UNIVERSITEIT VAN PRETORIA

FACULTY NATURAL AND AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS & APPLIED MATHEMATICS

WTW 124 EXAM

2019-11-16
MARKS (SEC A) MARKS (SEC C) TIME: 180 min
MARKS: 60

SURNAME:

FIRST NAMES:

STUDENTE NR:

SIGNATURE:

Internal examiners: Dr. M Messerschmidt

Prof. JH van der Walt
Dr. H Wiggins
External examiner: Dr. M Wortel

READ THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS.

1. The paper consists of pages 1 to 16. Check whether your paper is complete.

2. Should you require space for rough work, you may use the blank facing pages. This will not
be marked.

3. If you need more than the available space for an answer, use the facing page. Indicate
CLEARLY where you continue a question on a facing page.

4. Please write neatly and legibly. Illegible handwriting will be penalized.

5. No pencil work or any work in red ink will be marked.

6. Answer Section B in pencil on Side 1 of the provided Optical Mark Recognition sheet.

7. In Section C, all answers have to be motivated in full. If you write down only a final
answer for a question, it will be marked as incorrect, even if the answer is correct.

8. The use of correcting fluid (“Tipp-Ex”) is not allowed. Should you fail to follow this instruction,
you lose the right to question the marking or to indicate work that has not been marked.

9. You may not use a calculator.

Copyright reserved University of Pretoria

1
 Section A: Short questions [14 Marks]

This section consists of questions A.1 to A.7. For each question, write down only your final
answer in box labeled “Answer”.

Question A.1 [2 Marks]

√
The magnitude of the angle formed by the rays R0 = {h1, 1, 1i + th0, 3, 1i : t ≥ 0} and
R1 = {h1, 1, 1i + th0, 2, 0i : t ≥ 0} is . . .

Answer:

Question A.2 [2 Marks]

Write down a Cartesian equation for the plane through the points p̄ = h1, 2, 1i, q̄ = h2, 1, 0i and
r̄ = h1, 1, 0i. Simplify your answer as far as possible.

Answer:

Question A.3 [2 Marks]

Consider the matrix  

1 k 1
A= 1 k k 
 

0 k k
with k ∈ R. Determine all values of k so that A is invertible.

Answer:

Question A.4 [2 Marks]

Z
x ln x dx = . . .

Answer:

Question A.5 [2 Marks]

The fourth Taylor polynomial for the function f (x) = ex about a = 0 is . . .

Answer:

2
Question A.6 [2 Marks]

Let C = {hcos(t), 2 sin(t), ti : t ∈ R}. Write down an equation for the tangent line to C at the
point h0, 2, π/2i.

Answer:

Question A.7 [2 Marks]

√
Write z = −3 + 3i in polar form reθi with principal argument.

Answer:

3
 Section B: True or False [5 Marks]

This section consists of questions B.1 to B.5. Answer all questions on side one of the mark
reader form in pencil.
For each question, decide whether the statement in boldface is true or false.
Marks are awarded as follows:

• CORRECT ANSWER: 1

• INCORRECT ANSWER: -0.5

• I DON’T KNOW: 0

Question B.1 [1 Mark]

Let ū, v̄ ∈ R3 . If ū × v̄ = 0̄, then ū = 0̄ or v̄ = 0̄.

(A) TRUE (B) FALSE (C) I DON’T KNOW.

Question B.2 [1 Mark]

A system of linear equations is represented by the augmented matrix [A | b̄] in row-echelon form. If
the system is consistent and A is a 4 × 5 matrix, then the system has infinitely many
solutions.

(A) TRUE (B) FALSE (C) I DON’T KNOW.

Question B.3 [1 Mark]

Let A and B be n × n matrices. If A is invertible, and B is row equivalent to A, i.e. A ∼ B,

then B is invertible.

(A) TRUE (B) FALSE (C) I DON’T KNOW.

Question B.4 [1 Mark]

Consider a function f : R → R. To say lim f (x) = 3 means: There exists a number  > 0 so
x→1
that for every δ > 0, if 0 < |x − 1| < δ then |f (x) − 3| < .

(A) TRUE (B) FALSE (C) I DON’T KNOW.

Question B.5 [1 Mark]

Consider an integrable function f : [a, b] → R. If f (x) 6= 0 for all a ≤ x ≤ b and fave = 0 then f
is not continuous on [a, b].

(A) TRUE (B) FALSE (C) I DON’T KNOW.

4
 Section C: Long questions [41 Marks]

This section consists of questions C.1 to C.12. Answer each question in the space provided. All
answers must be motivated in full, except when instructed otherwise.

Question C.1 [5]

Let p̄, q̄, r̄, n̄ ∈ R3 so that p̄ 6= q̄ and n̄ 6= 0̄. Let L be the line through p̄ and q̄, and P the plane
through r̄ with normal vector n̄; that is, P = {x̄ ∈ R3 : n̄ · (x̄ − r̄) = 0}.

(a) State all three the possibilities for the intersection of L and P .

[1]

(b) Assume that the intersection of P and L contains at least one point. Prove that there exists
a real number t so that n̄ · (q̄ − r̄) + [n̄ · (p̄ − q̄)]t = 0.

[2]

(c) Assume that n̄ · (p̄ − q̄) = 0 and n̄ · (q̄ − r̄) 6= 0. What can be said about the intersection of L
and P ? Prove your answer.

[2]

5
Question C.2 [3]
Use Gauss elimination and backward substitution to solve the following system of equations. Clearly
indicate all row operations you use, and write down the system of equations corresponding to the
final matrix.
x + y + z = 1
2x + y + z = 0
x + 2y + 2z = 3.

[3]

6
 Question C.3 [3]
Let A be an n × n matrix, n ≥ 2, and b̄ ∈ Rn . Assume that

(A) x̄ = 0̄ is the only solution of the equation Ax̄ = 0̄.

Then the equation Ax̄ = b̄ has a unique solution in Rn .

An outline for the proof of this fact is given below.

Step 1 There exists an n × n matrix C in row-echelon form so that [A | 0̄ ] ∼ [C | 0̄ ].

Step 2 cii 6= 0 for all i = 1, . . . n.

Step 3 There exists a column vector d¯ ∈ Rn so that [A | b̄ ] ∼ [C | d¯ ].

Step 4 The equation C x̄ = d¯ has a unique solution in Rn .

Step 5 The equation Ax̄ = b̄ has a unique solution in Rn .

(a) In which step is the assumption (A) used? Explain how it is used.

[2]

(b) Explain how Step 5 follows from Steps 3 and 4.

[1]

7
Question C.4 [4]
Let f (x) = 2x2 − x − 5, x ∈ R. Use the definition of a limit to prove that lim f (x) = 10.
x→3

[4]

8
 Question C.5 [3]
Consider functions f, g : R → R and real numbers a, L and M . Assume that lim f (x) = L and
x→a
lim g(x) = M . Then lim [f (x) + g(x)] = L + M .
x→a x→a

An outline of the proof of this fact is given below.

Fix  > 0.

Step 1 |[f (x) + g(x)] − [L + M ]| ≤ |f (x) − L| + |g(x) − M |, x ∈ R.


Step 2 There exists a real number δ1 > 0 so that if 0 < |x − a| < δ1 then |f (x) − L| < .
2

Step 3 There exists a real number δ2 > 0 so that if 0 < |x − a| < δ2 then |g(x) − M | < .
2
Step 4 Let δ = . . .. If 0 < |x − a| < δ then |[f (x) + g(x)] − [L + M ]| < .

(a) Which assumption is used in Step 2?

[1]

(b) In Step 4, there are many correct choices for δ. Is δ = δ1 + δ2 a correct choice? Motivate your
answer.

[2]

9
Question C.6 [4]
Z ∞
(a) Let f : [a, ∞) → R be continuous. Define what it means for the integral f (x) dx to be
a
convergent.

[1]
∞
e−x
Z
(b) Determine the value of K = dx, if the integral is convergent.
0 1 + e−2x

[3]

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Question C.7 [4]
Consider the functions f, F : [−1, 1] → R defined as follows:
(
−1 if −1 ≤ t < 0
f (t) =
1 if 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
Z x
F (x) = f (t) dt, − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1.
−1

(a) Show that F is not differentiable at x = 0.

[3]

(b) Explain why (a) does not contradict the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

[1]

11
Question C.8 [5]
Consider the vector functions r̄, v̄ : [0, 2π] → R2 given by
r̄(t) = hcos t, sin ti, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π,
v̄(t) = h2 cos t, 3 sin ti, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.
Let
C = {r̄(t) : t ∈ [0, 2π]},
E = {v̄(t) : t ∈ [0, 2π]}.
(a) Write down a Cartesian equation for C.
[1]
x2 y 2
(b) Let x̄ = hx, yi ∈ R2 . Use your answer in (a) to prove that x̄ ∈ E if and only if + = 1.
4 9

[3]
(c) Sketch E on the set of axes provided below. Clearly indicate the shape of the curve, all
intercepts with the coordinate axes, turning points and axes of symmetry.
y
3

1
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1

−2

−3

[1]

12
Question C.9 [4]
Let C be the curve parameterized by the vector function r̄(t) = ht2 + 1, 2t, t2 + 1i, t ∈ R. Find all
points p̄ ∈ C so that the tangent line Tp̄ to C at p̄ passes through 0̄.

[4]

13
Question C.10 [4]
Let f (x) = x5 − 2x4 + 2x3 − x2 + 2x − 2. It is given that c = 1 + i is a root of f (x). Find all the
roots of f (x) in C. Write your answers in standard form.

[4]

14
Question C.11 [3]
Let z = r[cos(θ) + sin(θ)i] be a nonzero complex number in polar form. Use Mathematical
Induction to prove that z n = rn [cos(nθ) + sin(nθ)i] for all integers n ≥ 1.

You may use the formula

(r1 [cos(θ1 ) + sin(θ1 )i])(r2 [cos(θ2 ) + sin(θ2 )i]) = r1 r2 [cos(θ1 + θ2 ) + sin(θ1 + θ2 )i]

without proving it.

[3]

15
Question C.12 (Bonus Question) [2]
Consider a function f : [0, ∞) → R. Assume that lim f (x) = ∞, f is continuous on [0, ∞) and
x→∞
f (0) = 0. Prove that there exists a number c > 0 so that f (c) = 5.

[2]

16