diagram clearly showing your answer to part (b)(ii). [1 mark]

7f. Show that 8P3 (n)+1 is the square of an odd number for all n ∈ Z+ . [3 marks]
 The nth pentagonal number can be represented by the arithmetic series
P5 (n)= 1 + 4 + 7 + … +(3n − 2).

7g. n ( 3n−1 ) [3 marks]

Hence show that P5 (n)= 2 for n ∈ Z+ .
7h. By using a suitable table of values or otherwise, determine the smallest [5 marks]
positive integer, greater than 1, that is both a triangular number and a
pentagonal number.

( )
7i. A polygonal number, Pr (n), can be represented by the series [8 marks]
n
Σ
m=1(1 +(m − 1)(r − 2)) where r ∈ Z+ , r ≥ 3.
( r−2 ) n2− ( r−4 ) n
Use mathematical induction to prove that Pr (n)= 2 where n ∈ Z+ .
 This question asks you to explore cubic polynomials of the form
(x − r)(x2 − 2ax + a2 + b2 ) for x ∈ R and corresponding cubic equations
with one real root and two complex roots of the form
(z − r)(z 2 − 2az + a2 + b2 ) = 0 for z ∈ C.

In parts (a), (b) and (c), let r = 1, a = 4 and b = 1.

Consider the equation (z − 1)(z 2 − 8z + 17)= 0 for z ∈ C.

8a. Given that 1 and 4 + i are roots of the equation, write down the third [1 mark]
root.

8b. Verify that the mean of the two complex roots is 4. [1 mark]

2 R
 Consider the function f(x)=(x − 1)(x2 − 8x + 17) for x ∈ R.

8c. Show that the line y = x − 1 is tangent to the curve y = f(x) at the [4 marks]
point A(4, 3).

= ( ) A
8d. Sketch the curve y = f(x) and the tangent to the curve at point A, [2 marks]
clearly showing where the tangent crosses the x-axis.

2 2 2 R
 Consider the function g(x)=(x − r)(x2 − 2ax + a2 + b2 ) for x ∈ R where
r, a ∈ R and b ∈ R, b > 0.

8e. Show that g'(x)= 2(x − r)(x − a)+x2 − 2ax + a2 + b2 . [2 marks]

= ( )
8f. Hence, or otherwise, prove that the tangent to the curve y = g(x) at the [6 marks]
point A(a, g(a)) intersects the x-axis at the point R(r, 0).

The equation (z − r)(z 2 − 2az + a 2 + b2 )= 0 for z ∈ C has roots r and a ± bi

where r, a ∈ R and b ∈ R, b > 0.

8g. Deduce from part (d)(i) that the complex roots of the equation [1 mark]
(z − r)(z 2 − 2az + a2 + b2 )= 0 can be expressed as a ± i√g'(a).

( ) ( )
 On the Cartesian plane, the points C1 (a, √g'(a)) and C2 (a, − √g'(a))
represent the real and imaginary parts of the complex roots of the equation
(z − r)(z 2 − 2az + a2 + b2 )= 0.

The following diagram shows a particular curve of the form

y =(x − r)(x2 − 2ax + a2 + 16) and the tangent to the curve at the point
A(a, 80). The curve and the tangent both intersect the x-axis at the point
R(−2, 0). The points C1 and C2 are also shown.

8h. Use this diagram to determine the roots of the corresponding equation [4 marks]
of the form (z − r)(z 2 − 2az + a 2 + 16)= 0 for z ∈ C.

C
8i. State the coordinates of C2 . [1 mark]

Consider the curve y = (x − r)(x2 − 2ax + a 2 + b 2 ) for a ≠ r, b > 0. The points

A(a, g(a)) and R(r, 0) are as defined in part (d)(ii). The curve has a point of
inflexion at point P.

8j. Show that the x-coordinate of P is 13 (2a + r). [2 marks]

You are not required to demonstrate a change in concavity.

8k. Hence describe numerically the horizontal position of point P relative to [1 mark]
the horizontal positions of the points R and A.

= >0
 Consider the special case where a = r and b > 0.

8l. Sketch the curve y =(x − r)(x2 − 2ax + a2 + b2 ) for a = r = 1 and [2 marks]
b = 2.

8m. For a = r and b > 0, state in terms of r, the coordinates of points P and [1 mark]
A.
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