Geography HY

1. What are meteorological instruments ?
(AllTheScience)
Ans. Meteorological instruments are scientific instruments used in the study of
weather. Studying the weather requires the use of equipment that can
measure things like wind direction, humidity, atmospheric pressure, solar
radiation, rainfall, temperature, wind speed, evaporation rate, and so forth.
Other instruments assist people with visible observations, such as studying
clouds and storm systems, recording visual data that can be perused or studied
later and compared against other visual data from different locations and
times.
2. Barometer.(toppr)
Definition:
A barometer is a scientific device that is useful to measure air pressure in a
given environment. Many measurements of the air pressure are in use
within the surface weather analysis. It is helpful for finding the surface
troughs, pressure systems and frontal boundaries. It is a scientific
instrument useful to measure the atmospheric pressure which is termed as
barometric pressure. In our atmosphere, many layers of air are wrapped
around the Earth. This air is having the weight and presses against
everything it touches as gravity pulls it to Earth.
Working Principle: (Byju’s)

The working of a barometer depends on balancing mercury weight in the glass tube with
respect to the atmospheric pressure. If the weight of the mercury is less than atmospheric
pressure, the mercury level will increase. And if the weight of the mercury is more than the
atmospheric pressure, the mercury level will decrease. The rising and falling of the mercury
are measured using the inch scale marked on the glass tube.
Precautions: In case of mercury barometer, the tube should be perfectly clean and dry.
In case of aneroid barometer, the magnetization should be correct
3. Anemometer : (toppr)
Anemometer is a device useful in measuring wind speed and
direction. It is also the common weather station instrument. Its
meaning is wind. It also describes any wind speed instrument
useful in meteorology. An anemometer is an instrument that also
measures wind pressure.
Working : (National Geographic Society)
An anemometer is an instrument that measures wind speed. This type of anemometer
has a spinning wheel. The stronger the wind blows, the faster the wheel rotates. The
anemometer counts the number of rotations, which is used to calculate wind speed.
Precautions:
It should be built or kept at high buildings to get accurate results.
4. Pyranometer: (Hukseflux)
Pyranometer is a device that measures solar irradiance from a hemispherical field of view incident on
a flat surface. The SI units of irradiance are watts per square metre (W/m²).* Traditionally
pyranometers were mainly used for climatological research and weather monitoring purposes,
however recent worldwide interest in solar energy has also led to an increased interest in
pyranometers.
Working:
Pyranometers are irradiance sensors that are based on the Seebeck- or thermoelectric effect. The main
components of a pyranometer are one or two domes, a black absorber, a thermopile, the pyranometer
body and in some cases additional electronics.
The dome on a pyranometer acts as a filter that transmits solar radiation with wavelengths from
roughly 0.3 to about 3 x 10⁻⁶ m, but blocks thermal radiation with wavelengths longer than 3 μm.
5. Wind Vane: (Wikipedia)

A wind vane, weather vane, or weathercock is an instrument used for showing
the direction of the wind. It is typically used as an architectural ornament to the highest point of
a building. The word vane comes from the Old English word fana, meaning "flag".
Working : (Vedantu)
The critical principle responsible for the working of wind vane is that its
design and construction should allow unrestricted movement of the wind.
This means that there should be free movement of wind, especially
around the vertical axis of the structure.
Another critical factor to keep in mind is that the construction works best
when the design is not symmetrical. This is required so that the lighter
and smaller area can face the direction that the wind is coming from.
Although the shape can be unequal, the weight has to be equal on both
sides of the structure's vertical axis. The wind vane rotates on the axis,
and it also allows it to spin freely.

It is crucial that the directions - north, south, east and west, are marked on
the wind vane. This allows us to read the wind vane accurately, even from
a distance.
Precautions:
It should be built or kept at high buildings to get accurate results.
6. Thermometer: (SCIENCING)
The mercury thermometer is a device commonly found within amateur
weather stations. It consists of a glass bulb connected to a stem, in
which liquid mercury is placed. As the temperature increases, thermal
expansion causes the mercury volume to increase and extend along
the glass tube. A scale is written on the glass tube, allowing the
observer to read the temperature in Celsius or Fahrenheit. Amateurs
tend to favour mercury thermometers because they are cheap and
easy to handle.
7. Rain gauge: (Wikipedia)

A rain is an instrument used by meteorologists and hydrologists to
gather and measure the amount of liquid precipitation over a
predefined area, over a period of time. It is used for determining the
depth of precipitation, usually in mm, that occurs over a unit area and
thus measuring rainfall amount.
Working: (Bay News 9)
The rain gauge works by capturing and collecting rainwater into
the funnel. The funnel empties the rainwater into the cylindrical cup
below. The shape of the funnel also helps keep out unwanted
debris such as leaves. The water sitting in the cylindrical cup is
accumulated rainfall total.
Precautions:
Rain gauge should be installed at a distance from buildings or
trees equivalent to about two to four times their heights.
The higher a rain gauge is placed, its efficiency to collect
precipitation decreases because the speed of wind near the
ground increases with height.
8. Hygrometer: (testbook)
A hygrometer is a device used to measure the amount of water vapour in the air, soil, and
enclosed places. Instruments for measuring humidity typically rely on measurements of other
values, such as temperature, pressure, mass, or a mechanical or electrical change in a substance
caused by the absorption of moisture. By calibrating and calculating these measured quantities,
humidity can be determined.
Working:
There are two bulbs in a hygrometer: one moist and one dry. One of the bulbs is covered with a
wet or dry towel to simulate a thermometer. After a length of time, the water on the bulb
evaporates, and the temperature of each bulb is then measured. The difference in temperatures
is recorded. The temperatures are then plotted on a chart to determine the relative humidity for
each temperature and location. Relative humidity is a ratio, therefore ratios do not have units. A
tiny temperature difference between the bulbs indicates a high relative humidity resulting from
a low evaporation rate. In dry air, evaporation occurs more rapidly, resulting in a large
temperature differential and a low relative humidity.
Precautions :
The device should completely dry, clean and dirt free.

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1. What are meteorological instruments ?

Working Principle: (Byju’s)

5. Wind Vane: (Wikipedia)

7. Rain gauge: (Wikipedia)

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